Page 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Page 2 Learning)and ...
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Learning)and)behavioral)psychology) Learning/involves!the!acquisition!&!modification!of!knowledge,!skills,!strategies,!beliefs,!attitudes!and!behaviours.!Learning!involves!cognitive,!linguistic,!motor,!and! social!skills!and!can!take!many!forms.!
G))Behavioural)approaches)to)learning!
•
Behavioural)approaches)focus)on)the)way)objects)or)events)in)the)environment)(stimuli)) come)to)control)behavior)through)learning)!
Classical)Conditioning)(Pavlov)) Learning!through!repeated!association!between!2!or!more!stimuli.!! 9
!
A!previously!neutral!stimulus!elicits!a!response!after!being!paired!with!a!stimulus!that! automatically!elicits!a!response.!!
!
We!can!pair!a!conditioned!with!an!unconditioned!stimulus!to!obtain!a!conditioned!response.!This!can!be! used!to!change!behavior.! Extinction:!extinction!of!the!conditioned!stimulus!(salivation!in!response!to!the!bell)!can!occur!if!the!CS!bell!
is!presented!without!the!US.!The!condition!will!gradually!disappear.!! Implication:!You!can!change!behavior!by!ceasing!the!pairing!of!the!conditioned!stimulus!&!the! unconditioned!stimulus! Spontaneous/recovery:!a!CR!(salivation!in!response!to!the!light!or!bell)!will!reappear!after!a!rest!period,! even!after!a!series!of!CS!(no!US)!pairings.! Implication:!You!can!think!that!a!behavior!has!ceased!but!it!can!easily!return.!Need!to!be!aware!of!this!and! make!clients!aware!of!this.! Stimulus/Generalization:!a!CR!(salivation)!to!one!CS!seems!to!generalize!to!other!closely!related!stimuli!–! e.g.!bells!with!slightly!different!tones! Implication:!We!do!not!need!to!teach!every!skill!/!behavior! Discrimination/to/a/conditioned/stimulus:!after!teaching!a!CR,!subsequent!pairings!to!different!conditioned! stimuli!can!result!in!selective!Conditioned!Responses!so!that!only!the!CS!most!closely!matching!the!training! CS!obtained!a!response.! Eg:!4!bell!sounds,!dog!responds!only!to!two!of!them.!Implication:!Able!to!teach!specificity!of!responses! Implication:!Able!to!teach!specificity!of!responses! Second/order/conditioning:!the!original!pairing!of!a!bell!with!food,!bell!=!first!order!conditioned!stimuli!–!a! CS1.!Link!the!CS1!with!a!second!conditioned!stimulus!eg:!black!square,!with!repeated!exposures!the!CR! occurs!only!with!exposure!to!the!second!conditioned!stimulus!(not!the!CS1).! • •
E.g.!CS1!=!light;!CS2!=!black!square!...!eventually!the!black!square!becomes!the!CS!(second9order! conditioning)! Difficult!to!get!beyond!second9order!conditioning!
Implication:!Able!scaffold!conditioning!of!responses! / Counterconditioning:!pair!the!stimulus!(CS)!that!elicits!fear!with!a!stimulus!(US)!that!elicits!positive! emotion!(UR).! Implication:!Can!replace!one!response!to!a!stimulus!with!another! Interstimulus/interval:!the!time!between!the!presentation!of!the!CS!&!UCS.! Implication:!pair!the!CS!&!UCS!as!quickly!as!possible!to!ensure!the!connection!works.!
Learning)and)behavioral)psychology) Learning/involves!the!acquisition!&!modification!of!knowledge,!skills,!strategies,!beliefs,!attitudes!and!behaviours.!Learning!involves!cognitive,!linguistic,!motor,!and! social!skills!and!can!take!many!forms.!
G))Behavioural)approaches)to)learning!
•
Behavioural)approaches)focus)on)the)way)objects)or)events)in)the)environment)(stimuli)) come)to)control)behavior)through)learning)!
Classical)Conditioning)(Pavlov)) Learning!through!repeated!association!between!2!or!more!stimuli.!! 9
!
A!previously!neutral!stimulus!elicits!a!response!after!being!paired!with!a!stimulus!that! automatically!elicits!a!response.!!
!
We!can!pair!a!conditioned!with!an!unconditioned!stimulus!to!obtain!a!conditioned!response.!This!can!be! used!to!change!behavior.! Extinction:!extinction!of!the!conditioned!stimulus!(salivation!in!response!to!the!bell)!can!occur!if!the!CS!bell!
is!presented!without!the!US.!The!condition!will!gradually!disappear.!! Implication:!You!can!change!behavior!by!ceasing!the!pairing!of!the!conditioned!stimulus!&!the! unconditioned!stimulus! Spontaneous/recovery:!a!CR!(salivation!in!response!to!the!light!or!bell)!will!reappear!after!a!rest!period,! even!after!a!series!of!CS!(no!US)!pairings.! Implication:!You!can!think!that!a!behavior!has!ceased!but!it!can!easily!return.!Need!to!be!aware!of!this!and! make!clients!aware!of!this.! Stimulus/Generalization:!a!CR!(salivation)!to!one!CS!seems!to!generalize!to!other!closely!related!stimuli!–! e.g.!bells!with!slightly!different!tones! Implication:!We!do!not!need!to!teach!every!skill!/!behavior! Discrimination/to/a/conditioned/stimulus:!after!teaching!a!CR,!subsequent!pairings!to!different!conditioned! stimuli!can!result!in!selective!Conditioned!Responses!so!that!only!the!CS!most!closely!matching!the!training! CS!obtained!a!response.! Eg:!4!bell!sounds,!dog!responds!only!to!two!of!them.!Implication:!Able!to!teach!specificity!of!responses! Implication:!Able!to!teach!specificity!of!responses! Second/order/conditioning:!the!original!pairing!of!a!bell!with!food,!bell!=!first!order!conditioned!stimuli!–!a! CS1.!Link!the!CS1!with!a!second!conditioned!stimulus!eg:!black!square,!with!repeated!exposures!the!CR! occurs!only!with!exposure!to!the!second!conditioned!stimulus!(not!the!CS1).! • •
E.g.!CS1!=!light;!CS2!=!black!square!...!eventually!the!black!square!becomes!the!CS!(second9order! conditioning)! Difficult!to!get!beyond!second9order!conditioning!
Implication:!Able!scaffold!conditioning!of!responses! / Counterconditioning:!pair!the!stimulus!(CS)!that!elicits!fear!with!a!stimulus!(US)!that!elicits!positive! emotion!(UR).! Implication:!Can!replace!one!response!to!a!stimulus!with!another! Interstimulus/interval:!the!time!between!the!presentation!of!the!CS!&!UCS.! Implication:!pair!the!CS!&!UCS!as!quickly!as!possible!to!ensure!the!connection!works.!
