3.2 Emissions by source
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2 Emissions by source Emissions of the various contaminants may be dominated by one major source or by a number of different sources. The quantity of emissions is determined by the type and level of source activity occurring at a particular point in time. This section describes each source in detail and discusses how emissions from the various sources have changed in recent years.
3.2.1
introduction of measures, such as those proposed by Environment Canterbury where solid fuel burners may not be installed into new homes (Environment Canterbury, 2002a), are likely to result in lower numbers of households using solid fuel burners in the future. Trends in emissions therefore may only be fully understood when considered in tandem with trends in household numbers and regulatory changes. Table 3.18 below outlines household numbers for the various Christchurch areas and the relevant inventory years.
Domestic home heating
Domestic home heating emissions were dependent on the types of home heating methods used, the number of households using each home heating method, type and quantity of fuel used, and burner age. 3.2.1.1 Household numbers Total emissions produced by the domestic home heating sector are influenced by changes in household numbers from one year to the next. Increasing household numbers can result in a higher total number of solid fuel burning appliances and thus increasing emissions over time. On a proportional basis, however, there may be fewer solid fuel burners due to moves towards alternative forms of heating and improved house insulation. The
Table 3.18 Inventory year
Household numbers in Metropolitan Christchurch increased from 116170 in 1999 to 123300 in 2002 (+6%). Increases since 1996 are evident for all Christchurch study areas. 3.2.1.2 Energy type The 2002 Christchurch Home Heating Survey (Lamb, 2003) focused on methods of heating used in the main living area on a “typical winter’s night and/or day”. Table 3.19 indicates the forms of energy used to heat homes in Christchurch in 1996, 1999 and 2002. Percentages presented are based on the number of households rather than percentage of energy type used.
Number of households by study area Inner Christchurch HH1 numbers
1996 50420 1999 51680 2002 55700 1 HH = household
% increase
3 8
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Suburban Christchurch HH1 numbers 94860 100470 105800
% increase 6 5
Metropolitan Christchurch HH1 % numbers increase 116170 123300
6
51
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.19
Energy type used for home heating in Christchurch Inner Christchurch
Appliance type
Electricity Wood Coal Pellet Gas Oil Total number of households
1996
1999
2002
Number 35736 20877 6352
% 71% 41% 13%
Number 35714 27393 4806
% 69% 53% 9%
7566 1662 50421
15% 3%
14523 413 51684
28% 1%
Number 38318 23417 3230 253 16152 835 55695
% 69% 42% 6% 0.5% 29% 1%
Overall change % 7% 12% -49% 113% -50% 10%
Suburban Christchurch Appliance type
Electricity Wood Coal Pellet Gas Oil Total number of households
1996
1999
2002
Number 64208 40788 11263
% 68% 43% 12%
Number 63926 51942 7435
% 64% 52% 7%
16044 4401 94856
17% 5%
29538 703 100470
29% 1%
Number 72048 45432 5819 484 32163 1587 105798
% 68% 43% 6% 0.5% 30% 2%
Overall change % 12% 11% -48% 100% -64% 12%
Outer Christchurch Appliance type
1996 Number
1999 %
Number
2002 %
Electricity Wood Coal Pellet Gas Oil Total number of households
Number 11742 7831 559 79 4637 245 17499
% 67% 45% 3% 0.5% 26% 1%
Overall change %
Metropolitan Christchurch Appliance type
2002 Overall change Number % % 83790 14% 68% Electricity -10% Wood 53263 43% -25% Coal 6378 5% Pellet 563 0.5% 8% Gas 34037 29% 36800 30% Oil 813 1832 125% 1% 1% Total number of households 116166 123297 6% NB: Results are presented as % of households not % of energy type used. The number of households does not equate to total heating methods as households using multiple methods were included. Gas used in Christchurch is generally bottled LPG.
52
1999
1996
Number
%
Number 73417 59477 8480
% 63% 51% 7%
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
In 2002, electricity was the most popular form of energy used to heat households in Metropolitan Christchurch. A total of 83790 households used electricity (68%), 53263 used wood (43%), 36800 used gas (30%), 6378 used coal (5%), 1832 used oil (1%) and 563 17 used pellets (0.5%) . Householders were able to nominate all forms of heating used in their main living area. In many instances the primary heating method was supplemented by an additional form of heating. Gas and electricity, available as portable heaters, were the most likely forms of energy used to supplement other home heating appliances. Since the 1999 inventory, the use of coal has declined significantly in Metropolitan Christchurch from 8480 households to 6378 households in 2002 (-25%). Wood use also decreased in popularity reducing from 59477 in 1999 to 53263 in 2002 (-10%). The use of oil, electricity and gas increased. The proportion of households using electricity increased while the percentage using wood and coal decreased. 3.2.1.3
Distribution of combustion appliances Wood and gas burners were identified as the most common combustion appliances used in Metropolitan Christchurch in 2002 (see Table 3.20). Wood burners were used in 40611 households (33%), gas appliances in 36800 households (30%), open fires in 9375 households (8%), multi-fuel burners in 3840 households (3%), oil burners in 1832 households (1%) and pellet burners in 563 households (0.5%)18. Figure 3.7 presents the proportion of appliances used in Christchurch and changes over time.
numbers, as indicated by burner proportions in 2002, and were gradually replaced by more modern low-emission burners and alternative combustion appliances (e.g. gas). The decline in pre-1992 wood burners was less than for the 1992-2000 wood burner category. This reflects the uncertainty associated with these values. Householders were required to estimate the age of their appliances and were not always able to do so confidently or accurately. Gas appliances increased in popularity from 1996 to 2002. In Suburban Christchurch, for example, a total of 16044 households used a gas appliance (17%) in 1996. This increased by 100% to 32163 households by 2002 (30% of total households). Unflued appliances were more common in Christchurch, comprising 69% of total gas appliances, with only 31% being flued burners. This is a concern given the potential impact of these appliances on indoor air quality. Flued gas appliances have increased, however, since 1999. In Metropolitan Christchurch 4995 households used a flued gas appliance in 1999. This increased by 127% to 11336 in 2002. Incentives offered by Environment Canterbury to encourage householders to change to cleaner forms of heating are likely to further increase gas use in Christchurch.
The 2002 survey indicated that while wood use declined in Christchurch, wood burners remained a popular choice for home heating. Total wood burner numbers in Metropolitan Christchurch increased from 39380 in 1999 to 40611 in 2002 (3%). Older burners declined in 17
Although pellets are a wood-based product they are considered separately to wood in the inventory due to significant differences in the nature of the fuel. For example, pellets are of a uniform shape and consistency whereas wood may be different sizes, with varied gum, bark and moisture content. These characteristics may substantially impact on emissions. 18 The data are presented as percentages of households rather than appliance numbers as householders were able to nominate more than one type of heating.
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
53
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.20
Appliance type and number by year and study area Inner Christchurch
Appliance type
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
8848 8496 4533 2187 994 1819 11387 7554 3833
18% 17% 9% 4% 2% 4% 23% 15% 8%
9975 9975 3876 1189 1189 930 16229 6812 9417
19% 19% 7% 2% 2% 2% 31% 13% 18%
7566
15%
1662
3%
14523 12301 2429 413
28% 24% 5% 1%
Total number of households
50421
2002 Number % 5068 4734 2005 1949 1949 1225 16734 6683 8062 1989 253 16152 11136 5016 835
51684
9% 8% 4% 3% 3% 2% 30% 12% 14% 4% 0.5% 29% 20% 9% 1%
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
Total number of households
54
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
13239 12674 7456 4401 2788 3807 25326 17366 7960
14% 13% 8% 5% 3% 4% 27% 18% 8%
15673 15673 5727 2210 2210 1708 34059 14449 19610
16% 16% 6% 2% 2% 2% 34% 14% 20%
16044
17%
4401
5%
29538 25821 3818 703
29% 26% 4% 1%
94856
100470
2002 Number % 8570 8570 3703 3280 2962 2116 33900 13542 16582 3777 484 32163 22691 9472 1587
105798
-43% -44% -56% -11% 96% -33% 47% -12% 110%
113% -9% 107% -50% 10%
55695
Suburban Christchurch Appliance type
Overall change %
8% 8% 4% 3% 3% 2% 32% 13% 16% 4% 0.5% 30% 21% 9% 2%
Overall change %
-35% -32% -50% -25% 6% -44% 34% -22% 108%
100% -12% 148% -64%
12%
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.20 Cont. Outer Christchurch Appliance type
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
2002 Number % 805 805 157 560 315 402 6711 2819 3154 738 79 4637 2802 1835 245
Total number of households
5% 5% 1% 3% 2% 2% 38% 16% 18% 4% 0.5% 26% 16% 10% 1%
17499 Metropolitan Christchurch
Appliance type
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
17309 17193 6389 2904 2904 2091 39380 16697 22683
15% 15% 5% 2% 2% 2% 34% 14% 20%
34037 29042 4995 813
29% 25% 4% 1%
Total number of households
116166
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Number % 9375 9375 3860 3840 3277 2518 40611 16361 19737 4515 563 36800 25464 11336 1832 123297
8% 8% 3% 3% 3% 2% 33% 13% 16% 4% 0.5% 30% 21% 9% 1%
Overall change %
-46% -45% -40% 32% 13% 20% 3% -2% -13%
8% -12% 127% 125% 6%
55
56 1999
1996
1999
2002
1999
2002
2002
0
Inner Christchurch
1996
Outer Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
2002
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
2
4
6
°
8 Kilometres
Combustion appliance use as a proportion (%) of total households using combustion methods by year
NB: See Table 3.20 for actual percentage values
Figure 3.7
Oil burner
Gas burner
Pellet burner
Wood burner - post 2000 model
Wood burner - 1992-2000 model
Wood burner - pre 1992 model
Multi-fuel burner (coal)
Multi-fuel burner (wood)
Open fire (coal)
Open fire (wood)
Method of heating
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Open fires, and the use of coal on open fires, declined substantially over time. Open fire use in Metropolitan Christchurch declined from 17309 households in 1999 to 9375 in 2002 (46%). This decrease, coinciding with increasing wood burner numbers may indicate that some open fires are being replaced by more efficient, low-emission wood burners. Open fire trends are difficult to establish however as fires are not always removed. Open fires may be sealed or simply not used by the current householder. Changing situations such as ownership of the house or costs of alternative energy may result in a fire being reinstated and a subsequent increase in the number of open fires. The 2002 household survey (Lamb, 2002) found that 20960 (17%) of households have an open fire, yet only 11590 (9.4%) households actually use them19. These factors, together with methodological differences (i.e., telephone survey versus a door-to-door survey), may account for the increase in open fire use from 1996 to 1999. Multi-fuel and oil burners were not popular home heating methods in Metropolitan Christchurch in 2002. Multi-fuel burners were used by 3% of households and oil burners by only 1%. A slight increase in multi-fuel burner numbers since 1999 is indicated. This is unlikely to be a real trend however as multifuel burners have not met Environment Canterbury’s stipulated emission standards for a number of years; any installations since ? would be unauthorised. These burners are present in very low numbers and as such are more difficult to accurately quantify than other heating method types. Multi-fuel burner numbers are expected to show more evidence of decline in future years as from 2008 high emission burners will need to be removed after 15 years use. Oil burners, on the other hand may increase as they are subsidised under Environment Canterbury’s Clean Heat Project.
