Indian Streams Research Journal
Vol III Issue IV May 2013 Impact Factor : 0.2105
ISSN No : 2230-7850
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Monthly Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Indian Streams Research Journal
Executive Editor
Editor-in-chief
Ashok Yakkaldevi
H.N.Jagtap
IMPACT FACTOR : 0.2105 Welcome to ISRJ RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2230-7850 Indian Streams Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial Board readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects.
International Advisory Board Flávio de São Pedro Filho Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil
Hasan Baktir Mohammad Hailat English Language and Literature Dept. of Mathmatical Sciences, University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken SC Department, Kayseri Kamani Perera 29801 Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri Ghayoor Abbas Chotana Lanka Department of Chemistry, Lahore Abdullah Sabbagh University of Management Sciences [ PK Engineering Studies, Sydney Janaki Sinnasamy ] Librarian, University of Malaya [ Anna Maria Constantinovici Catalina Neculai Malaysia ] AL. I. Cuza University, Romania University of Coventry, UK Romona Mihaila Spiru Haret University, Romania
Ecaterina Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest
Delia Serbescu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania
Loredana Bosca Spiru Haret University, Romania
Anurag Misra DBS College, Kanpur Titus Pop
Fabricio Moraes de Almeida Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil George - Calin SERITAN Postdoctoral Researcher
Horia Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania Ilie Pintea, Spiru Haret University, Romania Xiaohua Yang PhD, USA Nawab Ali Khan College of Business Administration
Editorial Board Iresh Swami Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Patil Head Geology Department Solapur University, Solapur Rama Bhosale Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education, Panvel Salve R. N. Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Govind P. Shinde Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance Education Center, Navi Mumbai Chakane Sanjay Dnyaneshwar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Indapur, Pune
N.S. Dhaygude Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur Narendra Kadu Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune K. M. Bhandarkar Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia Sonal Singh Vikram University, Ujjain
Rajendra Shendge Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Yalikar Director Managment Institute, Solapur Umesh Rajderkar Head Humanities & Social Science YCMOU, Nashik S. R. Pandya Head Education Dept. Mumbai University, Mumbai
Alka Darshan Shrivastava G. P. Patankar S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar Maj. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary Director,Hyderabad AP India.
Rahul Shriram Sudke Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
S.Parvathi Devi Ph.D.-University of Allahabad
S.KANNAN Ph.D , Annamalai University,TN
Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya Secretary, Play India Play (Trust),Meerut Sonal Singh Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur - 413 005 Maharashtra, India Cell : 9595 359 435, Ph No: 02172372010 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isrj.net
Satish Kumar Kalhotra
Indian Streams Research Journal Volume 3, Issue. 4, May. 2013
Available online at www.isrj.net DOI : 10.9780/2230-7850/342013/2435
ISSN:-2230-7850 ORIGINAL ARTICLE
CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL IMPACT-A CASE STUDY OF GOPIBALLAVPUR-I & II BLOCK USING GEOINFORMATICS
JATISANKAR BANDYOPADHYAY , KARTIC BERA AND KRISHNA DUBEY Assistant Professor, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore Senior Research Scholar, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore Krishna Dubey, M.Sc final semester, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore
Abstract: River is the natural flow of water from upland to plane land. The flow characteristics depend on the various factors of nature i.e. source of water, climatic condition, and topography, type of soil, geology, forest, land use / land cover and human activities. The present paper will focus on course change with societal perspective of Subarnarekha river in Gopiballavpur- I and II block. The study carried out on Geoinformatics and field observation environments. Remote Sensing and GIS analysis and Sinuosity index were used in this study to investigate river meandering and the associated processes of erosion of river bank and islands, deposition of sediments and formation of new island. The analysis shows that the Subarnarekha river is a meandering river. The analysis of Braiding index and result this index the Subarnarekha river are non braided river in the study area. The lateral erosion on the river banks led to a decrease in agricultural lands bordering the river banks and decrease in the areas of the river islands which in turn reduces the agricultural production. The study also suggests that the local people cause of river shifting and management the natural resources. KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing & GIS, River course change, Sinuosity Index (SI), Meander, Braiding Index (BI), Non Braided River, etc. 1. INTRODUCTION: Changing course of rivers is a natural phenomenon. Shifting of course by a river is an integral part of the alleviation process in a river valley that is responsible for the formation of vast plains on the earth surface. When a river leaves its existing course and takes a new course to maintain its flow it is termed as shifting or change of course. Changes in the course in the course of a river can be attributed to geologic, geomorphic, climatic and hydrologic factors or to human interference or combination of the two or more factors together as well (Debnath, 2007). 2. STUDY AREA: The Study area is under two blocks namely Gopiballavpur– I and Gopiballavpur –II, contain 216 and 192 Mouza .Total Mouza number of the study area is 408. This 408 Mouja situated under 14 Gram Title :CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL IMPACT-A CASE STUDY OF GOPIBALLAVPUR-I & II BLOCK USING GEOINFORMATICS Source:Indian Streams Research Journal [2230-7850] MJATISANKAR BANDYOPADHYAY , KARTIC BERA AND KRISHNA DUBEY yr:2013 vol:3 iss:4
CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL.........
Panchayet, under District-Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. Geographical area of Gopiballavpur - I block is 275.83 sq. km and Gopiballavpur – II block 201.77 sq. km. The study area Geographically situated within 22°13'N to 220 22' N latitude, 86° 43´E? to 86°59'E longitude (SOI toposheet no – 73 J/16, 73 N/4,73 N/3, 73 J/12, 73 J/15). The study area is surrounded by different states. The south portion of the study area is surrounded by Orissa and the North-West portion is covered by Jharkhand. The remaining portion of the study area is surrounded by the different Blocks (Nayagram, Sankrial, Jhargram,
and Jamboni) of Paschim Medinipur District. 2.1 GEOLOGY: Gopiballavpur -I and II block is underlain by different geological formations ranging from hard consolidated rocks of Cenozoic age to unconsolidated alluvium of recent age. The hard consolidated rocks are Phyllites, Quartzites etc. The Phyllites and Quartzites rocks are highly deformed with foliation trending NE – SW.
