ECSE 330 Introduction to Electronics Electronics ...
ECSE 330 Introduction to Electronics Lecture 01: Intro to Signals and Amplifiers Roni Khazaka
Electronics Curriculum
ECSE200 Circuits I
ECSE210 Circuits II
Prerequisite: ECSE210 Circuits II
ECSE330 Intro to Electronics
ECSE334 Intro to Microlectronics
ECSE434 Microlectronics Lab
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
2
1
Course Topics • • • • • •
R. Khazaka
Overview of signals and amplifiers Operational amplifiers Diodes and diode circuits Bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and BJT circuits MOS Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) and MOSFET circuits. Frequency response.
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
3
Grading Scheme
• • • • • •
Class test #1(Jan 28) Class test #2 (March 2nd) Class test #3 (March 30th) Design Assignment Final Exam Problem sets
10% 15% 15% 5% 55% 0%
Note: Exam dates are tentative until room booking confirmation.
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
4
2
Signals Voice, temperature, pressure: Information that we need to process and/or transmit. An analog signal can be a voltage or a current.
x(t)
t
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
5
Thevenin
Voltage vs Current Signals
A voltage signal is convenient when Rs is low.
Norton
Equivalent (source transformation)
R. Khazaka
A current signal is convenient when Rs is high.
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
6
3
Sinusoidal Signal
Completely defined by its magnitude, frequency and phase. R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
7
Frequency Spectrum y
T
Odd function
1
t -1
k is odd
k is even
Fourier series of a square wave. R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
8
4
Frequency Spectrum
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
9
Fundamental tone only
Fundamental Frequency
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
10
5
Up to Third Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
11
Up to Fifth Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
12
6
Up to 11th Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
13
Up to 31st Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
14
7
Signal Convention for Course • DC magnitudes in uppercase symbol and subscript – Example: ID, VD • Incremental signal quantities in lowercase symbol & subscript – Example: id(t), vd(t)
In general:
Example:
• Total DC + signal quantities in lowercase symbol, uppercase subscript – Example: iD(t), vD (t) R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
15
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
16
Amplifiers
R. Khazaka
8
Linear Amplifiers • Multiply amplitude of a signal by a constant scalar quantity i.e. • Non-scalar or non-uniform amplification is called distortion Distorted Output Undistorted Output Input
R. Khazaka
•
Only the signal portion of the input is amplified by the amplifier • DC component may be shifted up or down
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
17
Linear Amplifiers
• Ideally a linear amplifier multiplies the input with a constant regardless of the amplitude. • Real amplifiers have power supplies that limit the amplitude of the output, leading to gain saturation for large inputs.
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
18
9
Transfer Characteristic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
19
Amplifier Gain
Amplifier with positive gain
Amplifier with negative gain
• To operate amplifier in its linear region, the input must be kept small enough R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
20
10
Operating Point • Realistic transfer characteristic:
• Each circle represents a different DC component for the input and output signals – called an operating point • Location of operating point has an effect on – input signal range – amplifier gain magnitude – amount of distortion
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
21
Types of Amplifiers Amplifiers can be classified based on types of input and output signals.
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
22
11
Voltage Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
23
Current Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
24
12
Transconductance Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
25
Transresistance Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
26
13
Input Resistance with no Load
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
27
Input Resistance
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
28
14
Open Circuit Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
29
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
30
Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
15
Short Circuit Current Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
31
Short Circuit Tansconductance
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
32
16
Output Resistance of Amplifier Proper
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
33
Output Resistance
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
34
17
Open Circuit Overall Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
35
Overall Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
36
18
Equivalent Circuit #1
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
37
Equivalent Circuit #2
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
38
19
Equivalent Circuit #3
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
39
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
40
20
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
41
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
42
21
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
43
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
44
22
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
45
Amplifier Models ii
Ro vi
Ri
Ro Ri
Avo vi
Voltage Amplifier
Rm ii
Transresistance Amplifier
ii Ri
Ais ii
Current Amplifier
R. Khazaka
Ro
vi
Ri
Gm vi
Ro
Transconductance Amplifier
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
46
23
Important Relations ⎛R ⎞ Avo = Ais ⎜ o ⎟ ⎝ Ri ⎠
Avo = Gm Ro
Avo =
R. Khazaka
Gvo =
Rin Avo Rin + Rs
Rm Ri
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
47
24
Electronics Curriculum
ECSE200 Circuits I
ECSE210 Circuits II
Prerequisite: ECSE210 Circuits II
ECSE330 Intro to Electronics
ECSE334 Intro to Microlectronics
ECSE434 Microlectronics Lab
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
2
1
Course Topics • • • • • •
R. Khazaka
Overview of signals and amplifiers Operational amplifiers Diodes and diode circuits Bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and BJT circuits MOS Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) and MOSFET circuits. Frequency response.