3.2.1.4 Fuel quantities Preliminary data from the home heating diaries indicated the average weight of a wood log was 1.9 kg. This value was applied to the log number data provided by households. A weighted average across study areas was derived and applied to previous inventory data. The weighted averages are expressed in average fuel use/kg/appliance in Table 3.21. Also indicated are recalculated fuel use data for 1996 and 1999. On an individual appliance basis, multi-fuel burners using wood consumed the greatest quantity of fuel (27.9 kg/appliance). This was substantially higher than expected and indicates that these burners are possibly being used for longer periods of time than other burners. Wood burners and open fires also consumed relatively high quantities of fuel per day. The most efficient consumers of fuel were gas and oil burners. As stated previously, these data are reliant on householder estimates and will be reviewed following the release of the home heating diary data. The diary data are based on recorded wood weights and consumption rates and are more reliable than the estimates provided by householders during the survey.
In 2002, pellet burners were used in 0.5% of households in Metropolitan Christchurch. Pellet burners are relatively new to Christchurch and have only been in use in recent years. As the numbers of these burners were low the data was sourced from the permit database maintained by the Christchurch City Council. 19
The household survey was undertaken at the same time as the Lamb (2003) survey. The difference between the numbers of households indicated by Lamb (2002) and this document is that the inventory specifically focuses on the main living area and Lamb (2002) did not.
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
57
58
Total (kg)
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner 21.3 24 23.2 8 3.3 1.8
27.9 8.8
22.5 9.3
Average fuel use kg/appliance
47926 743
24968 2992 721614
260484 224438 36047 41357 33173 8184 371103 145100 226002
233317 191160 42157 43740 27733 16007 252891 160910 91981
557907
1999 kg/day
1996 kg/day
629128
125162 106515 18647 65157 54377 10780 381981 142348 193488 46145 2024 53302 1503
2002 kg/day
Inner Christchurch
1087596
52945 7922
354506 285165 69341 111287 77785 33502 560936 369894 191042
1996 kg/day
1359736
97475 1265
405904 352643 53261 76689 61659 15030 778403 307772 470630
1999 kg/day
1215429
227263 192825 34438 101261 82640 18621 774039 288445 397968 87626 3872 106138 2857
2002 kg/day
Suburban Christchurch
Quantity of fuel consumed on an average winter’s day by year and study area
Type of appliance
Table 3.21
201136
19573 18113 1460 12326 8789 3538 152862 60045 75696 17122 632 15302 441
Outer Christchurch 2002 kg/day
1559507
112322 1463
446260 386843 59418 99422 81022 18401 900039 355638 544402
1416589
246836 210938 35898 113587 91428 22158 926925 348489 473688 104748 4504 121440 3298
Metropolitan Christchurch 1999 2002 kg/day kg/day
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.1.5 Emissions In 2002, the domestic home heating sector was the greatest source of PM10 (82%) and PM2.5 emissions (85%) in Metropolitan Christchurch. It also contributed 48% of CO emissions, 33% of CO2, 6% of NOx and 4% of SOx (see contaminant tables in Section 3.1). Figure 3.8 and Table 3.22 provide details of 2002 emissions for the different study areas by appliance type and contaminant. In Metropolitan Christchurch, wood burners were the major contributor to emissions of PM10 from this sector (62%), PM2.5 (62%), CO (70%), CO2 (63%) and NOx (45%). Within this group of appliances, Pre-1992 wood burners produced the greatest quantity of domestic home heating PM10 (38%), PM2.5 (38%), and CO (36%) and 1992-2000 wood burners were the major contributor to CO2 emissions (32%). Open fires, particularly those burning coal (40%) were the major source of SOx.
emissions from open fires burning wood (45%) and open fires burning coal (-40%). Emissions from pre-1992 wood burners decreased by 2% and 1992-2000 wood burners by 13%. Increases in emissions occurred in the multifuel burner categories (+15%), total wood burners (+3%), gas burners (+8%) and oil burners (125%). Numbers of households using these burner categories have all increased. Likewise, increased popularity in the use of alternative fuels has led to increases in numbers of and emissions from gas burners. The increase in wood burner emissions indicates that improvements in burner technology have been offset by installation rates.
Figure 3.9 compares 2002 emissions produced for Metropolitan Christchurch on the basis of fuel type. Wood burning was clearly the major source of all emissions and coal burning contributed significantly to domestic SOx emissions. Gas emissions were negligible compared to wood and coal but contributed relatively high quantities of CO2 and NOx. Domestic home heating emissions varied over the period of a day with maximum emissions for all contaminants occurring between 4pm to 10pm in all areas (see Table 3.23). In Metropolitan Christchurch, 62% of PM10 was generated at this time, 9% from 6am to 10am, 16% from 10am to 4pm and 13% from 10pm to 6am. Average hourly emissions discharged between 4pm and 10pm in Metropolitan Christchurch, as indicated in Table 3.24, were 1.2 t/hr of PM10, 1.1 t/hr of PM2.5, 9.8 t/hr of CO, 273 t/hr of CO2, 0.2 t/hr of NOx and 0.05 t/hr of SOx. Emissions of contaminants from domestic home heating decreased over time as indicated in Figures 3.10 to 3.14 and Table 3.25. PM10 emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch decreased from 13 t in 1999 to 11 t in 2002 (-15%), CO from 110 t in 1999 to 96 t in 2002 (-13%), CO2 from 2886 t in 1999 to 2636 t in 2002 (-9%), NOx from 1.7 t in 1999 to 1.4 t in 2002 (-16%) and SOx from 0.6 t in 1999 to 0.5 t in 2002 (-22%). The greatest reduction in total domestic home heating emissions since 1999 occurred in
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
59
60 PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
0
Inner Christchurch
PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Outer Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Contaminant emissions by domestic combustion appliance type, 2002
NB: See Table 3.22 for actual percentage values
Figure 3.8
Pellet burner
Wood burner - post 2002 model
Wood burner - 1992-2002 model
Wood burner - pre 1992 model
Multi-fuel burner (coal)
Multi-fuel burner (wood)
Open fire (coal)
Open fire (wood)
Contaminant source
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
° 2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Inner Christchurch
543 29 53 2 2 627
Total
627 Fuel use t/day 125 107 19 382 142 193 46 2 65 54 11
543 29 53 2 2
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Fuel use t/day 125 107 19 382 142 193 46 2 65 54 11
43634
1171767
956580 74131 133254 4810 2992
kg/day 233614 182876 50739 679850 245692 348588 85569 2992 117247 93855 23393
23417 3230 16152 835 253
5041
43634
4425 596 16 0 3
kg/day 1350 959 392 2814 1708 967 138 3 857 653 205
Number of appliances 5068 4734 2005 16734 6683 8062 1989 253 1949 1949 1225
23417 3230 16152 835 253
Number of appliances 5068 4734 2005 16734 6683 8062 1989 253 1949 1949 1225
40850 22951 8250 5760 11808
CO2 g/appliance 46096 38630 25306 40628 36764 43238 43031 11808 60158 48155 19096
189 185 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 266 203 195 168 256 120 70 13 440 335 167
Domestic home heating emissions by appliance type and area, 2002
Inner Christchurch
Table 3.22
100%
82% 6% 11% 0.4% 0.3%
% 20% 16% 4% 58% 21% 30% 7% 0.3% 10% 8% 2%
100%
88% 12% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 27% 19% 8% 56% 34% 19% 3% 0.1% 17% 13% 4%
648
462 92 79 3 11
kg/day 220 145 76 263 143 97 23 11 71 55 17
4697
4122 556 16 0 3
kg/day 1225 852 373 2672 1566 967 138 3 781 598 183
20 29 5 4 42
NOx g/appliance 43 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 37 28 14
176 172 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 242 180 186 160 234 120 70 12 401 307 150
100%
71% 14% 12% 0.5% 2%
% 34% 22% 12% 41% 22% 15% 4% 2% 11% 8% 3%
100%
88% 12% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 26% 18% 8% 57% 33% 21% 3% 0.1% 17% 13% 4%
217
104 106 0 6 0
kg/day 111 17 94 76 28 39 9 0 23 11 12
42947
40407 2498 11 1 30
kg/day 8577 7265 1313 27790 14011 12221 1558 30 6538 5352 1186
4 33 0 7 1
SOx g/appliance 22 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 12 6 10
1726 773 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1692 1535 655 1661 2096 1516 784 120 3355 2746 968
100%
48% 49% 0.0% 3% 0%
% 51% 8% 43% 35% 13% 18% 4% 0.1% 11% 5% 6%
100%
94% 6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 20% 17% 3% 65% 33% 28% 4% 0.1% 15% 12% 3%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
61
62
Suburban Christchurch
1049 53 106 3 4 1212
Total
1212 Fuel use t/day 227 193 34 774 288 398 88 4 101 83 19
1049 53 106 3 4
Fuel use t/day 227 193 34 774 288 398 88 4 101 83 19
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Suburban Christchurch
Table 3.22 Cont.