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The oldest Quaternary deposits exposed in the area comprise Lalgarh formation of Early Pleistocene age consisting of fragments of quartz, Phyllis, granite pebbles and gravels occasinally lateritised.The Quaternary sediments in the area are mostly of fluviatile origin and have been deposited by the Subarnarekha rivers. The Sijua formation constitutes the sediments of older alluvium, comprising hard clay and silt, impregnated with caliche concretions. The overlaying sediments of Panskura formation constitute older flood plain deposits, consisting of sand, silt and clay of different flood regimes. The present day flood plain deposits are composed of sand and silts of different layers. The low lying areas, adjacent to Subarnarekha rivers are invariably flooded and water logged particularly during monsoon season.
2.2 TOPOGRAPHY: The area has a very gentle slope from west to east. The highest value of the study area is 36 meter. Western part of the study area show steep slope. The rest of the study area is almost gentle slope. The topography is not likely to change as the mined material shall get replenished every year during monsoon. 2.3 SOIL: The soils of Gopiballavpur -I and II block in mainly divisible in three groups, the Red gravelly soil, older alluvial soil and lateritic soil (Figure – 4). The Red gravelly soil covered in the south-western part of the Gopiballavpur – I block. The part
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CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL.........
of the Satma, Amarda, Sasraa, Saria and Kendugari gram panchayat covered by red gravelly soil. Maximum area of Gopiballavpur-II is covered by older alluvial soil. Lateritic soil covered by the southern part of the Gopiballavpur – I block. Kendugari gram panchayat maximum area covered by the lateritic soil. Petbindha, Kuliana, Gopiballavpur, Nota, Charchita, Alampur gram panchyet is situated in the both side of the river Subarnarekha. Maximum area of this gram panchyet covered by older alluvial soil. 2.4 CLIMATE: Hot season spanning from March to early June, a slight wet season lasting from mid-June to September and a cold season covering the rest. Temperature begin to rise rapidly from about the beginning of March-April and May are the hottest
months with the mean daily maximum temperature reaching 390c and the mean daily minimum falling to about 260 c. The maximum temperature during the period April to the early part of June at a time reaches 45o C to 46o C. In winter months the minimum temperature may occasionally go down to as low as 60 C. The annual average rainfall is 1500 mm. Table – 1: Annual Rainfall from 1995 to 2005 Year Rainfall in mm
1995 1588
1996 1403
1997 1794
1998 1162
1999 1712
2000 1466
2001 1668
2002 1663
2003 1446
2004 1393
2005 1660
Source: Economic and Statistics Office of Midnapure
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2.5 DRIANAGE: The major river of this area is the Subarnarekha. Subarnarekha River creating meander in the study area. Dulung nala one of the tributaries to the river Subarnarekha. The Dulung nala flow from north to east in Gopiballavpur – II block. The Dulung nala joins the Subarnarekha river at the village Rohini (Kushturia). Subarnarekha river flow from the west to east. 2.6 LAND USE/LAND COVER: In this map, land use and land cover classification has ten classes (Dense forest, Open forest, Grass land, Wet land, Agriculture fallow land, Agriculture land, Fallow land, Settlement patch, Water, Sand). The study area (Gopiballavpur – I and Gopiballavpur –II block) maximum area is cover with forest (277.93 sq km area). Table – 3: Area of Land use/Land cover
2.8 POPULATION: From the census report of 1991 the total population of Gopiballavpur - I block is and Gopiballavpur - II block is. Now we see the increment of the population from the next two census report. The total population according to 2001 census of the Gopiballavpur – I block is 94,658 (48,828 male and 45,837 female) and Gopiballavpur – II block is 92,790 (47,914 male and 45,119 female). The total population according to 2011 census of the Gopiballavpur – I block is 108254 (55700 male and 52552 female) and Gopiballavpur – II block total population is 104639 (53652 male and 50985 female).
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8.2 BRAIDING INDEX: Rivers are usually described as being straight, meandering or braided. There is in fact a great range of channels patterns from straight through meandering to braid. Leopold and Wolman defined a braided river as “one which flows in two or more anastomosing channels around alluvial islands.” Friedkin (1945) stipulated that the braided channel is extremely wide and shallow and that the flow passes through a number of small interlaced channels separated by bars. The braiding parameter (Bp) discussed by Rust (978, p. 188) appears to have been measured as Bp = ∑Lb/Lm where ∑Lb is the sum, in a reach, of the braid lengths, defined as above, between channel thalweg divergences and confluences and Lm is the mean of the meander wavelengths in a reach of the channel belt. The braiding index is a measure of the sum of island or bar perimeters in a reach and hence of the increase in bank length that results from braiding (Brice, 1964). Brice (1964) used a braiding index (BI), defined as follows: BI = 2 (∑Li)/Lr) Where, ∑Li is the length of all the islands and/or bars in the reach, and Lr is the length of the reach measured midway between the banks of the channel belt. Brice rationalized this definition as a measure of the total amount of bank length, where most islands or bars have a significantly greater length (parallel to the channel belt) than width, so that the total bank length will be approximated by doubling the islands or bar length. When the value of Braiding Index is less than 1.50 then the river indicates non-braided river and the value is equal or greater than 1.50 than it indicates braided river (Yeasmin, 2011).
As per Braiding Index, the Brice's formula (1964) the BI in 1975 is very low (0.049) when the channel did not has any islands within its course, which indicates Subarnarekha river in the study area was non braided. The analysis shows that the Braiding Index values are not constant. It varies from 0.049 to 0.274, which indicates Subarnarekha River in the study area is non-braided. Fig-10 shows that from 1975 to 1990 BI increased in 0.049 to 0.315, but 1990 to 2000 BI decrease in 0.315 to 0.217 (table -7). 2000 to 2005 BI increased in 0.217 to 0.271 and 2000 to 2005 BI increased in 0.217 to 0.2715. 2005 to 2010 BI increased in 0.271 to 0.274 which indicate that river Subarnarekha is a non-braided river.