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
3
Grading Scheme
• • • • • •
Class test #1(Jan 28) Class test #2 (March 2nd) Class test #3 (March 30th) Design Assignment Final Exam Problem sets
10% 15% 15% 5% 55% 0%
Note: Exam dates are tentative until room booking confirmation.
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
4
2
Signals Voice, temperature, pressure: Information that we need to process and/or transmit. An analog signal can be a voltage or a current.
x(t)
t
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
5
Thevenin
Voltage vs Current Signals
A voltage signal is convenient when Rs is low.
Norton
Equivalent (source transformation)
R. Khazaka
A current signal is convenient when Rs is high.
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
6
3
Sinusoidal Signal
Completely defined by its magnitude, frequency and phase. R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
7
Frequency Spectrum y
T
Odd function
1
t -1
k is odd
k is even
Fourier series of a square wave. R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
8
4
Frequency Spectrum
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
9
Fundamental tone only
Fundamental Frequency
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
10
5
Up to Third Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
11
Up to Fifth Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
12
6
Up to 11th Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
13
Up to 31st Harmonic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
14
7
Signal Convention for Course • DC magnitudes in uppercase symbol and subscript – Example: ID, VD • Incremental signal quantities in lowercase symbol & subscript – Example: id(t), vd(t)
In general:
Example:
• Total DC + signal quantities in lowercase symbol, uppercase subscript – Example: iD(t), vD (t) R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
15
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
16
Amplifiers
R. Khazaka
8
Linear Amplifiers • Multiply amplitude of a signal by a constant scalar quantity i.e. • Non-scalar or non-uniform amplification is called distortion Distorted Output Undistorted Output Input
R. Khazaka
•
Only the signal portion of the input is amplified by the amplifier • DC component may be shifted up or down
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
17
Linear Amplifiers
• Ideally a linear amplifier multiplies the input with a constant regardless of the amplitude. • Real amplifiers have power supplies that limit the amplitude of the output, leading to gain saturation for large inputs.
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
18
9
Transfer Characteristic
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
19
Amplifier Gain
Amplifier with positive gain
Amplifier with negative gain
• To operate amplifier in its linear region, the input must be kept small enough R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
20
10
Operating Point • Realistic transfer characteristic:
• Each circle represents a different DC component for the input and output signals – called an operating point • Location of operating point has an effect on – input signal range – amplifier gain magnitude – amount of distortion
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
21
Types of Amplifiers Amplifiers can be classified based on types of input and output signals.
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
22
11
Voltage Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
23
Current Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
24
12
Transconductance Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
25
Transresistance Amplifier
Ideal Case
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
26
13
Input Resistance with no Load
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
27
Input Resistance
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
28
14
Open Circuit Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
29
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
30
Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
15
Short Circuit Current Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
31
Short Circuit Tansconductance
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
32
16
Output Resistance of Amplifier Proper
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
33
Output Resistance
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
34
17
Open Circuit Overall Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
35
Overall Voltage Gain
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
36
18
Equivalent Circuit #1
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
37
Equivalent Circuit #2
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
38
19
Equivalent Circuit #3
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
39
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
40
20
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
41
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
42
21
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
43
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
44
22
Important Relationships
R. Khazaka
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
45
Amplifier Models ii
Ro vi
Ri
Ro Ri
Avo vi
Voltage Amplifier
Rm ii
Transresistance Amplifier
ii Ri
Ais ii
Current Amplifier
R. Khazaka
Ro
vi
Ri
Gm vi
Ro
Transconductance Amplifier
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
46
23
Important Relations ⎛R ⎞ Avo = Ais ⎜ o ⎟ ⎝ Ri ⎠
Avo = Gm Ro
Avo =
R. Khazaka
Gvo =
Rin Avo Rin + Rs
Rm Ri
ECSE330 Introduction to Electronics
47
24