85001
2265362
1851043 134116 265345 9141 5717
kg/day 424770 331061 93709 1377346 497855 716983 162507 5717 183043 142636 40407
45432 5819 32163 1587 484
9557
85001
8441 1077 32 1 6
kg/day 2459 1735 723 5714 3461 1990 263 6 1345 992 354
Number of appliances 8570 8570 3703 33900 13542 16582 3777 484 3280 2962 2116
45432 5819 32163 1587 484
Number of appliances 8570 8570 3703 33900 13542 16582 3777 484 3280 2962 2116
40743 23048 8250 5760 11808
CO2 g/appliance 49565 38630 25306 40630 36764 43238 43031 11808 55806 48155 19096
186 185 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 287 203 195 169 256 120 70 13 410 335 167
100%
82% 6% 12% 0.4% 0.3%
% 19% 15% 4% 61% 22% 32% 7% 0.3% 8% 6% 2%
100%
88% 11% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 26% 18% 8% 60% 36% 21% 3% 0.1% 14% 10% 4%
1230
878 168 158 6 20
kg/day 402 262 139 532 290 199 44 20 112 83 29
8921
7877 1005 32 1 6
kg/day 2231 1543 689 5426 3173 1990 263 6 1226 909 317
19 29 5 4 42
NOx g/appliance 47 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 34 28 14
173 173 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 260 180 186 160 234 120 70 12 374 307 150
100%
71% 14% 13% 0.5% 2%
% 33% 21% 11% 43% 24% 16% 4% 2% 9% 7% 2%
100%
88% 11% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1%
% 25% 17% 8% 61% 36% 22% 3% 0.1% 14% 10% 4%
409
202 195 0 11 1
kg/day 205 31 174 155 58 80 18 1 38 17 21
82325
77771 4472 22 2 58
kg/day 15575 13151 2424 56486 28391 25136 2959 58 10182 8134 2048
4 34 0 7 1
SOx g/appliance 24 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 12 6 10
1712 769 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1817 1535 655 1666 2096 1516 784 120 3104 2746 968
100%
49% 48% 0.0% 3% 0.1%
% 50% 8% 42% 38% 14% 19% 4% 0.1% 9% 4% 5%
100%
94% 5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 19% 16% 3% 69% 34% 31% 4% 0.1% 12% 10% 2%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Outer Christchurch
180 5 15 0 1 201
Total
201 Fuel use t/day 20 18 1 153 60 76 17 1 12 9 4
180 5 15 0 1
Fuel use t/day 20 18 1 153 60 76 17 1 12 9 4
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Outer Christchurch
Table 3.22 Cont.
13272
370289
318042 11650 38255 1411 931
kg/day 35070 31097 3973 271776 103626 136383 31767 931 22846 15169 7677
7831 559 4637 245 79
1522
13272
1419 98 5 0 1
kg/day 194 163 31 1150 720 379 51 1 173 105 67
Number of appliances 805 805 157 6711 2819 3154 738 79 560 315 402
7831 559 4637 245 79
Number of appliances 805 805 157 6711 2819 3154 738 79 560 315 402
21161
40612 20840 8250 5760 11808
87 CO2 g/appliance 43566 38630 25306 40496 36764 43238 43031 11808 40796 48155 19096
181 175 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 241 203 195 171 256 120 70 13 308 335 167
100%
86% 3% 10% 0% 0%
% 9% 8% 1% 73% 28% 37% 9% 0% 6% 4% 2%
100%
93% 6% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 13% 11% 2% 76% 47% 25% 3% 0.1% 11% 7% 4%
179
140 11 23 1 3
kg/day 31 25 6 107 60 38 9 3 14 9 5
1427
1332 89 5 0 1
kg/day 174 145 29 1090 660 379 51 1 157 97 60
10
18 20 5 4 42
82 NOx g/appliance 38 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 26 28 14
170 160 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 216 180 186 162 234 120 70 12 280 307 150
100%
79% 6% 13% 0% 2%
% 17% 14% 3% 60% 34% 21% 5% 2% 8% 5% 3%
100%
93% 6% 0% 0% 0%
% 12% 10% 2% 76% 46% 27% 4% 0% 11% 7% 4%
49
35 11 0 2 0
kg/day 10 3 7 31 12 15 3 0 6 2 4
13874
13370 492 3 0 9
kg/day 1338 1235 103 11269 5909 4781 578 9 1254 865 389
3
4 20 0 7 1
793 SOx g/appliance 13 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 10 6 10
1707 880 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1662 1535 655 1679 2096 1516 784 120 2240 2746 968
100%
73% 24% 0% 4% 0%
% 21% 6% 15% 63% 25% 31% 7% 0% 12% 4% 8%
100%
96% 4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 10% 9% 1% 81% 43% 34% 4% 0.1% 9% 6% 3%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
63
64
Metropolitan Christchurch
1229 58 121 3 5 1412
Total
1412 Fuel use t/day 247 211 36 927 348 474 105 5 114 91 22
1229 58 121 3 5
Fuel use t/day 247 211 36 927 348 474 105 5 114 91 22
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Metropolitan Christchurch
Table 3.22 Cont.
98273
2635651
2169085 145766 303600 10552 6648
kg/day 459840 362159 97682 1649122 601481 853367 194274 6648 205889 157805 48084
53263 6378 36800 1832 563
11079
98273
9860 1175 36 1 7
kg/day 2652 1898 754 6864 4182 2368 314 7 1518 1097 421
Number of appliances 9375 9375 3860 40611 16361 19737 4515 563 3840 3277 2518
53263 6378 36800 1832 563
Number of appliances 9375 9375 3860 40611 16361 19737 4515 563 3840 3277 2518
21376
40724 22854 8250 5760 11808
90 CO2 g/appliance 49050 38630 25306 40608 36764 43238 43031 11808 53617 48155 19096
185 184 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 283 203 195 169 256 120 70 13 395 335 167
100%
82% 6% 12% 0.4% 0.3%
% 17% 14% 4% 63% 23% 32% 7% 0.3% 8% 6% 2%
100%
89% 11% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 24% 17% 7% 62% 38% 21% 3% 0.1% 14% 10% 4%
1409
1018 180 181 7 24
kg/day 432 287 145 639 350 237 52 24 126 92 34
10348
9209 1095 36 1 7
kg/day 2405 1688 718 6516 3833 2368 314 7 1382 1006 377
11
19 28 5 4 42
84 NOx g/appliance 46 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 33 28 14
173 172 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 257 180 186 160 234 120 70 12 360 307 150
100%
72% 13% 13% 0.5% 2%
% 31% 20% 10% 45% 25% 17% 4% 2% 9% 7% 2%
100%
89% 11% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1%
% 23% 16% 7% 63% 37% 23% 3% 0.1% 13% 10% 4%
458
237 207 0 13 1
kg/day 215 34 181 185 70 95 21 1 44 18 25
96199
91141 4964 25 2 67
kg/day 16914 14387 2527 67755 34300 29917 3538 67 11436 8999 2437
4
4 32 0 7 1
780 SOx g/appliance 23 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 11 6 10
1711 778 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1804 1535 655 1668 2096 1516 784 120 2978 2746 968
100%
52% 45% 0.0% 3% 0.1%
% 47% 7% 40% 40% 15% 21% 5% 0.1% 10% 4% 6%
100%
95% 5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 18% 15% 3% 70% 36% 31% 4% 0.1% 12% 9% 3%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
100% 80% 60%
Pellet Oil Gas Coal Wood
40% 20% 0% PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SO2
Contaminant (kg)
Figure 3.9
Contribution by fuel type to domestic home heating emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch, 2002
Table 3.23
Domestic home heating emissions by time of day, 2002
Inner Christchurch
Domestic home heating PM2.5 PM10 CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.41 0.77 3.30 0.56
0.38 0.72 3.07 0.52
3.58 6.86 27.64 4.86
99.47 186.84 772.74 112.72
0.05 0.09 0.44 0.06
0.02 0.03 0.15 0.02
Total (t)
5.04
4.70
42.95
1171.77
0.65
0.22
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.86 1.53 6.00 1.17
0.80 1.44 5.59 1.10
7.62 13.52 50.72 10.47
220.42 368.67 1415.46 260.82
0.11 0.19 0.80 0.13
0.03 0.06 0.27 0.04
Total (t)
9.56
8.92
82.32
2265.36
1.23
0.41
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.16 0.28 0.91 0.18
0.15 0.26 0.86 0.16
1.46 2.52 8.38 1.51
41.45 64.53 226.03 38.28
0.02 0.03 0.11 0.02
0.004 0.01 0.03 0.01
Total (t)
1.52
1.43
13.87
370.29
0.18
0.05
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
1.02 1.81 6.89 1.36
0.95 1.69 6.42 1.28
9.15 16.03 58.92 12.11
263.37 433.00 1637.32 301.96
0.13 0.22 0.90 0.15
0.03 0.07 0.30 0.05
Total (t)
11.08
10.35
96.20
2635.65
1.41
0.46
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
65
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.24
Average hourly emissions from domestic home heating, 2002 PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.26 0.30 1.15 0.17
0.24 0.28 1.07 0.16
2.29 2.67 9.82 1.51
65.84 72.17 272.89 37.75
0.03 0.04 0.15 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01
Total (t)
1.87
1.75
16.29
448.64
0.24
0.08
Metropolitan Christchurch
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels 1996 level
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.10
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
PM10 emissions from domestic home heating by year
NB: The height of the columns provide an indication of relative emission quantities – for total amounts see Table 3.25.
