Geology of the Groningen Field - KNGMG
2/1/18
SEAL 250 mln years BP
Eemshaven
Loppersum
Delfzijl
Geology of the Groningen Field
Groningen
Rien Herber
Groningen Gas Field
Permian Zechstein Sea
RESERVOIR
Three Geological Success Factors
270 mln years BP Early Permian Desert
SOURCE 300 mln years BP
Delft, 1st February 2018
Late Carboniferous Tropical Forest
Modified after Kroonenberg, 2008
Groningen Seismic Cross Section
The Reservoir
1 km
2 km
3 km
5 km
Modified after: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Source: SPB Atlas, 2011
1
2/1/18
Mid Permian – 240 MY 30
Southern Permian Basin Rotliegend Paleogeography
N
0º
C. Scotese
In a landlocked position at some 15 to 20 North, the Netherlands was exposed to a hot and dry climate Source: Geluk, 2007 Source: Scotese, 2003
Rotliegend in Groningen – Depositional Environments
Rotliegend – Environments of Deposition
aeolian dune field
fluvial sheet floods lateral feeder channel (incision) wind sand sheet wadi
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012
2
2/1/18
Seismic Facies Development across Groningen Field S
Groningen Gas Field
N
0
Rotliegend Thickness Map 300m
Seismic Expression Rotliegend - Flattened on Base Zechstein
0
300m
Westphalian
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012 Source (seismic): R.Romein, 2017
Groningen Gasfield Net Hydrocarbon Column Height (thickness x net/gross x porosity x gas saturation) (at subsurface conditions)
Rotliegend Sandstone m
A. In a downhole core B. Under the microscope Porosity 23.5%
Permeability 202 mD
0
5
10 km
Source: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012
3
2/1/18
Rotliegend Fault Patterns in NE Netherlands Net Hydrocarbon Column Height
Reservoir Compaction
(at subsurface conditions)
(measured at surface in 2012) 0
5
10 km
Source: Ligtenberg et al, 2012
Groningen Field – Rotliegend Fault Pattern 240.000
260.000
Groningen SW-NE Seismic Cross Section – Focus on Deep Faulting
-
-
1 km
600.000
Regional Paleo Stress Orientations
-
3 km (Ligtenberg et al)
580.000
5 km
-
7 km
Source: Romein, 2017
Source: Kortekaas & Jaarsma, 2018
4
2/1/18
Groningen Field – EW time-section WEST 0
Base Upper Northsea Dipmap
Zechstein Salt Isochore Map
EAST
1 sec
2 sec 20 km
2 km
m
Source: Romein, 2017
Source: Romein, 2014
240.000
600.000 580.000
-
-
-
-
260.000
Groningen Field Rotliegend Fault Pattern
Location of Zeerijp Tremor and its Precursors 6 dec ‘17
based on Moment Tensor Inversion (KNMI)
8 jan ‘18 11 mar ‘17
Focus on Zeerijp Area 7 dec ‘16
Source: B.Dost, 2018
5
2/1/18
The Salt
Top Zechstein Salt NE Netherlands Groningen Field
Source: Meijles, 2010
240.000
260.000
-
-
A
A
Zechstein Isochore Map
Groningen Gasfield – NS Transect
0
A’
-
-
-
-
-
100
500
1000
1500 1700
thickness in meters
depth in meters
1000
2000
3000
Source: R.Romein, 2017
A’ Source: R.Romein, 2017
6
2/1/18
Defocussing in Salt and Scattering in Anhydrite Stringers
Wavefront Simulation
ray paths – simple velocity model
0 Tertiary 1
1 km -
Chalk
km
2
2 km -
3
More detailed velocity model
Zechstein salt Rotliegend
4 3 km -
Carboniferous 5 km
Source: ExxonMobil, 2015
Modified after Kraaijpoel, 2012
30km
N
Impact of 3D Scattering
The Shallow Soil
Difference (b-a) 30km
30km
N
(a) Flat Layer Model
N
30km
30km
Source: ExxonMobil, 2015 (b) Groningen 3D Earth Model
7
2/1/18
Huizinge Tremor, 16th August 2012
Site Response depending on Soil Composition
Recorded Acceleration at station Middelstum-1 Acceleration (cm/sec2)
Vsh 100 – 200 m/s
Horizontal - X Horizontal - Y Vertical
50-100m
Vsh 2000 – 3000 m/s
dispersion & damping
≈ 3000m
Source, KNMI 2012
Shallow Soil Groningen – W-E Cross section 0
Winsum
Huizinge Tremor – Intensity 16 August 2012
Woldendorp Eemshaven
Delfzijl 10 km
50m Groningen
Source: Meijles, RUG, 2015
Source: KNMI 2013
8
2/1/18
Soil Composition Groningen (top 2m – deposited from 800 AD until today)
‘Upsweep Effect’ of Shallow Soil
Eemshaven
Eemshaven
high
Amplification 2-3 Hz
low
Delfzijl
Delfzijl
Groningen Groningen
Source: Alterra 2006
Source: Tijn Berends (MSc, RUG), 2014
Source: Alterra, 2006
‘Upsweep Effect’ of Shallow Soil Paleogeography 1500 BC
high
Anthropocene – Dwelling Mounds
Amplification 2-3 Hz
low
Tidal flats & channels
peat
Source: Tijn Berends, MSc RUG, 2014
Density?
Velocity?