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8.3 RIVER COURSE CHANGE: The changes in the river course is natural or in response to human induced factors. But the rate and direction of change in the river course depend on local topography, geology and other environmental aspects of the region. Fig-11 shows that the analysis of images revealed the change in surface area and perimeter of the river's course from the period from 1975 to 2010. This Fig-11 shows that the Superimposition of courses of Subarnarekha river in the study area. The analysis of landset images revealed the migration of river course with time and space. This Fig 16 show that the western part of the study area (Hatibari) in Satma gram panchayat, west part of the Subarnarekha river course are unchanged (1975 to 2010), because this area covered by hard rock. So, the erosion of this area is not possible. As a result the course of the river remains unchanged in this area. The greatest river course change observed in Nota, Topsia and Kuliana gram panchayat i.e. left bank of the river. The deposition rate is very high in this area. But in the constancy right bank erosion is observed in Sasraa and Amarda gram panchayet area. So the erosional regime is shifted from left bank to right bank.
8.4 DEPOSITION: When the velocity of a river begins to fall, it has less energy and can no longer carry its entire load. So, starting with the particles, material begins to be deposited. Depositional processes lead to appearance of new floodplains on the convex sides of the river course and new islands and sand bars. Meander river and less velocity is the main cause of the deposits Subarnarekha river in the study area and which in turn change the river course. The study period showed a change in deposition of island and river bank with time as shown on 1975 to 2010. Fig-13 shows that total deposition of the selected time period. Fig-12 shows the GP wise total deposition area. The calculated areas of islands showed great variation during the selected time period 1975 to 2010 (table-8). First depositional area is demarcated from the satellite images of the year 1975, 1990, 2000, 2005 Indian Streams Research Journal • Volume 3 Issue 4 • May 2013
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and 2010.Then depositional area is calculated and the above table is prepared.
Fig - 13 shows that the total deposition area in the time period of 1975 to 2010. This fig-13 shows that the highest deposition area of the time period is 1975 to 1990 (506.85 hectare) and lowest deposition area of the time period is 2005 to 2010 (80.01 hectare). The time period 1975-2000 the deposition area are decreased. 2000 to 2005 the total deposition area are 232.92 hectare. 1975 to 2010 in this time period the deposition area decreased in the study area. So it can be said though the deposition is reduced but the shifting of river course is increasing. Fig – 12 shows that GP wise deposition in the time period of 1975 to 2010. Highest deposition area of the Amarda GP is 1.73hectare (Table-8) during the period of 2005 to 2010, this deposition area mainly show the right of the river Subarnarekha. Fig-12 to show that high deposition area of the Sasraa GP is situated in the left bank. Sasraa GP total amount of deposition area is 103.79 hectare in the selected time period. This GP highest deposition rate is 55.30 hectare in the period 1975 to 1990. Fig - 12 to show the highest deposition area in the GP is Kuliana during the period from 1975 to 2010.In the period from 1990 to 2000 the highest deposition in the Kuliana GP (182.05 hectare). Total deposition area is 415.21 hectare (1975-2010). Kuliana GP high deposited area situated in left bank of the Subarnarekha river. This Fig-18 to analysis that Kuliana GP deposition area is increased year after year and Subarnarekha river course changed from left bank to right bank. River right bank deposited in the Alampur GP (1975 to 2010). The total deposited area in the Alampur GP is 111.72 hectare within the year1975 to 2010. Within this time period the highest deposition area is 80.87 hectare in the year 1990-2000. This analysis to shows that river shifted in Alampur GP to Petbindha GP. The left bank deposition area of Petbindha G.P. increased from 2005 to 2010.The total deposited area in Petbindha GP is 77.51 hectare.
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TABLE – 9: GP WISE EROSION AREA (1975 – 2010)
Erosion is a natural process. The lateral erosion on the river banks led to a decrease in agricultural lands bordering the river banks and decrease in the areas of the river islands, which in turn led to a decrease in agricultural production. The study period showed a change in erosion of riverbank and islands with time as shown on fig-15.This erosion are show in map of the gram panchayat. The calculated areas of erosion showed great variation during the selected time period (table - 9). The study period showed a change in total erosion of river banks with time as shown Fig-15. First erosional area is demarcated from the satellite images of the year 1975, 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010.Then erosional area is calculated and the above table is prepared. Fig – 15 shows that total erosion area in 1975 to 2010.This Fig analysis shows that high erosion was took place during the year 2005 to 2010.The calculated areas of erosion showed great variation during the selected time period (table-9). 2000 to 2005 shows lowest erosion compared to another year. Erosion area increased in 2000(31.71 hectare) to2010 (192.42 hectare), cause of erosion are flood (2008 June). The erosion rates are decreased during the period 1990 to 2005. Fig -14shows that Gram Panchayat wise total erosion area in the different years in the help of landset imagery. West part of the study area Satma Gram panchayat not eroded during the selected time period. Only 1.97 hectare area eroded in the time period of 200-2005. Because this area covered by hard rock.
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CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL.........
During the period 2005 to 2010, the highest amount of erosion in the right bank of the Subarnarekha river has taking place in Amarda Gram Panchayat area. And as a result of this flow of river has shifted little towards the right bank. In Sasraa GP area erosion of the river right bank during the period of 1975 to 2010 (50.61 hectare). Table - 9 shows that highest erosion of Sasraa GP are 1975 to 1990 (25.15 hectare area). 1975-1990 (25.15 hectare area) to 1990-2000 (21.51 hectare) erosion rate are decreased. During the period from 2005 to 2010 of this GP erosion area increased (2.19 hectare).This analysis shows that Subarnarekha river shifted in right bank, year by year in Sasraa GP area. In Nota Gram Panchyet area the erosion takes place on the left bank during the year 1975-2010 (15.80 hectare). So the river course changed from right bank to left bank. In this GP highest eroded area is 19.98 hectare from the year1990-2000. This fig-14 to shows that mainly right bank of the Subarnarekha river area eroded or shifted
in the place of Chorchita and Saria GP during the period of 1975 to 2010. Gopiballavpur and Kuliana GP river mainly eroded in right bank (1975-2010). The total erosion area of Gopiballavpur GP is 56.12 hectare and Kuliana GP is 82.28 hectare during the time period of 1975 to 2010. Eastern part of Kuliana GP eroded in the left bank of the river. Alampur GP river eroded in right bank (1975 to 2010). This Fig shows the left bank of the Subarnarekha river eroded in the Petbindha GP during the period of 2005 to 2010.
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CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL.........
9. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT 9.1 Riverbank erosion impact: Riverbank erosion has disastrous socio-economic effects. The majority of the affected people perceive riverbank erosion as a natural phenomenon. Subarnarekha riverbank erosion is seen as one of the major causes for river flood. The degree of economic loss and vulnerability of population due to bank erosion has dramatically increased in recent years. The impact of land loss involves primarily the loss of homestead land, housing structures, trees, agriculture land. Loss of homesteads forces people to move a new place without any option and puts them in disastrous situations. The total land loss in 1975 to 2010 estimated to be
approximately 416.73 hectare in the study area. Bank erosion affects people, irrespective of farm sizes. Subarnarekha riverbank erosion causes setback for village agriculture. Along with homestead settlements, it erodes agriculture land, infrastructure and the communication system. It affects the income from crops, of the vulnerable groups. The big farmers are worst affected, followed by medium farmers, and marginal groups. This figure to shows that the highest land loss in the time period of 2005 to 2010 and lowest land loss in the time period is 2000 to 2005. Various type of land losses in the study area (Agriculture land, Forest covered land, Grass land, Wet land, Residential land etc). 9.2 Deposition area impact: Due to erosion process of river the land lost is much more than the land that rises out of riverbed through accretion. The erosion-accretion phenomenon is a characteristic feature of the courses of the Subarnarekha river. After sediment deposition, a few years latter sediment deposit area converted in land. This converted land use as agriculture land and also use in other purpose. The total land deposit in Subarnarekha river for the period from 1975 to 2010 approximately 1307.54 hectare. CONCLUSION: From the study fallowing conclusions can be made: This study shows that Subarnarekha river shifted in the both bank i.e. right and left bank during the period of 1975 to 2010. Sinuosity index calculate to show that Subarnarekha river is a meander river in the study area. Braiding index apply confirm that Subarnarekha river is non braided river in the study area. Flooding, flow direction and high flow velocity is the main causes of bank erosion and river course shifting. Changing river morphology and human activities have also contributed to higher river bank erosion. Indian Streams Research Journal • Volume 3 Issue 4 • May 2013
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Local people have faced severe problem from bank erosion as they have lost residential and cultivated land, house relocation, loss of agricultural product and other properties. River Bank Erosion has also impacted on water quality by rising the suspended solid which effected on water consumption for local people. Bank erosion has provided negative great impact on people livelihood along the river such loss of properties, income, increase sediment in water which affects water consumption and river water quality. The western part of the study area (Hatibari) in Satma gram panchayat, west part of the Subarnarekha river course are unchanged (1975 to 2010), because this area covered by hard rock. The greatest river course change observed in Nota, Topsia and Kuliana gram panchayat i.e. left bank of the river. The deposition rate is very high in this area. But in the constancy right bank erosion is observed in Sasraa and Amarda gram panchayet area. So the erosional regime is shifted from left bank to right bank. Left bank of the Subarnarekha river eroded in the Petbindha GP during the period of 2005 to 2010. REFERENCES Ahmed, A. A. and Fawzi. A. 2009. Meandering and bank erosion of the River Nile and its environmental impact on the area between Sohag and El-Minia, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. Volume 4, Issue 1-2, pp 1-11. Brice, J .C. 1964. Channel Patterns and Terraces of the Loup Rivers in Nebraska. United States. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 422 – D. Bera. Kartic. 2008. Geoinformatics in change detection & it's impact of Ganges river, A case study on Raghunathganj I & II and Lalgola Block in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India. Un published Master thesis. Debnath, C. A. 2010. Changing course of kameng river in the lower reaches. http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/handle/1/3454. Friend. P. F. and Sinha, R. 1993. Braiding and meandering parameters. In: Best , J. L and Bristow, C. W (eds) Braided Rivers, Geological Society Special Publication No 75, pp 105 –111. Leopold. L. B. and Wolman. M. G. 1957. River Channel Patterns: Braided, Meandering and Straight. United States Geological Survey Professional Papers, 282 B, pp.39-84. Majumder, S. S. 2008. Application of remote sensing and GIS in identification of morphological changes in the river Ganga, West Bengal. THOUGHT, A Soc. Tech. Ro. up, v. XIII (IV), pp. 11-16. Panda. S. and Bandyopadhyay. J. 2011 Morphodynamic Changes of Bhagirathi River at Murshidabad District Using Geoinformatics. Journal of Geographic Information System, v.3, pp. 85-97. Sarkar. A., Garg. R. D and Sharma. N. 2012. RS-GIS based assessment of river dynamics of Brahmaputra river in India. Journal of water resources and protection. pp. 63-72. Yeasmin. A and Islam. N. 2011. Changing trends pattern of the Ganges-Padma river. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences. Vol-2. ISSN 0976-4380.
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ISSN No : 2230-7850
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Monthly Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Indian Streams Research Journal
Executive Editor
Editor-in-chief
Ashok Yakkaldevi
H.N.Jagtap
IMPACT FACTOR : 0.2105 Welcome to ISRJ RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2230-7850 Indian Streams Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial Board readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects.