66
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 level 1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.11
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO emissions from domestic home heating by year
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 level 1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.12
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO2 emissions from domestic home heating by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
67
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 level 1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.13
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
NOx emissions from domestic home heating by year
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels 1996 level
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.14
68
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
SOx Emissions from domestic home heating by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Total (kg)
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner
Suburban Christchurch
Total (kg)
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner 16 0.2
8 1
32 0.4
17 2 11448
4268 3141 1127 1035 756 279 6113 3772 2341
4007 2540 1467 1575 953 622 5484 4533 950
11086
1999 kg/day
1996 kg/day
PM10
6239
2762 1999 762 559 407 152 2903 1778 1124
2594 1703 892 637 340 297 2430 1972 458
5670
1999 kg/day
1996 kg/day
PM10
9624
2446 1718 728 1359 1013 346 5778 3535 1980 263 6 35 1
2002 kg/day
5077
1343 949 394 867 666 200 2846 1745 962 138 3 18 0.4
2002 kg/day
84160
11 4
24330 19449 4881 11341 7656 3685 48474 36407 12066
1996 kg/day
42150
5 2
16005 13038 2968 4490 2730 1761 21647 15838 5810
1996 kg/day
95561
20 1
27801 24051 3749 7722 6069 1653 60018 30293 29725
1999 kg/day
CO
50576
10 0.4
17845 15307 2537 4165 3265 900 28556 14282 14274
1999 kg/day
CO
82325
15575 13151 2424 10182 8134 2048 56486 28391 25136 2960 58 22 2
2002 kg/day
42947
8577 7265 1313 6538 5352 1186 27790 14011 12221 1559 30 11 1
2002 kg/day
2025566
132363 25350
678283 489600 188683 206956 134257 72698 982615 638437 344177
1996 kg/day
1040952
62420 9573
442915 328203 114713 82602 47866 34736 443442 277730 165712
1996 kg/day
Change in domestic home heating emissions from 1996 – 2002
Inner Christchurch
Table 3.25 CO2
2516251
243689 4049
750380 605452 144928 139039 106423 32616 1379093 531215 847878
1999 kg/day
CO2
1338238
119815 2379
483423 385337 98087 75016 57257 17759 657605 250443 407162
1999 kg/day
2265362
424770 331061 93709 183043 142636 40407 1377353 497855 716971 162527 5715 265345 9141
2002 kg/day
1171767
233614 182876 50739 117247 93855 23393 679865 245692 348584 85588 2987 133254 4810
2002 kg/day
1360
79 16
669 388 281 130 78 52 467 371 96
1996 kg/day
734
37 6
431 260 171 53 28 25 208 162 46
1996 kg/day
NOx
1473
145 3
695 480 216 85 62 23 544 309 235
1999 kg/day
NOx
829
71 1
451 305 146 46 33 13 259 146 113
1999 kg/day
1230
402 262 139 112 83 29 532 290 199 44 20 158 6
2002 kg/day
648
220 145 76 71 55 17 263 143 97 23 11 79 3
2002 kg/day
594
0.0 32
396 46 350 54 16 38 112 74 38
1996 kg/day
330
0.0 12
243 31 213 24 6 18 51 32 18
1996 kg/day
SOx
516
0.0 5
325 56 269 29 12 17 156 62 94
1999 kg/day
SOx
311
0.0 3
218 36 182 16 7 9 74 29 45
1999 kg/day
409
205 31 174 38 17 21 155 58 80 18 1 0.0 11
2002 kg/day
217
111 17 94 23 11 12 76 28 39 9 0.3 0.0 6
2002 kg/day
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
69
70
Total (kg) Overall change
2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner
Metropolitan Christchurch
Total (kg) Overall change
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner
Metropolitan Christchurch
1676
100% -16%
10% 0.2%
16%
272
1409
237 52 24 181 7
432 287 145 126 92 34 639 350
46% 31% 14% 7% 5% 2% 38% 21%
767 526 241 110 81 29 629 357
%
2002 kg/day
167 3
109978
100%
0.02% 0.001%
28% 24% 4% 9% 7% 2% 63% 32% 31%
100%
17% 4% 2% 13% 0.5%
31% 20% 10% 9% 7% 2% 45% 25%
%
0 6 585
109
362 62 300 37 16 21 180 71
kg/day
1999
100%
0% 1%
19%
62% 11% 51% 6% 3% 4% 31% 12%
%
-22%
95 21 1 0 13 458
215 34 181 44 18 25 185 70
kg/day
2002
96199
16914 14387 2527 11436 8999 2437 67757 34301 29918 3538 67 25 2
SOx
100%
23 1
30566 26384 4183 9999 7975 2024 69389 35004 34384
%
2002 kg/day
CO
NOx
kg/day
1999
11160
24% 17% 7% 14% 10% 4% 62% 38% 21% 3% 0.1% 0.4% 0.01%
%
1999 kg/day
-13%
0.3% 0.0%
37 0.4
2638 1879 759 1532 1121 411 6942 4271 2356 314 7 40 1
2002 kg/day
100% -15%
36% 26% 10% 10% 8% 3% 54% 33% 21%
4703 3446 1257 1335 993 342 7067 4359 2708
13142
%
PM10 1999 kg/day
100%
21% 5% 0.1% 0% 3%
47% 7% 40% 10% 4% 6% 40% 15%
%
100%
18% 15% 3% 12% 9% 3% 70% 36% 31% 4% 0.1% 0.03% 0.002%
%
3011106
281033 4693
1018257
862249 694588 167661 191254 148909 42345 1671878 653622
kg/day
1999
2885726
280805 4683
825851 664170 161681 179773 139843 39930 1594613 613830 980783
1999 kg/day
9% 0%
34%
29% 23% 6% 6% 5% 1% 56% 22%
%
2635651 -9%
459840 362159 97682 205889 157805 48084 1649163 601493 853387 194283 6648 303600 10552
2002 kg/day
2744920 -9%
885993 198209 6747 303846 10575
480040 378745 101295 219027 168035 50992 1724686 640484
kg/day
2002
Total
100%
10% 0%
29% 23% 6% 6% 5% 1% 55% 21% 34%
%
CO2
32% 7% 0% 11% 0%
17% 14% 4% 8% 6% 2% 63% 23%
%
100%
17% 14% 4% 8% 6% 2% 63% 23% 32% 7% 0% 12% 0%
%
-9%
8% 125%
-13%
-44% -45% -40% 15% 13% 20% 3% -2%
Overall Change
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.2
Motor vehicles
Motor vehicle emissions were dependent on vehicle numbers, age and type of vehicle, fuel type and consumption, road type and congestion conditions. 3.2.2.1 Motor vehicle numbers The numbers of privately-used motor vehicles available to householders in Metropolitan Christchurch presented in Figure 3.15 were extracted from the 1991, 1996 and 2001 New Zealand Census database. The data provide a general overview of motor vehicle trends in Metropolitan Christchurch and are presented for illustration purposes only (i.e. the numbers were not used in the calculation of emissions). Commercial vehicles, used solely for work purposes, were excluded. An increase in vehicle numbers is evident from 150616 in 1996 to 169137 in 1999 (+12%). A further increase of 9% was apparent from 1999 to 2001 (184243 motor vehicles). It is expected that this trend would continue.
3.2.2.2 Fuel type The model from which the NZ-TER were derived, the VFEM, provided motor vehicle profiles by fuel type for the 1996 and 1999 base years, and projected numbers for 2001 and 2003. Figure 3.16 indicates the proportion of cars and light commercial vehicles (LCVs) in the motor vehicle fleet by fuel type. A distinct increase in the use of diesel-fuelled vehicles is evident, particularly for LCVs. In 1996, 67% of LCVs used petrol and 33% used diesel. By 2003, the share of diesel operated LCVs in the fleet (50.2%) was greater than that of petrol (49.8%). The number of diesel cars also increased slightly. In 1996, 4% of cars used diesel and 96% used petrol. By 2003, the proportion of diesel cars increased to 7% and petrol decreased to 93%. The increase in cars fuelled by diesel is most likely attributed to greater numbers of recreational four wheel drive vehicles.
Number of Motor Vehicles
200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1991
1996
2001
Census Year Figure 3.15
Motor vehicles available for private use in Metropolitan Christchurch
(source: New Zealand Census database)
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
71
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%
Diesel
40%
Petrol
30% 20% 10% 0% 1996 1999 2001 2003 1996 1999 2001 2003 Cars
Figure 3.16
Light Commercial Vehicles
Proportion of vehicles by fuel type
(source: MoT, 1998a)
Table 3.26
Profile of the NZ motor vehicle fleet by year 1996
Cars Light commercial vehicles (LCVs)
1999
2001
2003
%
%
%
%
76
77
77
77
14
13
13
13
1
4.4
4.1
4.0
3.9
1
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.6
Heavy goods service vehicles (small) Heavy goods service vehicles (medium) 1
Heavy goods service vehicles (large)
4.1
3.9
4.0
4.2
Motor cycles and mopeds 1 HGSVs = trucks and buses (source: MoT, 1998a)
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
3.2.2.3 Fleet composition Table 3.26 provides the profile of the New Zealand motor vehicle fleet for the 1996 – 1999 base years and projected fleet profiles for 2001 and 2003. Interpolated data (from 2001 to 2003) were used for the 2002 assessment. The fleet data indicate the relative distribution of vehicles by type, nationally, has not changed significantly from 1996-2003. Slight decreases occurred in the proportion of LCVs, and small to medium trucks and buses. Minor increases in the proportion of large trucks and
72
buses, motor cycles and mopeds were also apparent. 3.2.2.4 Vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) Table 3.27 presents VKT under various flow conditions for the different study areas and inventory years.
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.27
Vehicle kilometres travelled on an average winter’s day
Inner Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT Suburban Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT Outer Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT Metropolitan Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT
1996 VKT % 71% 2010198 27% 779959 2% 55694 100% 2845851
1999 VKT % 68% 2025838 29% 881733 3% 93553 100% 3001124
2002 VKT % 65% 2035335 31% 984039 4% 129841 100% 3149214
1996 VKT % 73% 3719731 26% 1312039 2% 82170 100% 5113940 1996 VKT % 83% 1004596 17% 200208 1% 8128 100% 1212932 1996 VKT % 75% 4724327 24% 1512246 1% 90298 100% 6326871
1999 VKT % 69% 3738998 29% 1542800 2% 122639 100% 5404437 1999 VKT % 81% 1051024 18% 232834 1% 9991 100% 1293849 1999 VKT % 72% 4790022 27% 1775634 2% 132631 100% 6698287
2002 VKT % 66% 3765213 31% 1745919 3% 181126 100% 5692258 2002 VKT % 79% 1088100 20% 270220 2% 21717 100% 1380036 2002 VKT % 69% 4853313 29% 2016138 3% 202843 100% 7072294
Overall change 1% 26% 133% 11% Overall change 1% 33% 120% 11% Overall change 8% 35% 167% 14% Overall change 3% 33% 125% 12%
In 2002, total VKT on an average winter’s day in Metropolitan Christchurch was 7072294. Eighty percent occurred in Suburban Christchurch20 and 20% in Outer Christchurch. In Metropolitan Christchurch, the majority of 2002 VKT occurred under free-flow conditions (69%) with 29% under interrupted flow and 3% under congested flow. Outer Christchurch had a significantly higher proportion of free-flow conditions (79%) compared with the other areas. The area with the highest proportion of congested flow VKT was Inner Christchurch (4%). Figure 3.17 illustrates the proportion of VKT under the various flow conditions for 1996, 1999 and 2002. VKT increased over time under all flow conditions and study areas. Slight increases were experienced in free-flowing conditions, higher increases in interrupted conditions and significantly larger increases under congested flow conditions. In Metropolitan Christchurch, VKT under free flow conditions increased by 3% from 1996, interrupted flow by 33%, and congested flow by 125% with an overall increase of 12%.
20
56% of Suburban Christchurch VKT occurred in Inner Christchurch.