Fluvial deposits & salt marshes
9
2/1/18
Groningen Seismic Cross Section
Locations of Dwelling Mounds in Groningen and Friesland (from 600 AD onward)
1 km
2 km
3 km
5 km Source: Landschapsbeheer Friesland & Groningen
Modified after: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Special Thanks to:
Jan de Jager Clemens Visser Remco Romein
10
SEAL 250 mln years BP
Eemshaven
Loppersum
Delfzijl
Geology of the Groningen Field
Groningen
Rien Herber
Groningen Gas Field
Permian Zechstein Sea
RESERVOIR
Three Geological Success Factors
270 mln years BP Early Permian Desert
SOURCE 300 mln years BP
Delft, 1st February 2018
Late Carboniferous Tropical Forest
Modified after Kroonenberg, 2008
Groningen Seismic Cross Section
The Reservoir
1 km
2 km
3 km
5 km
Modified after: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Source: SPB Atlas, 2011
1
2/1/18
Mid Permian – 240 MY 30
Southern Permian Basin Rotliegend Paleogeography
N
0º
C. Scotese
In a landlocked position at some 15 to 20 North, the Netherlands was exposed to a hot and dry climate Source: Geluk, 2007 Source: Scotese, 2003
Rotliegend in Groningen – Depositional Environments
Rotliegend – Environments of Deposition
aeolian dune field
fluvial sheet floods lateral feeder channel (incision) wind sand sheet wadi
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012
2
2/1/18
Seismic Facies Development across Groningen Field S
Groningen Gas Field
N
0
Rotliegend Thickness Map 300m
Seismic Expression Rotliegend - Flattened on Base Zechstein
0
300m
Westphalian
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012 Source (seismic): R.Romein, 2017
Groningen Gasfield Net Hydrocarbon Column Height (thickness x net/gross x porosity x gas saturation) (at subsurface conditions)
Rotliegend Sandstone m
A. In a downhole core B. Under the microscope Porosity 23.5%
Permeability 202 mD
0
5
10 km
Source: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Source: Grötsch et al, 2012
3
2/1/18
Rotliegend Fault Patterns in NE Netherlands Net Hydrocarbon Column Height
Reservoir Compaction
(at subsurface conditions)
(measured at surface in 2012) 0
5
10 km
Source: Ligtenberg et al, 2012
Groningen Field – Rotliegend Fault Pattern 240.000
260.000
Groningen SW-NE Seismic Cross Section – Focus on Deep Faulting
-
-
1 km
600.000
Regional Paleo Stress Orientations
-
3 km (Ligtenberg et al)
580.000
5 km
-
7 km
Source: Romein, 2017
Source: Kortekaas & Jaarsma, 2018
4
2/1/18
Groningen Field – EW time-section WEST 0
Base Upper Northsea Dipmap
Zechstein Salt Isochore Map
EAST
1 sec
2 sec 20 km
2 km
m
Source: Romein, 2017
Source: Romein, 2014
240.000
600.000 580.000
-
-
-
-
260.000
Groningen Field Rotliegend Fault Pattern
Location of Zeerijp Tremor and its Precursors 6 dec ‘17
based on Moment Tensor Inversion (KNMI)
8 jan ‘18 11 mar ‘17
Focus on Zeerijp Area 7 dec ‘16
Source: B.Dost, 2018
5
2/1/18
The Salt
Top Zechstein Salt NE Netherlands Groningen Field
Source: Meijles, 2010
240.000
260.000
-
-
A
A
Zechstein Isochore Map
Groningen Gasfield – NS Transect
0
A’
-
-
-
-
-
100
500
1000
1500 1700
thickness in meters
depth in meters
1000
2000
3000
Source: R.Romein, 2017
A’ Source: R.Romein, 2017
6
2/1/18
Defocussing in Salt and Scattering in Anhydrite Stringers
Wavefront Simulation
ray paths – simple velocity model
0 Tertiary 1
1 km -
Chalk
km
2
2 km -
3
More detailed velocity model
Zechstein salt Rotliegend
4 3 km -
Carboniferous 5 km
Source: ExxonMobil, 2015
Modified after Kraaijpoel, 2012
30km
N
Impact of 3D Scattering
The Shallow Soil
Difference (b-a) 30km
30km
N
(a) Flat Layer Model
N
30km
30km
Source: ExxonMobil, 2015 (b) Groningen 3D Earth Model
7
2/1/18
Huizinge Tremor, 16th August 2012
Site Response depending on Soil Composition
Recorded Acceleration at station Middelstum-1 Acceleration (cm/sec2)
Vsh 100 – 200 m/s
Horizontal - X Horizontal - Y Vertical
50-100m
Vsh 2000 – 3000 m/s
dispersion & damping
≈ 3000m
Source, KNMI 2012
Shallow Soil Groningen – W-E Cross section 0
Winsum
Huizinge Tremor – Intensity 16 August 2012
Woldendorp Eemshaven
Delfzijl 10 km
50m Groningen
Source: Meijles, RUG, 2015
Source: KNMI 2013
8
2/1/18
Soil Composition Groningen (top 2m – deposited from 800 AD until today)
‘Upsweep Effect’ of Shallow Soil
Eemshaven
Eemshaven
high
Amplification 2-3 Hz
low
Delfzijl
Delfzijl
Groningen Groningen
Source: Alterra 2006
Source: Tijn Berends (MSc, RUG), 2014
Source: Alterra, 2006
‘Upsweep Effect’ of Shallow Soil Paleogeography 1500 BC
high
Anthropocene – Dwelling Mounds
Amplification 2-3 Hz
low
Tidal flats & channels
peat
Source: Tijn Berends, MSc RUG, 2014
Density?
Velocity?
Fluvial deposits & salt marshes
9
2/1/18
Groningen Seismic Cross Section
Locations of Dwelling Mounds in Groningen and Friesland (from 600 AD onward)
1 km
2 km
3 km
5 km Source: Landschapsbeheer Friesland & Groningen
Modified after: De Jager & Visser, 2017
Special Thanks to:
Jan de Jager Clemens Visser Remco Romein
10