International Advisory Board Flávio de São Pedro Filho Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil
Hasan Baktir Mohammad Hailat English Language and Literature Dept. of Mathmatical Sciences, University of South Carolina Aiken, Aiken SC Department, Kayseri Kamani Perera 29801 Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri Ghayoor Abbas Chotana Lanka Department of Chemistry, Lahore Abdullah Sabbagh University of Management Sciences [ PK Engineering Studies, Sydney Janaki Sinnasamy ] Librarian, University of Malaya [ Anna Maria Constantinovici Catalina Neculai Malaysia ] AL. I. Cuza University, Romania University of Coventry, UK Romona Mihaila Spiru Haret University, Romania
Ecaterina Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest
Delia Serbescu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania
Loredana Bosca Spiru Haret University, Romania
Anurag Misra DBS College, Kanpur Titus Pop
Fabricio Moraes de Almeida Federal University of Rondonia, Brazil George - Calin SERITAN Postdoctoral Researcher
Horia Patrascu Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania Ilie Pintea, Spiru Haret University, Romania Xiaohua Yang PhD, USA Nawab Ali Khan College of Business Administration
Editorial Board Iresh Swami Pratap Vyamktrao Naikwade ASP College Devrukh,Ratnagiri,MS India Ex - VC. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Patil Head Geology Department Solapur University, Solapur Rama Bhosale Prin. and Jt. Director Higher Education, Panvel Salve R. N. Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Govind P. Shinde Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance Education Center, Navi Mumbai Chakane Sanjay Dnyaneshwar Arts, Science & Commerce College, Indapur, Pune
N.S. Dhaygude Ex. Prin. Dayanand College, Solapur Narendra Kadu Jt. Director Higher Education, Pune K. M. Bhandarkar Praful Patel College of Education, Gondia Sonal Singh Vikram University, Ujjain
Rajendra Shendge Director, B.C.U.D. Solapur University, Solapur R. R. Yalikar Director Managment Institute, Solapur Umesh Rajderkar Head Humanities & Social Science YCMOU, Nashik S. R. Pandya Head Education Dept. Mumbai University, Mumbai
Alka Darshan Shrivastava G. P. Patankar S. D. M. Degree College, Honavar, Karnataka Shaskiya Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Dhar Maj. S. Bakhtiar Choudhary Director,Hyderabad AP India.
Rahul Shriram Sudke Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
S.Parvathi Devi Ph.D.-University of Allahabad
S.KANNAN Ph.D , Annamalai University,TN
Awadhesh Kumar Shirotriya Secretary, Play India Play (Trust),Meerut Sonal Singh Address:-Ashok Yakkaldevi 258/34, Raviwar Peth, Solapur - 413 005 Maharashtra, India Cell : 9595 359 435, Ph No: 02172372010 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isrj.net
Satish Kumar Kalhotra
Indian Streams Research Journal Volume 3, Issue. 4, May. 2013
Available online at www.isrj.net DOI : 10.9780/2230-7850/342013/2435
ISSN:-2230-7850 ORIGINAL ARTICLE
CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL IMPACT-A CASE STUDY OF GOPIBALLAVPUR-I & II BLOCK USING GEOINFORMATICS
JATISANKAR BANDYOPADHYAY , KARTIC BERA AND KRISHNA DUBEY Assistant Professor, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore Senior Research Scholar, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore Krishna Dubey, M.Sc final semester, Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur, Midnapore
Abstract: River is the natural flow of water from upland to plane land. The flow characteristics depend on the various factors of nature i.e. source of water, climatic condition, and topography, type of soil, geology, forest, land use / land cover and human activities. The present paper will focus on course change with societal perspective of Subarnarekha river in Gopiballavpur- I and II block. The study carried out on Geoinformatics and field observation environments. Remote Sensing and GIS analysis and Sinuosity index were used in this study to investigate river meandering and the associated processes of erosion of river bank and islands, deposition of sediments and formation of new island. The analysis shows that the Subarnarekha river is a meandering river. The analysis of Braiding index and result this index the Subarnarekha river are non braided river in the study area. The lateral erosion on the river banks led to a decrease in agricultural lands bordering the river banks and decrease in the areas of the river islands which in turn reduces the agricultural production. The study also suggests that the local people cause of river shifting and management the natural resources. KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing & GIS, River course change, Sinuosity Index (SI), Meander, Braiding Index (BI), Non Braided River, etc. 1. INTRODUCTION: Changing course of rivers is a natural phenomenon. Shifting of course by a river is an integral part of the alleviation process in a river valley that is responsible for the formation of vast plains on the earth surface. When a river leaves its existing course and takes a new course to maintain its flow it is termed as shifting or change of course. Changes in the course in the course of a river can be attributed to geologic, geomorphic, climatic and hydrologic factors or to human interference or combination of the two or more factors together as well (Debnath, 2007). 2. STUDY AREA: The Study area is under two blocks namely Gopiballavpur– I and Gopiballavpur –II, contain 216 and 192 Mouza .Total Mouza number of the study area is 408. This 408 Mouja situated under 14 Gram Title :CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL IMPACT-A CASE STUDY OF GOPIBALLAVPUR-I & II BLOCK USING GEOINFORMATICS Source:Indian Streams Research Journal [2230-7850] MJATISANKAR BANDYOPADHYAY , KARTIC BERA AND KRISHNA DUBEY yr:2013 vol:3 iss:4
CHANGING COURSE OF SUBARNAREKHA RIVER AND ITS SOCIETAL.........