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
73
74
Figure 3.17
Proportion of VKT by year
Congested flow (E - F)
Interrupted flow (C - D)
Free flow (A - B)
Vehicle kilometres travelled level of service
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
1996
1999
1996 1999
2002
1999
2002
1996 1999
2002
0
Inner Christchurch
1996
Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
2002
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
° 2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.2.5 Emissions In 2002, the motor vehicle sector was the greatest source of CO (51%), CO2 (43%) and NOx (81%) emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch (see contaminant tables in Section 3.1). Of the compounds included in the inventory, however, PM10 is the only contaminant that frequently exceeds ambient air quality guidelines. Motor vehicles contribute significantly less emissions of PM10, 1.2 t (9%), from Metropolitan Christchurch than sources such as domestic home heating 11.2 t (82%).
22
motor vehicle fleet . Increases in VKT and congestion, and associated increases in fuel consumption are likely causes for greater CO2 emissions. The increase in SOx emissions is most likely related to rising numbers of diesel vehicles (as indicated in Section 3.2.2.2), increased diesel fuel consumption and sulphur content of the fuel. This trend may be expected to decrease in the future however due to current government proposals aimed at reducing sulphur levels in fuel.
Motor vehicle emissions varied over the period of a day with maximum emissions for all contaminants and areas occurring between 10am and 4pm (see Table 3.28 and 3.29). On an average hourly basis (between 10am and 4pm) motor vehicles discharged 0.08 t/hr of PM10, 0.08 t/hr of PM2.5, 6.5 t/hr of CO, 260.9 t/hr of CO2, 1.2 t/hr of NOx and 0.1 t/hr of SOx in Metropolitan Christchurch. Although the motor vehicle emissions take into account variables such as vehicle and fuel type, driving condition or road type, the emissions calculated were classified by emission type and area only. Subsequently, it was not possible to determine differing levels of impacts by these variables. The emission factors in Section 2.2, however, provide an indication of emission levels produced under various road conditions and type. Based on these, contaminant emissions are greatest under congested flow conditions and on central urban roads.21 Total emissions from the motor vehicle sector decreased over time as indicated in Figures 3.18 – 3.22 and Table 3.30. PM10 emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch decreased from 1.5 t in 1996 to 1.2 t in 2002 (-21%), CO from 118 t in 1996 to 101 t in 2002 (-15%), NOx from 19 t in 1996 to 18 t in 2002 (-5%). Emissions of CO2 and SOx, conversely, increased by 6% and 10%. The emission trends were consistent with those indicated by Ayrey (2001) where PM10, CO and NOx were projected to decrease and CO2 and SOx to increase. It is probable that the reductions were due to greater infiltration of imported vehicles into the New Zealand
21
Cold start was included as a component of each driving condition category so could not be assessed separately [see Section 2.2].
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
22
Petrol-fuelled vehicles imported from overseas are now fitted with emission control equipment installed at time of vehicle manufacture.
75
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.28
Motor vehicle emissions by time of day, 2002 PM10
Motor Vehicles PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.13 0.21 0.17 0.02
0.13 0.21 0.17 0.02
11.47 18.51 15.07 1.99
340.11 685.62 436.21 56.51
1.95 3.23 2.54 0.37
0.18 0.30 0.24 0.03
Total (t)
0.54
0.54
47.04
1518.45
8.08
0.75
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.23 0.37 0.30 0.04
0.23 0.37 0.30 0.04
19.91 32.15 26.45 3.61
598.05 1219.36 772.90 103.77
3.44 5.70 4.53 0.68
0.32 0.52 0.42 0.06
Total (t)
0.94
0.94
82.12
2694.08
14.36
1.32
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.05 0.08 0.07 0.01
0.05 0.08 0.07 0.01
4.63 6.85 6.11 0.92
154.36 346.26 195.09 26.71
0.83 1.27 1.10 0.17
0.08 0.11 0.10 0.02
Total (t)
0.22
0.22
18.50
722.42
3.38
0.31
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.28 0.45 0.37 0.05
0.28 0.45 0.37 0.05
24.54 39.00 32.56 4.52
752.42 1565.62 967.99 130.48
4.28 6.98 5.63 0.85
0.39 0.64 0.52 0.08
Total (t)
1.16
1.16
100.63
3416.50
17.73
1.63
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Christchurch Metropolitan
Table 3.29
Average hourly emissions from motor vehicles, 2002 PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.07 0.08 0.06 0.01
0.07 0.08 0.06 0.01
6.14 6.50 5.43 0.57
188.10 260.94 161.33 16.31
1.07 1.16 0.94 0.11
0.10 0.11 0.09 0.01
Total (t)
0.21
0.21
18.63
626.68
3.28
0.30
Christchurch Metropolitan
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°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.18
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
PM10 emissions from motor vehicles by year
NB: The height of the columns provide an indication of relative emission quantities – for total amounts see Table 3.30.
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.19
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO emissions from motor vehicles by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
77
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.20
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO2 emissions from motor vehicles by year
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels 1996
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.21
78
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
NOx emissions from motor vehicles by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.22
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
SOx emissions from motor vehicles by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
79
80
Metropolitan Christchurch
Inner Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Outer Christchurch 3215
1434.02 2557.19 657.67
1996
1.47
Metropolitan Christchurch
Study Area
0.69 1.20 0.26
Inner Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Outer Christchurch
1996 0.54 0.94 0.22
2002
3328
1486.64 2636.85 691.44
1999
3417
1518.45 2694.08 722.42
2002
1.36 1.16 CO2 (t)
0.64 1.12 0.25
1999
PM10 (t)
6%
18.69
8.61 15.19 3.50
1996
Overall Change 6% 5% 10%
1.09
0.51 0.89 0.20
1996
-21%
-22% -22% -18%
Overall Change
Change in motor vehicle emissions from 1996 - 2002
Study Area
Table 3.30
0.16 0.40 0.10
2002
18.33
8.41 14.88 3.46
1999
17.73
8.08 14.36 3.38
2002
1.27 0.50 NOx (t)
0.47 1.08 0.19
1999
PM2.5 (t)
-5%
1.48
0.69 1.20 0.27
1996
Overall Change -6% -6% -4%
118.07
55.67 96.65 21.42
1996
-54%
-68% -55% -49%
Overall Change
47.04 82.12 18.50
2002
1.54
0.72 1.26 0.29
1999
1.63
0.75 1.32 0.31
2002
109.72 100.62 SOx (t)
51.59 89.74 19.97
1999
CO (t)
10%
9% 10% 12%
Overall Change
-15%
-16% -15% -14%
Overall Change
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.3
x x x x x x x
Industrial and commercial
Industrial and commercial emissions were dependent on the number and type of activities operating, type and quantity of fuel used, hours of operation and type of control equipment employed. 3.2.3.1 Activity location The Environment Canterbury Resource Consent Database identified 686 industries and commercial activities consented to discharge contaminants to air in 2002. The location of these activities are presented in Figure 3.23.
abrasive blasting aggregate handling foundries pneumatic conveying quarrying seed cleaning/handling, and operation of combustion equipment such as boilers, generators and incinerators
Industries such as adhesive coating, beer brewing, can coating, fibreglassing, powder coating, printing, rubber manufacture, spray painting and textile printing, also consented to discharge contaminants to air, were excluded. These activities mainly discharged volatile organic compounds which were not included as a contaminant in the 2002 inventory. Table 3.31 and Figure 3.24 outline changes in the number of activities over time.
3.2.3.2 Activity type and quantity The 686 industrial and commercial activities consented to discharge contaminants to air included:
Legend
°
KAIAPOI
Metropolitan Christchurch
"
Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch
"
""
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Locations of industrial and commercial sources
" " "" " " """""""""" " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " "" " "" "" " " " " """" " " """ " " "" """" """ "" " " " " " " "" """" " "" "" " " " " " "" "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " """" " " "" " " "" " "" " """ " " " " " " " " " " " "" "" " " " " " "" " "" " " " " """ " "" " " " " " " "" " " " "" " "" " " " " " " " """""""" """" " " " " "" """ """"""""""" " " " "" """"" """""""" "" "" " "" "" " "" """ """"""" " "" " "" """""" " " " " " " " " """ " " """ " "" " "" "" "" " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" """ " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " "" " " """ " " """ " """""""""" "" "" "" " " "" " " " " " " " "
"
"
Inner Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Major roads Minor roads
REDWOOD
River and stream centrelines
HAREWOOD
PARKLANDS
CASEBROOK
BISHOPDALE
BURWOOD
"
""
PAPANUI
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
"
"
AVONHEAD RUSSLEY
ILAM
NORTH NEW BRIGHTON
MAIREHAU
SHIRLEY
AVONDALE NEW BRIGHTON
SAINT ALBANS BEXLEY DALLINGTON MERIVALE ARANUI RICHMOND WAINONI
FENDALTON
AVONSIDE
SOUTH NEW BRIGHTON
"
BROOMFIELD
HEI HEI
UPPER RICCARTON RICCARTON
Inner Christchurch
SOCKBURN
BROMLEY
CHRISTCHURCH
ISLINGTON
HORNBY
MIDDLETON
ADDINGTON
"
SYDENHAMWALTHAM
TEMPLETON
SAINT MARTINS
SPREYDON HILLMORTON
HOON HAY
OPAWAWOOLSTON
BECKENHAM
REDCLIFFS HILLSBOROUGH MOUNT PLEASANT HUNTSBURY HEATHCOTE VALLEY CASHMERE
SCARBOROUGH
OAKLANDS PREBBLETON
"
CRACROFT
TAYLORS MISTAKE
"
HALSWELL
LINCOLN
Figure 3.23
0
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
Location of industrial and commercial activities in Christchurch, 2002
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
81
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
100%
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
Figure 3.24
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch
2002 Outer Christchurch
1999
2002
Christchurch Metropolitan
Changes in the proportional distribution of combustion and processing activities in Christchurch
The total number of combustion and processing sources in Metropolitan Christchurch increased from 1999. The relative distribution of sources however did not change significantly. In 1999, 83% of industrial and commercial activities involved combustion and 17% processing. In 2002, 84% were combustion related and 16% were processing activities.
Coal-fired and light fuel oil boilers, waste oil burners, and processing industries such as quarrying, were proportionally more common in Outer Christchurch than Inner Christchurch. Diesel boilers, generators, and LPG boilers were more numerous in Inner Christchurch.
The most common industrial or commercial emission sources in Metropolitan Christchurch in 2002 were diesel and coal-fired boilers. A total of 228 diesel-fired boilers (43%), 91 coalfired boilers (17%), 40 LPG boilers (8%), 38 light fuel oil boilers (7%), 38 pneumatic conveyors (7%) and other minor source types were used during the wintertime in Metropolitan Christchurch. Diesel generators increased from 7 in 1999 to 14 in 2002 (+100%), LPG boilers from 26 to 40 (+54%), foundries from 11 to 16 (+45%), abrasive blasting from 8 to 11 (+38%), and diesel-fired boilers from 182 to 228 (+25%). The number of coal-fired boilers, pneumatic conveyors and seed cleaning/handling processing plants decreased. Coal-fired boilers declined from 123 in 1999 to 91 in 2002 (-26%), pneumatic conveyors from 42 to 38 (10%), and seed cleaning/handling processing plants from 6 to 5 (-17%). The proportion of light fuel oil boilers and total combustion sources also slightly declined.
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Table 3.31
Changes in the types and numbers of industrial and commercial activities from 1999 to 2002
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total Process Total
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total process Total
Inner Christchurch 2002 Number %
1999 Number %
Overall change %
35 100 4 1 12 9 1 8 170
18% 51% 2% 1% 6% 5% 1% 4% 86%
32 104 8 1 12 17 2 9 185
15% 50% 4% 0% 6% 8% 1% 4% 89%
-9% 4% 100% 0% 0% 89% 100% 13% 9%
1 1 21 1 4 28
1%
0 0 5 17 2 0
0% 0% 2% 8% 1% 0%
-100%
2% 14%
24
11%
-14%
198
100%
209
100%
6%
1% 11% 1%
1999 Number %
400% -19% 100%
Suburban Christchurch Overall change 2002 Number % %
85 163 7 3 31 24 2 12 327
21% 41% 2% 1% 8% 6% 1% 3% 82%
75 204 12 3 32 36 6 15 383
16% 45% 3% 1% 7% 8% 1% 3% 84%
-12% 25% 71% 0% 3% 50% 200% 25% 17%
8 10 38 5 11 72
2%
2% 1% 4% 8% 1% 0% 0% 16%
25%
3% 18%
10 5 16 35 5 0 1 72
399
100%
455
100%
3% 10% 1%
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
60% -8% 0%
0% 14%
83
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total Process Total
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total process Total
Inner Christchurch 2002 Number %
1999 Number %
Overall change %
35 100 4 1 12 9 1 8 170
18% 51% 2% 1% 6% 5% 1% 4% 86%
32 104 8 1 12 17 2 9 185
15% 50% 4% 0% 6% 8% 1% 4% 89%
-9% 4% 100% 0% 0% 89% 100% 13% 9%
1 1 21 1 4 28
1%
0 0 5 17 2 0
0% 0% 2% 8% 1% 0%
-100%
2% 14%
24
11%
-14%
198
100%
209
100%
6%
1% 11% 1%
1999 Number %
400% -19% 100%
Suburban Christchurch Overall change 2002 Number % %
85 163 7 3 31 24 2 12 327
21% 41% 2% 1% 8% 6% 1% 3% 82%
75 204 12 3 32 36 6 15 383
16% 45% 3% 1% 7% 8% 1% 3% 84%
-12% 25% 71% 0% 3% 50% 200% 25% 17%
8 10 38 5 11 72
2%
2% 1% 4% 8% 1% 0% 0% 16%
25%
3% 18%
10 5 16 35 5 0 1 72
399
100%
455
100%
3% 10% 1%
60% -8% 0%
0% 14%
NB: Industries included in the “other” category in 1999 fall within categories such as aggregate handling and quarrying in the 2002 inventory.
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.3.3 Fuel type and quantities used The industrial survey conducted in 2002 collected detailed fuel use data for industrial and commercial activities throughout Christchurch. Fuel use is expected to vary significantly on an annual basis in response to prevailing economic and commercial environments. As such, these should be reassessed each time an inventory is undertaken. Table 3.32 indicates fuel quantities used by the industrial and commercial sector on an average winter’s day in 2002.
Source type Coal fired boilers Diesel boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Quarrying Seed Cleaning/Handling
Table 3.32
peaked between 6am and 10am (see Table 3.34). At this time, on an average hourly basis, industrial and commercial sources generated 0.09 t/hr of PM10, 0.05 t/hr of PM2.5, 0.2 t/hr of CO, 120 t/hr of CO2, 0.2 t/hr of NOx and 0.6 t/hr of SOx. Figure 3.25 and Table 3.35 present 2002 emissions for the different study areas by industrial and commercial activity type and contaminant.
In 2002, combustion processes were the most dominant source of industrial and commercial emissions. Coal-fired boilers 2002 Inventory contributed 0.8 t of industrial and Total Average daily (65%) in commercial PM10 fuel/material fuel/material Metropolitan Christchurch, 1.3 t of used per day use per CO (62%), 800 t of CO2 (42%), 1.5 t (t) source (t) of NOx (52%) and 5.4 t of SOx 333 4 (63%). Wood-fired burners, LPG, 87 0.4 0.8 0.1 and an industry in the “other” 9 3 category, were also significant. 46 1 Wood-fired burners contributed 0.2 204 5 t of PM10 (19%) and 0.5 t of CO 3 0.4 (24%). LPG boilers generated 589 77 4 t (31%) of CO2 and 0.5 t (19%) of 2 0.2 NOx, and the “other” industrial 6767 677 source produced 2 t (23%) of SOx. 55 177 8419 363
Industrial and commercial fuel use, 2002
3.2.3.4 Emissions In 2002, industrial and commercial activities were the greatest source of SOx emissions (80%) in Metropolitan Christchurch. This sector contributed 9% of PM10 emissions, 6% of PM2.5, 1% of CO, 24% of CO2 and 13% of NOx emissions (see contaminant tables in Section 3.1). Of the compounds included in the inventory, PM10 is the only contaminant that frequently exceeds ambient air quality guidelines. At the present time, industrial and commercial activities are not a major source of PM10. Industrial and commercial emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch varied over the period of a day as outlined in Table 3.33. Although the greatest contaminant emissions occurred during the hours of 10am and 4pm, on an average hourly basis emissions actually
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
3 5 1684 73
Emissions from industrial and commercial sources in Metropolitan Christchurch have changed over time. While this may be due in some extent to changing economic and commercial circumstances and improvements in technology, it is more likely to be the result of improved inventory data collection methods (see Section 2.5). It would be expected, for example, that emissions from coal-fired boilers would decrease in response to declining boiler numbers; the data however suggest there has been an increase. The emission factor used to calculate emissions within a particular category also has a substantial impact on calculated emissions for that year. In 2002, four different types of foundries, and two different types of abrasive blasting were identified. The PM10 emission factors for foundries varied from 0.05 kg/Unit to 89.6 kg/Unit, and for abrasive/sand blasting from 0.69 kg/Unit to 13 kg/Unit. In the 1999 inventory, all abrasive blasting activities were classified as sand blasting (emission factor 13 kg/Unit) but only two were included in this category in the 2002 inventory. Further, eight foundries were classified as non-ferrous in 1999 (emission factor 89.6 kg/Unit) but only
85
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
one in the 2002 inventory. The impact of these factors was evident in both the abrasive blasting and foundry categories where the numbers of activities increased since 1999 but emissions of PM10 substantially decreased. Whilst a direct and valid comparison of 1996, 1999 and 2002 industrial and commercial emissions could not be conducted, increasing Table 3.33
activity numbers indicates industry is expanding and gaining in relative significance. These trends should be noted and quantified in future inventories. To do this, methodologies adopted for this inventory should be applied in future years.
Industrial and commercial emissions by time of day, 2002
Inner Christchurch
Industrial and Commercial Activities PM2.5 PM10 CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.07 0.07 0.05 0.09
0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03
0.11 0.11 0.07 0.13
97.19 119.15 76.41 126.06
0.18 0.20 0.13 0.21
0.52 0.60 0.42 0.76
Total (t)
0.28
0.11
0.42
418.81
0.72
2.31
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.29 0.33 0.15 0.18
0.16 0.17 0.08 0.08
0.48 0.52 0.26 0.30
377.27 465.44 307.83 390.18
0.63 0.73 0.45 0.56
1.81 2.11 1.36 1.79
Total (t)
0.95
0.49
1.55
1540.73
2.37
7.07
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.07 0.11 0.08 0.08
0.04 0.06 0.05 0.06
0.12 0.18 0.14 0.16
103.77 160.65 55.08 45.11
0.12 0.21 0.08 0.06
0.41 0.60 0.27 0.15
Total (t)
0.34
0.21
0.60
364.61
0.47
1.43
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.35 0.44 0.23 0.26
0.20 0.23 0.13 0.14
0.60 0.69 0.40 0.46
481.05 626.09 362.91 435.29
0.75 0.93 0.53 0.62
2.22 2.72 1.63 1.94
Total (t)
1.29
0.70
2.15
1905.34
2.84
8.50
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Table 3.34
Average hourly emissions from industrial/commercial activities, 2002 PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.09 0.07 0.04 0.03
0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02
0.15 0.12 0.07 0.06
120.26 104.35 60.48 54.41
0.19 0.16 0.09 0.08
0.56 0.45 0.27 0.24
Total (t)
0.23
0.13
0.39
339.51
0.51
1.52
Christchurch Metropolitan
86
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report PM10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
PM10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
0
Inner Christchurch
CO PM10 NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Outer Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
PM10 NO X CO PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Industrial and commercial emissions by source type, 2002
NB: See Table 3.35 for actual percentage values.
