, Professor
0" ## " #%$'$ " # '"#0 (" $ '#$ $+7 80 ("#$+ "%# ' 7 8 "9"#2'2
$ ( $ )"#+ 0 #6 #+#$ #...
$ ( $ )"#+ 0 #6 #+#$ #...
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Thousands of studies deal with technical, health and environmental issues Hundreds deal with the problem from economic or management perspectives Some deal with the perception of risks Very few focus on the policy process
Research shows that the effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to: 1. 2. 3. 44. .
Describe clear, attainable goals Specify what the problem is Develop an objectives hierarchy Utilize a transparent process
What does it look like in the industry?
Sweden
BC
410,000
945,000
Average population density (per km-2)
22
5
Population (million)
9.7
4.4
Population in urban areas
30%
60%
Arable land
8%
5%
~25%
~50%
Land area (km2)
Percent of biosolids currently land-applied
Land-application regulations in British Columbia, Canada and Sweden • What are the objectives? • How are the objectives prioritized (objectives hierarchy)? • Is the process transparent?
What did we find?
But .... … it’s unclear what this means in practice What are the priorities? How are trade-offs made?
Core objectives are similar and clear: • •
Minimize risks for humans and the environment Encourage correct/beneficial use
Goals
Problem
1. Minimize risks 2. Encourage correct/ beneficial use
Cause
Effect
Sub-objectives
Problem
Cause
Effect
Sub-objective
Odor
Anaerobic conditions
Discomfort, worry
Reduce public concerns
Pathogens
Faeces from sick people
Human health issues, socioeconomic issues
Reduce contact between people and pathogens
Nutrients
Pee, poo, detergents
reduced yield
Encourage correct/beneficial use
Minimize Risk
groundwater pollution surface water eutrophication
Reduce risk of over application
eutrophication of the ocean Accumulation of heavy metals
Excessive application rate
Reduced yield
Reduce application rate to net-zero increase of heavy meals
POPs & ECs
Plastics, electronics, personal Human and environmental care products, health pharmaceuticals, pesticides
Reduce public concerns
Problem
Cause
Effect
Sub-objective
Depletion of soil organic matter
Agricultural practices
Increased food-costs and decreased food-security
Encourage land-application Reduce public concerns
Dependence on dirty and expensive imported fertilizers
• •
Geopolitics Geology
Increased food-costs and decreased food-security
Encourage recycling of P
GHG emissions
• •
Fossil fuel use Management practices
• •
Climate change Bad reputation
Encourage (local) land-application
Oversized waste streams
• • •
Urbanization Population growth ‘Development’
•
Socio-economic & environmental costs
Reduce waste streams More efficient resources use
Unduly expensive operations
• • •
Public concerns Access to land Changing regulations
• •
Cannot apply on land Increased costs/ tariffs
Reduce public concerns Increase farmers’ willingness to use
… we managed to figure them out but not very clear
Recap: The effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to 1. Describe clear, attainable goals 2. Specify what the problem is 3. Develop an objectives hierarchy 4. Utilize a transparent process
• Clear and attainable goals? • Is the hierarchy clear?
Nope..
• Is the hierarchy clear?
The effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to 1. Describe clear, attainable goals 2. Specify what the problem is 3. Develop an objectives hierarchy 4. Utilize a transparent process
… and the basis for assessing one as more problem as more important than another is hidden in darkness....
The effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to 1. Describe clear, attainable goals 2. Specify what the problem is 3. Develop an objectives hierarchy 4. Utilize a transparent process
• Transparent and clear objectives? • Is the hierarchy clear?
n hicatio Eutrop by P d cause
Problem
n hicatio Eutrop y N and db cause OC D h and Healt r odou
GHG ion emiss
Peak-P
$'"+ ;:#$ $ 21st century
Solution
:
$ ( $ )"#+ 0 #6 #+#$ #...
$ ( $ )"#+ 0 #6 #+#$ #...
+# 5$ $ //
Thousands of studies deal with technical, health and environmental issues Hundreds deal with the problem from economic or management perspectives Some deal with the perception of risks Very few focus on the policy process
Research shows that the effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to: 1. 2. 3. 44. .
Describe clear, attainable goals Specify what the problem is Develop an objectives hierarchy Utilize a transparent process
What does it look like in the industry?
Sweden
BC
410,000
945,000
Average population density (per km-2)
22
5
Population (million)
9.7
4.4
Population in urban areas
30%
60%
Arable land
8%
5%
~25%
~50%
Land area (km2)
Percent of biosolids currently land-applied
Land-application regulations in British Columbia, Canada and Sweden • What are the objectives? • How are the objectives prioritized (objectives hierarchy)? • Is the process transparent?
What did we find?
But .... … it’s unclear what this means in practice What are the priorities? How are trade-offs made?
Core objectives are similar and clear: • •
Minimize risks for humans and the environment Encourage correct/beneficial use
Goals
Problem
1. Minimize risks 2. Encourage correct/ beneficial use
Cause
Effect
Sub-objectives
Problem
Cause
Effect
Sub-objective
Odor
Anaerobic conditions
Discomfort, worry
Reduce public concerns
Pathogens
Faeces from sick people
Human health issues, socioeconomic issues
Reduce contact between people and pathogens
Nutrients
Pee, poo, detergents
reduced yield
Encourage correct/beneficial use
Minimize Risk
groundwater pollution surface water eutrophication
Reduce risk of over application
eutrophication of the ocean Accumulation of heavy metals
Excessive application rate
Reduced yield
Reduce application rate to net-zero increase of heavy meals
POPs & ECs
Plastics, electronics, personal Human and environmental care products, health pharmaceuticals, pesticides
Reduce public concerns
Problem
Cause
Effect
Sub-objective
Depletion of soil organic matter
Agricultural practices
Increased food-costs and decreased food-security
Encourage land-application Reduce public concerns
Dependence on dirty and expensive imported fertilizers
• •
Geopolitics Geology
Increased food-costs and decreased food-security
Encourage recycling of P
GHG emissions
• •
Fossil fuel use Management practices
• •
Climate change Bad reputation
Encourage (local) land-application
Oversized waste streams
• • •
Urbanization Population growth ‘Development’
•
Socio-economic & environmental costs
Reduce waste streams More efficient resources use
Unduly expensive operations
• • •
Public concerns Access to land Changing regulations
• •
Cannot apply on land Increased costs/ tariffs
Reduce public concerns Increase farmers’ willingness to use
… we managed to figure them out but not very clear
Recap: The effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to 1. Describe clear, attainable goals 2. Specify what the problem is 3. Develop an objectives hierarchy 4. Utilize a transparent process
• Clear and attainable goals? • Is the hierarchy clear?
Nope..
• Is the hierarchy clear?
The effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to 1. Describe clear, attainable goals 2. Specify what the problem is 3. Develop an objectives hierarchy 4. Utilize a transparent process
… and the basis for assessing one as more problem as more important than another is hidden in darkness....
The effectiveness of a policy hinges on its ability to 1. Describe clear, attainable goals 2. Specify what the problem is 3. Develop an objectives hierarchy 4. Utilize a transparent process
• Transparent and clear objectives? • Is the hierarchy clear?
n hicatio Eutrop by P d cause
Problem
n hicatio Eutrop y N and db cause OC D h and Healt r odou
GHG ion emiss
Peak-P
$'"+ ;:#$ $ 21st century
Solution
:
