12â3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Biology
Biology
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins.
Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making proteins.
Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Structure of RNA
The Structure of RNA There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
•The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. •RNA is generally single-stranded. •RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA:
• messenger RNA • ribosomal RNA • transfer RNA Slide 5 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. Slide 6 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Slide 7 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Amino acid
Transfer RNA
During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome. Slide 8 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
DNA molecule
DNA strand (template)
5′
3′
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
5′
3′ Codon
TRANSLATION
Protein
Slide 9 of 39 Amino acid
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Transcription DNA is copied in the form of RNA
This first process is called transcription.
The process begins at a section of DNA called a promoter. Slide 10 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription
RNA RNA polymerase DNA
Slide 11 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA Editing
RNA Editing Some DNA within a gene is not needed to produce a protein. These areas are called introns. The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called exons.
Slide 12 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The introns are cut out of RNA molecules.
RNA Editing
Exon Intron
The exons are the spliced together to form mRNA.
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA Cap
Tail Slide 13 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
The Genetic Code The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA instructions. The code is written using four “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G).
Slide 14 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.
Slide 15 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
Slide 16 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
Translation Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. Nucleus
mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 17 of 39 End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA. Phenylalanine
tRNA
Lysine
Methionine
Ribosome
mRNA
Start codon
Slide 18 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
Protein Synthesis Lysine
tRNA
Translation direction
mRNA Ribosome
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 19 of 39 End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Polypeptide Ribosome tRNA
Slide 20 of 39
mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Codon
Genes and Proteins Codon Codon
DNA Single strand of DNA Codon Codon Codon
mRNA mRNA
Protein
Alanine Arginine Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 21 of 39 End Show
12–3
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
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Slide 22 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule? a. messenger RNA b. DNA c. transfer RNA d. ribosomal RNA
Slide 23 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is a. thymine. b. uracil. c. cytosine. d. adenine.
Slide 24 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is a. transfer RNA. b. DNA. c. messenger RNA. d. ribosomal RNA.
Slide 25 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A region of a DNA molecule that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA is the a. intron. b. exon. c. promoter. d. codon.
Slide 26 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an) a. single base pair in RNA. b. single amino acid. c. entire protein. d. single base pair in DNA.
Slide 27 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
END OF SECTION
Biology
Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Slide 2 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins.
Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA.
RNA contains coded information for making proteins.
Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Structure of RNA
The Structure of RNA There are three main differences between RNA and DNA:
•The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. •RNA is generally single-stranded. •RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
Slide 4 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA:
• messenger RNA • ribosomal RNA • transfer RNA Slide 5 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins. Slide 6 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Slide 7 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Types of RNA
Amino acid
Transfer RNA
During protein construction, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome. Slide 8 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
DNA molecule
DNA strand (template)
5′
3′
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
5′
3′ Codon
TRANSLATION
Protein
Slide 9 of 39 Amino acid
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Transcription DNA is copied in the form of RNA
This first process is called transcription.
The process begins at a section of DNA called a promoter. Slide 10 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription
RNA RNA polymerase DNA
Slide 11 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA Editing
RNA Editing Some DNA within a gene is not needed to produce a protein. These areas are called introns. The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called exons.
Slide 12 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The introns are cut out of RNA molecules.
RNA Editing
Exon Intron
The exons are the spliced together to form mRNA.
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA Cap
Tail Slide 13 of 39
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
The Genetic Code The genetic code is the “language” of mRNA instructions. The code is written using four “letters” (the bases: A, U, C, and G).
Slide 14 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
A codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA that specify a particular amino acid.
Slide 15 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
Slide 16 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
Translation Translation is the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein). Translation takes place on ribosomes. During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. Nucleus
mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 17 of 39 End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA. Phenylalanine
tRNA
Lysine
Methionine
Ribosome
mRNA
Start codon
Slide 18 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
Protein Synthesis Lysine
tRNA
Translation direction
mRNA Ribosome
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 19 of 39 End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Translation
The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Polypeptide Ribosome tRNA
Slide 20 of 39
mRNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
12–3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Codon
Genes and Proteins Codon Codon
DNA Single strand of DNA Codon Codon Codon
mRNA mRNA
Protein
Alanine Arginine Leucine
Amino acids within a polypeptide Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide 21 of 39 End Show
12–3
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
Slide 22 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
The role of a master plan in a building is similar to the role of which molecule? a. messenger RNA b. DNA c. transfer RNA d. ribosomal RNA
Slide 23 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A base that is present in RNA but NOT in DNA is a. thymine. b. uracil. c. cytosine. d. adenine.
Slide 24 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is a. transfer RNA. b. DNA. c. messenger RNA. d. ribosomal RNA.
Slide 25 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A region of a DNA molecule that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA is the a. intron. b. exon. c. promoter. d. codon.
Slide 26 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
12–3
A codon typically carries sufficient information to specify a(an) a. single base pair in RNA. b. single amino acid. c. entire protein. d. single base pair in DNA.
Slide 27 of 39 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
END OF SECTION