Figure 3.25
Other (abrasive blasting, aggregate handling, etc)
Wood-fired burners
Waste oil burners
LPG boilers
Light fuel oil boilers
Incinerators
Diesel generators
Diesel-fired boilers
Coal-fired boilers
Emission Source
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
° 2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
87
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.35
Contaminant emissions by industrial and commercial source, 2002 Inner Christchurch
Total number
PM10 (kg)
PM2.5 (kg)
CO (kg)
CO2 (kg)
NOx (kg)
SOx (kg)
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
32 104 8 1 12 17 2 9 185
250 8 3 5 13 1 0.1 2 280
98 2 0 3 8 1 0.0 1 113
371 11 11 5 8 11 0.1 4 419
283267 52601 995 0 36386 44681 298.8 583 418811
500 53 49 5 72 40 0.3 0 721
2078 173 7 3 44 0 0.0 0 2306
Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Total process
5 17 2 24
0.1 0.0 2 3
0.0 0.0 1 1
Total
209
283
114
419
418811
721
2306
Total number
PM10 (kg)
PM2.5 (kg)
CO (kg)
CO2 (kg)
NOx (kg)
SOx (kg)
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boiler Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
75 204 12 3 32 36 6 15 383
718 18 11 14 47 12 1 75 894
359 4 0 9 30 7 0 63 472
1151 25 37 14 28 142 0 156 1554
676716 118235 1687 0 135467 581909 1953 24760 1540728
1252 121 166 17 267 524 2 17 2366
4494 391 24 10 164 1 0 17 5102
Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Other Total process
10 5 16 35 5 1 72
26 0.2 22 0.1 5
3 0.1 17
53
21
0
0
0
1970 1970
Total
455
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
948
493
1554
1540728
2366
7072
PM10 (kg)
PM2.5 (kg)
CO (kg)
CO2 (kg)
NOx (kg)
SOx (kg)
188 33 5 2 2 2 364 595
123003 158798 917 9886 7022 7735 57247 364609
215 161 20 20 6 7 40 469
856 522 2 12 0 0 40 1432
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boilers Diesel generators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
16 24 2 6 4 3 3 58
120 23 1 3 0 3 174 325
55 6 0 2 0 0 146 209
Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Pneumatic conveying Quarrying Total process
1 5 3 5 14
6 1 0.1 5 12
1 0 0.0 2 2
72
338 PM10 (kg)
212 PM2.5 (kg)
595 CO (kg)
364609 CO2 (kg)
469 NOx (kg)
1432 SOx (kg)
1339 58 42 14 30 144 2 520 2150
799719 277033 2604 0 145353 588932 9688 82008 1905337
1467 282 187 17 286 531 8 57 2835
5350 913 26 10 176 1 0 57 6534
0
1970 1970
2835
8504
Total Metropolitan Christchurch
88
Total number
1
Total number
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boiler Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
91 228 14 3 38 40 9 18 441
838 41 11 14 50 12 4 249 1220
414 10 0 9 32 7 0 209 681
Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total process
11 10 16 38 5 5 1 86
32 1 22 0 5 5
4 0 17 0 1 2
65
24
Total
527
1285
705
2150
1905337
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.4
Other sources
The 2002 inventory includes an additional category to that used in 1999 termed “other sources”. The assessment of these sources was limited due to the limitations of the activity data and as such will not be included in the final emission summary. These sources should be incorporated into the main categories in future inventory work. Quantified 23 sources include rail and aviation (could be combined with motor vehicles to form a “transport” category), and lawn mowing (could be combined with domestic home heating and other sources to form a “domestic” category). The assessment outlined here is rudimentary and provides a basic indication of the magnitude of emissions for each source rather than an in-depth analysis. Further, the estimates provided are limited to Metropolitan Christchurch and do not include time of day data. Additional sources including rural fires, resuspended road dust, off-road motor vehicles, marine combustion sources, landfills, marine aerosol and agricultural tilling were not quantified, as discussed in Section 3.2.4.4. 3.2.4.1 Aviation The activity data detailed in Table 2.6 in Section 2.4.1.1 indicate the most common aircraft arriving at Christchurch International Airport were turbo-propelled. These comprised 50% of all arrivals and 49% of departures. Jet planes contributed to 28% of arrivals and 25% of departures, and light aircraft to 22% of arrivals and 26% of daily departures. Table 3.36
Emissions were calculated based on landing and take-off cycles. These are outlined in Table 3.36. Light aircraft emissions were not calculated due to insufficient information. In 2002, the aviation sector in Metropolitan Christchurch discharged 0.003 t of PM10, 0.14 t of CO, 25.8 t of CO2, 0.71 t of NOx and 0.008 t of SOx. Jet aircraft produced a significantly higher proportion of emissions per day (84%) than turbo propelled aircraft (16%), despite the lower number of jet aircraft movements per day. The contribution made by light aircraft, unfortunately, was not assessed due to the lack of suitable emission factor data. Although the emissions from this sector are low when considered independently, the estimates should be included in a broader “transport” inventory category in future inventory work. 3.2.4.2 Rail Weekly emissions provided by MoT (1999) were used to calculate daily emissions for 2002. It was assumed that railway operations in Christchurch did not change significantly since 1999 or vary throughout the week. It was also assumed the value included in the rail inventory applied to the area within the Christchurch Territorial Boundary and was therefore the same as Metropolitan Christchurch.
Aircraft emissions (kg/day)
Emissions/day (kg) Jet Turbo Light Aircraft Total %
PM10
CO
CO2
NOX
SOX
Total
%
2.52 0.54 3.06 0.01%
117.6 22.68 140.28 0.5%
21616 4158 25774 99%
60.2 10.8 71 0.3%
6.86 1.35 8.21 0.03%
21803 4193 25996 100%
84% 16% 100%
23
Aviation was included in the 1996 inventory but activity data were not detailed so it is difficult to ascertain whether the aviation results are comparable between inventories. It is assumed that they are not comparable as the light aircraft emission factors (based on motor vehicles) were not considered appropriate in the 2002 inventory.
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.37 Contaminant PM24 CO NOx Total
Rail emissions Emissions (kg/day) 8.02 32.09 321.42 361.53
% 2 9 89 100
Table 3.37 indicates that the rail sector generated 0.008 t/day of PM10, 0.03 t/day of CO, and 0.3 t/day of NOx. CO2 and SO2 were not included in this assessment. These results indicate that rail emissions are unlikely to be a significant source of emissions when considered independently of other sources. As with aircraft emissions, however, rail should be included in a “transport” category in future years. 3.2.4.3 Lawn mowing Activity data directly related to Christchurch were not collected for the 2002 inventory. Data compiled as part of the Wellington emission inventory (PAE, 1998) were applied to the Christchurch situation. A high degree of uncertainty, therefore, is associated with these estimates. Estimated emissions from lawn mowing activities, based on Christchurch household numbers and emission factors sourced from EA (1999b), are presented in Table 3.38. These emissions do not include other emission-generating garden equipment such as leaf blowers, chainsaws and line trimmers. Table 3.38 Contaminant PM10 CO CO2 NOx SO2 Total
24
Lawn mowing emissions Emission (kg/day) 61 10414 14741 62 1 25279
% 0.2 41 58 0.2 0 100
Note that particulate emissions were calculated based on total particulate matter rather than PM10. Larger size particles may therefore be included. Investigation of appropriately size fractionated emission factors is required for future work. In the interim, the PM value from rail is included as PM10.
90
It is estimated that lawnmowing during the winter in Christchurch generates approximately 0.06 t/day of PM10, 10.4 t/day of CO, 0.06 t/day of NOx and 0.001 t/day of SOx. 3.2.4.4 Miscellaneous sources Outdoor burning within the Christchurch Clean Air Zones is only permitted during the months of March, April, September and October. In areas outside the Clean Air Zones (including parts of Metropolitan Christchurch), however, burning may be conducted at any time of the year (provided an outdoor burning ban is not in force). In these areas, wastes, including domestic refuse and garden waste, and rural vegetative waste (from orchards, market gardens, vineyards, arable crops, nurseries and life style blocks) are likely to be burnt during the cooler months of the year. During 1999, 364 complaints were received by Environment Canterbury concerning outdoor burning of waste. The majority of these complaints originated in the Christchurch urban area (Environment Canterbury, 2002b). It is possible therefore that this source may occasionally impact on the Metropolitan Christchurch area during the winter months. The quantity of emissions from outdoor burning could not be estimated in 2002 for two reasons. Firstly, reliable and recent information regarding the current extent of outdoor burning in these areas was not available. Secondly, the emission factors used for estimating such sources were widely variable. More definitive activity data are required for an emission estimate to be derived. Consideration should be given to devising an appropriate data collection method to allow this source to be included in future inventories. Emissions generated from the motor vehicle sector were not limited to those discharged from the exhaust. Motor vehicle movement results in the resuspension of dust deposited on roads. These emissions were not estimated in 2002 as overseas evidence regarding the transportation of such emissions is inconclusive. GeoViro Engineering Ltd (2001) reported that some studies found PM10 material emitted from a road surface was deposited within 50 m of the road edge while other studies indicated that 65% of resuspended PM10 was deposited within 500 – 1500m downwind. The report further stated that paved road dust did not appear to impact significantly on ambient air quality within the Greater Vancouver Regional District area. This may also apply to Christchurch as motor
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
vehicle impacts tend to be localised in nature. Inclusion of this source in an inventory at the current time is unwarranted. This may be reconsidered at a later date following a thorough review of the available literature. Other motor vehicle related emissions not included in 2002 were those produced by brake and tyre wear. Methods of including these emissions in future assessments should be investigated. Off-road motor vehicles were also a potential source of emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch due to the proportion of rural or semi-rural land. Off-road vehicles include tractors and small trucks commonly used on horticultural/farming properties. Emissions from these sources were not quantified, as specific activity data were not collected. Future inventories should consider surveying semi-rural areas within Metropolitan Christchurch to determine levels of activity. Emissions from marine combustion sources are often included in emission inventories developed for coastal or harbour cities. While Christchurch is located on the coast, recreational boating occurs infrequently (particularly during the winter). Water-based activities within the area are mainly nonmotorised, including yachting, board sailing, kite surfing, surfing and kayaking. It was not considered necessary therefore for these sources to be included in the 2002 assessment.
Natural sources, such as marine aerosol, may also contribute emissions of PM10 and PM2.5. The contribution of this source to emissions in Christchurch is not currently well understood. A source apportionment study currently underway will determine the impact of marine aerosol on fine particle concentrations (PM2.5) during winter and summer. Greater impacts are likely, however, on the larger size fraction (PM10) as marine aerosol particles are generally larger in size. The study nevertheless will provide a reasonable indication of the number of days affected by marine aerosol in Christchurch. If this source is deemed significant it may be necessary to develop methods for including it in future inventories. Finally, emissions may also be generated from agricultural tilling and wind action on exposed soils. The quantity of emissions from these sources was not determined in 2002 as the emissions are likely to be minimal due to low wind speeds during the winter months.
Landfills, such as that located at Burwood, may be significant sources of contaminants including methane (CH4) and CO2. These contaminants, the primary constituents of landfill gas, are produced during the anaerobic decomposition of cellulose and proteins in landfilled waste. Quantification of emissions from this source ideally requires direct measurement of emissions. Data of this type were not available for Burwood Landfill so quantification was not advisable. Further, it is unknown whether biogenically produced CO2 from landfills should be included in regional emission inventory assessments. Inventories conducted at a national level do not include biogenically sourced emissions. Emissions from composting operations are also biogenic in nature. These sources were not quantified for similar reasons. Further investigation of this issue is required prior to including these emissions in future inventories.