Panchayet, under District-Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. Geographical area of Gopiballavpur - I block is 275.83 sq. km and Gopiballavpur – II block 201.77 sq. km. The study area Geographically situated within 22°13'N to 220 22' N latitude, 86° 43´E? to 86°59'E longitude (SOI toposheet no – 73 J/16, 73 N/4,73 N/3, 73 J/12, 73 J/15). The study area is surrounded by different states. The south portion of the study area is surrounded by Orissa and the North-West portion is covered by Jharkhand. The remaining portion of the study area is surrounded by the different Blocks (Nayagram, Sankrial, Jhargram,
and Jamboni) of Paschim Medinipur District. 2.1 GEOLOGY: Gopiballavpur -I and II block is underlain by different geological formations ranging from hard consolidated rocks of Cenozoic age to unconsolidated alluvium of recent age. The hard consolidated rocks are Phyllites, Quartzites etc. The Phyllites and Quartzites rocks are highly deformed with foliation trending NE – SW.
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The oldest Quaternary deposits exposed in the area comprise Lalgarh formation of Early Pleistocene age consisting of fragments of quartz, Phyllis, granite pebbles and gravels occasinally lateritised.The Quaternary sediments in the area are mostly of fluviatile origin and have been deposited by the Subarnarekha rivers. The Sijua formation constitutes the sediments of older alluvium, comprising hard clay and silt, impregnated with caliche concretions. The overlaying sediments of Panskura formation constitute older flood plain deposits, consisting of sand, silt and clay of different flood regimes. The present day flood plain deposits are composed of sand and silts of different layers. The low lying areas, adjacent to Subarnarekha rivers are invariably flooded and water logged particularly during monsoon season.
2.2 TOPOGRAPHY: The area has a very gentle slope from west to east. The highest value of the study area is 36 meter. Western part of the study area show steep slope. The rest of the study area is almost gentle slope. The topography is not likely to change as the mined material shall get replenished every year during monsoon. 2.3 SOIL: The soils of Gopiballavpur -I and II block in mainly divisible in three groups, the Red gravelly soil, older alluvial soil and lateritic soil (Figure – 4). The Red gravelly soil covered in the south-western part of the Gopiballavpur – I block. The part
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of the Satma, Amarda, Sasraa, Saria and Kendugari gram panchayat covered by red gravelly soil. Maximum area of Gopiballavpur-II is covered by older alluvial soil. Lateritic soil covered by the southern part of the Gopiballavpur – I block. Kendugari gram panchayat maximum area covered by the lateritic soil. Petbindha, Kuliana, Gopiballavpur, Nota, Charchita, Alampur gram panchyet is situated in the both side of the river Subarnarekha. Maximum area of this gram panchyet covered by older alluvial soil. 2.4 CLIMATE: Hot season spanning from March to early June, a slight wet season lasting from mid-June to September and a cold season covering the rest. Temperature begin to rise rapidly from about the beginning of March-April and May are the hottest
months with the mean daily maximum temperature reaching 390c and the mean daily minimum falling to about 260 c. The maximum temperature during the period April to the early part of June at a time reaches 45o C to 46o C. In winter months the minimum temperature may occasionally go down to as low as 60 C. The annual average rainfall is 1500 mm. Table – 1: Annual Rainfall from 1995 to 2005 Year Rainfall in mm
1995 1588
1996 1403
1997 1794
1998 1162
1999 1712
2000 1466
2001 1668
2002 1663
2003 1446
2004 1393
2005 1660
Source: Economic and Statistics Office of Midnapure
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2.5 DRIANAGE: The major river of this area is the Subarnarekha. Subarnarekha River creating meander in the study area. Dulung nala one of the tributaries to the river Subarnarekha. The Dulung nala flow from north to east in Gopiballavpur – II block. The Dulung nala joins the Subarnarekha river at the village Rohini (Kushturia). Subarnarekha river flow from the west to east. 2.6 LAND USE/LAND COVER: In this map, land use and land cover classification has ten classes (Dense forest, Open forest, Grass land, Wet land, Agriculture fallow land, Agriculture land, Fallow land, Settlement patch, Water, Sand). The study area (Gopiballavpur – I and Gopiballavpur –II block) maximum area is cover with forest (277.93 sq km area). Table – 3: Area of Land use/Land cover
2.8 POPULATION: From the census report of 1991 the total population of Gopiballavpur - I block is and Gopiballavpur - II block is. Now we see the increment of the population from the next two census report. The total population according to 2001 census of the Gopiballavpur – I block is 94,658 (48,828 male and 45,837 female) and Gopiballavpur – II block is 92,790 (47,914 male and 45,119 female). The total population according to 2011 census of the Gopiballavpur – I block is 108254 (55700 male and 52552 female) and Gopiballavpur – II block total population is 104639 (53652 male and 50985 female).
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8.2 BRAIDING INDEX: Rivers are usually described as being straight, meandering or braided. There is in fact a great range of channels patterns from straight through meandering to braid. Leopold and Wolman defined a braided river as “one which flows in two or more anastomosing channels around alluvial islands.” Friedkin (1945) stipulated that the braided channel is extremely wide and shallow and that the flow passes through a number of small interlaced channels separated by bars. The braiding parameter (Bp) discussed by Rust (978, p. 188) appears to have been measured as Bp = ∑Lb/Lm where ∑Lb is the sum, in a reach, of the braid lengths, defined as above, between channel thalweg divergences and confluences and Lm is the mean of the meander wavelengths in a reach of the channel belt. The braiding index is a measure of the sum of island or bar perimeters in a reach and hence of the increase in bank length that results from braiding (Brice, 1964). Brice (1964) used a braiding index (BI), defined as follows: BI = 2 (∑Li)/Lr) Where, ∑Li is the length of all the islands and/or bars in the reach, and Lr is the length of the reach measured midway between the banks of the channel belt. Brice rationalized this definition as a measure of the total amount of bank length, where most islands or bars have a significantly greater length (parallel to the channel belt) than width, so that the total bank length will be approximated by doubling the islands or bar length. When the value of Braiding Index is less than 1.50 then the river indicates non-braided river and the value is equal or greater than 1.50 than it indicates braided river (Yeasmin, 2011).
As per Braiding Index, the Brice's formula (1964) the BI in 1975 is very low (0.049) when the channel did not has any islands within its course, which indicates Subarnarekha river in the study area was non braided. The analysis shows that the Braiding Index values are not constant. It varies from 0.049 to 0.274, which indicates Subarnarekha River in the study area is non-braided. Fig-10 shows that from 1975 to 1990 BI increased in 0.049 to 0.315, but 1990 to 2000 BI decrease in 0.315 to 0.217 (table -7). 2000 to 2005 BI increased in 0.217 to 0.271 and 2000 to 2005 BI increased in 0.217 to 0.2715. 2005 to 2010 BI increased in 0.271 to 0.274 which indicate that river Subarnarekha is a non-braided river.
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8.3 RIVER COURSE CHANGE: The changes in the river course is natural or in response to human induced factors. But the rate and direction of change in the river course depend on local topography, geology and other environmental aspects of the region. Fig-11 shows that the analysis of images revealed the change in surface area and perimeter of the river's course from the period from 1975 to 2010. This Fig-11 shows that the Superimposition of courses of Subarnarekha river in the study area. The analysis of landset images revealed the migration of river course with time and space. This Fig 16 show that the western part of the study area (Hatibari) in Satma gram panchayat, west part of the Subarnarekha river course are unchanged (1975 to 2010), because this area covered by hard rock. So, the erosion of this area is not possible. As a result the course of the river remains unchanged in this area. The greatest river course change observed in Nota, Topsia and Kuliana gram panchayat i.e. left bank of the river. The deposition rate is very high in this area. But in the constancy right bank erosion is observed in Sasraa and Amarda gram panchayet area. So the erosional regime is shifted from left bank to right bank.
8.4 DEPOSITION: When the velocity of a river begins to fall, it has less energy and can no longer carry its entire load. So, starting with the particles, material begins to be deposited. Depositional processes lead to appearance of new floodplains on the convex sides of the river course and new islands and sand bars. Meander river and less velocity is the main cause of the deposits Subarnarekha river in the study area and which in turn change the river course. The study period showed a change in deposition of island and river bank with time as shown on 1975 to 2010. Fig-13 shows that total deposition of the selected time period. Fig-12 shows the GP wise total deposition area. The calculated areas of islands showed great variation during the selected time period 1975 to 2010 (table-8). First depositional area is demarcated from the satellite images of the year 1975, 1990, 2000, 2005 Indian Streams Research Journal • Volume 3 Issue 4 • May 2013
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and 2010.Then depositional area is calculated and the above table is prepared.
Fig - 13 shows that the total deposition area in the time period of 1975 to 2010. This fig-13 shows that the highest deposition area of the time period is 1975 to 1990 (506.85 hectare) and lowest deposition area of the time period is 2005 to 2010 (80.01 hectare). The time period 1975-2000 the deposition area are decreased. 2000 to 2005 the total deposition area are 232.92 hectare. 1975 to 2010 in this time period the deposition area decreased in the study area. So it can be said though the deposition is reduced but the shifting of river course is increasing. Fig – 12 shows that GP wise deposition in the time period of 1975 to 2010. Highest deposition area of the Amarda GP is 1.73hectare (Table-8) during the period of 2005 to 2010, this deposition area mainly show the right of the river Subarnarekha. Fig-12 to show that high deposition area of the Sasraa GP is situated in the left bank. Sasraa GP total amount of deposition area is 103.79 hectare in the selected time period. This GP highest deposition rate is 55.30 hectare in the period 1975 to 1990. Fig - 12 to show the highest deposition area in the GP is Kuliana during the period from 1975 to 2010.In the period from 1990 to 2000 the highest deposition in the Kuliana GP (182.05 hectare). Total deposition area is 415.21 hectare (1975-2010). Kuliana GP high deposited area situated in left bank of the Subarnarekha river. This Fig-18 to analysis that Kuliana GP deposition area is increased year after year and Subarnarekha river course changed from left bank to right bank. River right bank deposited in the Alampur GP (1975 to 2010). The total deposited area in the Alampur GP is 111.72 hectare within the year1975 to 2010. Within this time period the highest deposition area is 80.87 hectare in the year 1990-2000. This analysis to shows that river shifted in Alampur GP to Petbindha GP. The left bank deposition area of Petbindha G.P. increased from 2005 to 2010.The total deposited area in Petbindha GP is 77.51 hectare.
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TABLE – 9: GP WISE EROSION AREA (1975 – 2010)
Erosion is a natural process. The lateral erosion on the river banks led to a decrease in agricultural lands bordering the river banks and decrease in the areas of the river islands, which in turn led to a decrease in agricultural production. The study period showed a change in erosion of riverbank and islands with time as shown on fig-15.This erosion are show in map of the gram panchayat. The calculated areas of erosion showed great variation during the selected time period (table - 9). The study period showed a change in total erosion of river banks with time as shown Fig-15. First erosional area is demarcated from the satellite images of the year 1975, 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010.Then erosional area is calculated and the above table is prepared. Fig – 15 shows that total erosion area in 1975 to 2010.This Fig analysis shows that high erosion was took place during the year 2005 to 2010.The calculated areas of erosion showed great variation during the selected time period (table-9). 2000 to 2005 shows lowest erosion compared to another year. Erosion area increased in 2000(31.71 hectare) to2010 (192.42 hectare), cause of erosion are flood (2008 June). The erosion rates are decreased during the period 1990 to 2005. Fig -14shows that Gram Panchayat wise total erosion area in the different years in the help of landset imagery. West part of the study area Satma Gram panchayat not eroded during the selected time period. Only 1.97 hectare area eroded in the time period of 200-2005. Because this area covered by hard rock.
