Chem 101 Lecture October 2, 2013 Mass Relations in Chemical Reactions • Amount of reactants and products: o Write the correct reactants and products o Balance the reaction equation Atoms and charges must be balanced o Convert mass of given reactant/product into moles. If several masses are given, find the limiting reagent o Find moles of the desired reactant/product from the balanced reactant/product from balanced reaction and limiting reagent. o Convert moles into grams if required • To find limiting reagent: o Take reactants amount in moles and divide by the stoichiometry coefficient of the balanced reaction • i.e.: A student reacts 0.488g of Zn with 0.503g S8. What is the theoretical yield of ZnS, in grams? If the actual yield was 0.606g ZnS, what is the percentage yield? • Percentage yield = actual yield/theoretical yield X100 o 8Zn + S8 8ZnS o 0.488g Zn (1molZn/65.39gZn) = 7.46 x 10 3 mol Zn o 0.503g S8 (1molS8/256.56gS8) = 1.96 x 103 mol S8 o Limiting Reagent: Zn is the limiting reagent because the amount of moles divided by the coefficient of the balanced reaction gives the smaller value (7.46 x 103/8 < 1.96 x 103) o Theoretical yield based on limiting reagent: 7.46 x 10 3 mol Zn (8molZnS/8molZn) (97.46gZnS/1molZnS) = 0.727 g ZnS o Percentage yield = 0.606gZnS/0.727gZnS (100%) = 83.4% • Solutions stoichiometry: working with concentration amounts • Concentration units: molarity (M) = moles of solution/volume (L) of solution o i.e.: 1.20 moles of A in 2.50 L of solution [A] = 1.20mol/2.50L = 0.480 M Electronegativity: • The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself • Only used when relating bonds and explaining them qualitatively • Linus Pauling: a scale in which atoms are ranked based on their ability to attract electrons. The larger the number, the stronger the attraction of the electrons by that atom. • 2 atoms with different EN will show shared electron closer to one atom • HX is a polar molecule = S+(partial positive charge of hydrogen) S (partial negative charge of sulfur) • Most nonmetals will have a value greater than 2.1