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During the period 2005 to 2010, the highest amount of erosion in the right bank of the Subarnarekha river has taking place in Amarda Gram Panchayat area. And as a result of this flow of river has shifted little towards the right bank. In Sasraa GP area erosion of the river right bank during the period of 1975 to 2010 (50.61 hectare). Table - 9 shows that highest erosion of Sasraa GP are 1975 to 1990 (25.15 hectare area). 1975-1990 (25.15 hectare area) to 1990-2000 (21.51 hectare) erosion rate are decreased. During the period from 2005 to 2010 of this GP erosion area increased (2.19 hectare).This analysis shows that Subarnarekha river shifted in right bank, year by year in Sasraa GP area. In Nota Gram Panchyet area the erosion takes place on the left bank during the year 1975-2010 (15.80 hectare). So the river course changed from right bank to left bank. In this GP highest eroded area is 19.98 hectare from the year1990-2000. This fig-14 to shows that mainly right bank of the Subarnarekha river area eroded or shifted
in the place of Chorchita and Saria GP during the period of 1975 to 2010. Gopiballavpur and Kuliana GP river mainly eroded in right bank (1975-2010). The total erosion area of Gopiballavpur GP is 56.12 hectare and Kuliana GP is 82.28 hectare during the time period of 1975 to 2010. Eastern part of Kuliana GP eroded in the left bank of the river. Alampur GP river eroded in right bank (1975 to 2010). This Fig shows the left bank of the Subarnarekha river eroded in the Petbindha GP during the period of 2005 to 2010.
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9. SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT 9.1 Riverbank erosion impact: Riverbank erosion has disastrous socio-economic effects. The majority of the affected people perceive riverbank erosion as a natural phenomenon. Subarnarekha riverbank erosion is seen as one of the major causes for river flood. The degree of economic loss and vulnerability of population due to bank erosion has dramatically increased in recent years. The impact of land loss involves primarily the loss of homestead land, housing structures, trees, agriculture land. Loss of homesteads forces people to move a new place without any option and puts them in disastrous situations. The total land loss in 1975 to 2010 estimated to be
approximately 416.73 hectare in the study area. Bank erosion affects people, irrespective of farm sizes. Subarnarekha riverbank erosion causes setback for village agriculture. Along with homestead settlements, it erodes agriculture land, infrastructure and the communication system. It affects the income from crops, of the vulnerable groups. The big farmers are worst affected, followed by medium farmers, and marginal groups. This figure to shows that the highest land loss in the time period of 2005 to 2010 and lowest land loss in the time period is 2000 to 2005. Various type of land losses in the study area (Agriculture land, Forest covered land, Grass land, Wet land, Residential land etc). 9.2 Deposition area impact: Due to erosion process of river the land lost is much more than the land that rises out of riverbed through accretion. The erosion-accretion phenomenon is a characteristic feature of the courses of the Subarnarekha river. After sediment deposition, a few years latter sediment deposit area converted in land. This converted land use as agriculture land and also use in other purpose. The total land deposit in Subarnarekha river for the period from 1975 to 2010 approximately 1307.54 hectare. CONCLUSION: From the study fallowing conclusions can be made: This study shows that Subarnarekha river shifted in the both bank i.e. right and left bank during the period of 1975 to 2010. Sinuosity index calculate to show that Subarnarekha river is a meander river in the study area. Braiding index apply confirm that Subarnarekha river is non braided river in the study area. Flooding, flow direction and high flow velocity is the main causes of bank erosion and river course shifting. Changing river morphology and human activities have also contributed to higher river bank erosion. Indian Streams Research Journal • Volume 3 Issue 4 • May 2013
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Local people have faced severe problem from bank erosion as they have lost residential and cultivated land, house relocation, loss of agricultural product and other properties. River Bank Erosion has also impacted on water quality by rising the suspended solid which effected on water consumption for local people. Bank erosion has provided negative great impact on people livelihood along the river such loss of properties, income, increase sediment in water which affects water consumption and river water quality. The western part of the study area (Hatibari) in Satma gram panchayat, west part of the Subarnarekha river course are unchanged (1975 to 2010), because this area covered by hard rock. The greatest river course change observed in Nota, Topsia and Kuliana gram panchayat i.e. left bank of the river. The deposition rate is very high in this area. But in the constancy right bank erosion is observed in Sasraa and Amarda gram panchayet area. So the erosional regime is shifted from left bank to right bank. Left bank of the Subarnarekha river eroded in the Petbindha GP during the period of 2005 to 2010. REFERENCES Ahmed, A. A. and Fawzi. A. 2009. Meandering and bank erosion of the River Nile and its environmental impact on the area between Sohag and El-Minia, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. Volume 4, Issue 1-2, pp 1-11. Brice, J .C. 1964. Channel Patterns and Terraces of the Loup Rivers in Nebraska. United States. Geological Survey Professional Papers, 422 – D. Bera. Kartic. 2008. Geoinformatics in change detection & it's impact of Ganges river, A case study on Raghunathganj I & II and Lalgola Block in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India. Un published Master thesis. Debnath, C. A. 2010. Changing course of kameng river in the lower reaches. http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/handle/1/3454. Friend. P. F. and Sinha, R. 1993. Braiding and meandering parameters. In: Best , J. L and Bristow, C. W (eds) Braided Rivers, Geological Society Special Publication No 75, pp 105 –111. Leopold. L. B. and Wolman. M. G. 1957. River Channel Patterns: Braided, Meandering and Straight. United States Geological Survey Professional Papers, 282 B, pp.39-84. Majumder, S. S. 2008. Application of remote sensing and GIS in identification of morphological changes in the river Ganga, West Bengal. THOUGHT, A Soc. Tech. Ro. up, v. XIII (IV), pp. 11-16. Panda. S. and Bandyopadhyay. J. 2011 Morphodynamic Changes of Bhagirathi River at Murshidabad District Using Geoinformatics. Journal of Geographic Information System, v.3, pp. 85-97. Sarkar. A., Garg. R. D and Sharma. N. 2012. RS-GIS based assessment of river dynamics of Brahmaputra river in India. Journal of water resources and protection. pp. 63-72. Yeasmin. A and Islam. N. 2011. Changing trends pattern of the Ganges-Padma river. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences. Vol-2. ISSN 0976-4380.
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