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3.2 Emissions by source Emissions of the various contaminants may be dominated by one major source or by a number of different sources. The quantity of emissions is determined by the type and level of source activity occurring at a particular point in time. This section describes each source in detail and discusses how emissions from the various sources have changed in recent years.
3.2.1
introduction of measures, such as those proposed by Environment Canterbury where solid fuel burners may not be installed into new homes (Environment Canterbury, 2002a), are likely to result in lower numbers of households using solid fuel burners in the future. Trends in emissions therefore may only be fully understood when considered in tandem with trends in household numbers and regulatory changes. Table 3.18 below outlines household numbers for the various Christchurch areas and the relevant inventory years.
Domestic home heating
Domestic home heating emissions were dependent on the types of home heating methods used, the number of households using each home heating method, type and quantity of fuel used, and burner age. 3.2.1.1 Household numbers Total emissions produced by the domestic home heating sector are influenced by changes in household numbers from one year to the next. Increasing household numbers can result in a higher total number of solid fuel burning appliances and thus increasing emissions over time. On a proportional basis, however, there may be fewer solid fuel burners due to moves towards alternative forms of heating and improved house insulation. The
Table 3.18 Inventory year
Household numbers in Metropolitan Christchurch increased from 116170 in 1999 to 123300 in 2002 (+6%). Increases since 1996 are evident for all Christchurch study areas. 3.2.1.2 Energy type The 2002 Christchurch Home Heating Survey (Lamb, 2003) focused on methods of heating used in the main living area on a “typical winter’s night and/or day”. Table 3.19 indicates the forms of energy used to heat homes in Christchurch in 1996, 1999 and 2002. Percentages presented are based on the number of households rather than percentage of energy type used.
Number of households by study area Inner Christchurch HH1 numbers
1996 50420 1999 51680 2002 55700 1 HH = household
% increase
3 8
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Suburban Christchurch HH1 numbers 94860 100470 105800
% increase 6 5
Metropolitan Christchurch HH1 % numbers increase 116170 123300
6
51
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.19
Energy type used for home heating in Christchurch Inner Christchurch
Appliance type
Electricity Wood Coal Pellet Gas Oil Total number of households
1996
1999
2002
Number 35736 20877 6352
% 71% 41% 13%
Number 35714 27393 4806
% 69% 53% 9%
7566 1662 50421
15% 3%
14523 413 51684
28% 1%
Number 38318 23417 3230 253 16152 835 55695
% 69% 42% 6% 0.5% 29% 1%
Overall change % 7% 12% -49% 113% -50% 10%
Suburban Christchurch Appliance type
Electricity Wood Coal Pellet Gas Oil Total number of households
1996
1999
2002
Number 64208 40788 11263
% 68% 43% 12%
Number 63926 51942 7435
% 64% 52% 7%
16044 4401 94856
17% 5%
29538 703 100470
29% 1%
Number 72048 45432 5819 484 32163 1587 105798
% 68% 43% 6% 0.5% 30% 2%
Overall change % 12% 11% -48% 100% -64% 12%
Outer Christchurch Appliance type
1996 Number
1999 %
Number
2002 %
Electricity Wood Coal Pellet Gas Oil Total number of households
Number 11742 7831 559 79 4637 245 17499
% 67% 45% 3% 0.5% 26% 1%
Overall change %
Metropolitan Christchurch Appliance type
2002 Overall change Number % % 83790 14% 68% Electricity -10% Wood 53263 43% -25% Coal 6378 5% Pellet 563 0.5% 8% Gas 34037 29% 36800 30% Oil 813 1832 125% 1% 1% Total number of households 116166 123297 6% NB: Results are presented as % of households not % of energy type used. The number of households does not equate to total heating methods as households using multiple methods were included. Gas used in Christchurch is generally bottled LPG.
52
1999
1996
Number
%
Number 73417 59477 8480
% 63% 51% 7%
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
In 2002, electricity was the most popular form of energy used to heat households in Metropolitan Christchurch. A total of 83790 households used electricity (68%), 53263 used wood (43%), 36800 used gas (30%), 6378 used coal (5%), 1832 used oil (1%) and 563 17 used pellets (0.5%) . Householders were able to nominate all forms of heating used in their main living area. In many instances the primary heating method was supplemented by an additional form of heating. Gas and electricity, available as portable heaters, were the most likely forms of energy used to supplement other home heating appliances. Since the 1999 inventory, the use of coal has declined significantly in Metropolitan Christchurch from 8480 households to 6378 households in 2002 (-25%). Wood use also decreased in popularity reducing from 59477 in 1999 to 53263 in 2002 (-10%). The use of oil, electricity and gas increased. The proportion of households using electricity increased while the percentage using wood and coal decreased. 3.2.1.3
Distribution of combustion appliances Wood and gas burners were identified as the most common combustion appliances used in Metropolitan Christchurch in 2002 (see Table 3.20). Wood burners were used in 40611 households (33%), gas appliances in 36800 households (30%), open fires in 9375 households (8%), multi-fuel burners in 3840 households (3%), oil burners in 1832 households (1%) and pellet burners in 563 households (0.5%)18. Figure 3.7 presents the proportion of appliances used in Christchurch and changes over time.
numbers, as indicated by burner proportions in 2002, and were gradually replaced by more modern low-emission burners and alternative combustion appliances (e.g. gas). The decline in pre-1992 wood burners was less than for the 1992-2000 wood burner category. This reflects the uncertainty associated with these values. Householders were required to estimate the age of their appliances and were not always able to do so confidently or accurately. Gas appliances increased in popularity from 1996 to 2002. In Suburban Christchurch, for example, a total of 16044 households used a gas appliance (17%) in 1996. This increased by 100% to 32163 households by 2002 (30% of total households). Unflued appliances were more common in Christchurch, comprising 69% of total gas appliances, with only 31% being flued burners. This is a concern given the potential impact of these appliances on indoor air quality. Flued gas appliances have increased, however, since 1999. In Metropolitan Christchurch 4995 households used a flued gas appliance in 1999. This increased by 127% to 11336 in 2002. Incentives offered by Environment Canterbury to encourage householders to change to cleaner forms of heating are likely to further increase gas use in Christchurch.
The 2002 survey indicated that while wood use declined in Christchurch, wood burners remained a popular choice for home heating. Total wood burner numbers in Metropolitan Christchurch increased from 39380 in 1999 to 40611 in 2002 (3%). Older burners declined in 17
Although pellets are a wood-based product they are considered separately to wood in the inventory due to significant differences in the nature of the fuel. For example, pellets are of a uniform shape and consistency whereas wood may be different sizes, with varied gum, bark and moisture content. These characteristics may substantially impact on emissions. 18 The data are presented as percentages of households rather than appliance numbers as householders were able to nominate more than one type of heating.
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.20
Appliance type and number by year and study area Inner Christchurch
Appliance type
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
8848 8496 4533 2187 994 1819 11387 7554 3833
18% 17% 9% 4% 2% 4% 23% 15% 8%
9975 9975 3876 1189 1189 930 16229 6812 9417
19% 19% 7% 2% 2% 2% 31% 13% 18%
7566
15%
1662
3%
14523 12301 2429 413
28% 24% 5% 1%
Total number of households
50421
2002 Number % 5068 4734 2005 1949 1949 1225 16734 6683 8062 1989 253 16152 11136 5016 835
51684
9% 8% 4% 3% 3% 2% 30% 12% 14% 4% 0.5% 29% 20% 9% 1%
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
Total number of households
54
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
13239 12674 7456 4401 2788 3807 25326 17366 7960
14% 13% 8% 5% 3% 4% 27% 18% 8%
15673 15673 5727 2210 2210 1708 34059 14449 19610
16% 16% 6% 2% 2% 2% 34% 14% 20%
16044
17%
4401
5%
29538 25821 3818 703
29% 26% 4% 1%
94856
100470
2002 Number % 8570 8570 3703 3280 2962 2116 33900 13542 16582 3777 484 32163 22691 9472 1587
105798
-43% -44% -56% -11% 96% -33% 47% -12% 110%
113% -9% 107% -50% 10%
55695
Suburban Christchurch Appliance type
Overall change %
8% 8% 4% 3% 3% 2% 32% 13% 16% 4% 0.5% 30% 21% 9% 2%
Overall change %
-35% -32% -50% -25% 6% -44% 34% -22% 108%
100% -12% 148% -64%
12%
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.20 Cont. Outer Christchurch Appliance type
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
2002 Number % 805 805 157 560 315 402 6711 2819 3154 738 79 4637 2802 1835 245
Total number of households
5% 5% 1% 3% 2% 2% 38% 16% 18% 4% 0.5% 26% 16% 10% 1%
17499 Metropolitan Christchurch
Appliance type
1996 Number %
1999 Number %
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Unflued gas burner Flued gas burner Oil burner
17309 17193 6389 2904 2904 2091 39380 16697 22683
15% 15% 5% 2% 2% 2% 34% 14% 20%
34037 29042 4995 813
29% 25% 4% 1%
Total number of households
116166
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Number % 9375 9375 3860 3840 3277 2518 40611 16361 19737 4515 563 36800 25464 11336 1832 123297
8% 8% 3% 3% 3% 2% 33% 13% 16% 4% 0.5% 30% 21% 9% 1%
Overall change %
-46% -45% -40% 32% 13% 20% 3% -2% -13%
8% -12% 127% 125% 6%
55
56 1999
1996
1999
2002
1999
2002
2002
0
Inner Christchurch
1996
Outer Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
2002
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
2
4
6
°
8 Kilometres
Combustion appliance use as a proportion (%) of total households using combustion methods by year
NB: See Table 3.20 for actual percentage values
Figure 3.7
Oil burner
Gas burner
Pellet burner
Wood burner - post 2000 model
Wood burner - 1992-2000 model
Wood burner - pre 1992 model
Multi-fuel burner (coal)
Multi-fuel burner (wood)
Open fire (coal)
Open fire (wood)
Method of heating
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Open fires, and the use of coal on open fires, declined substantially over time. Open fire use in Metropolitan Christchurch declined from 17309 households in 1999 to 9375 in 2002 (46%). This decrease, coinciding with increasing wood burner numbers may indicate that some open fires are being replaced by more efficient, low-emission wood burners. Open fire trends are difficult to establish however as fires are not always removed. Open fires may be sealed or simply not used by the current householder. Changing situations such as ownership of the house or costs of alternative energy may result in a fire being reinstated and a subsequent increase in the number of open fires. The 2002 household survey (Lamb, 2002) found that 20960 (17%) of households have an open fire, yet only 11590 (9.4%) households actually use them19. These factors, together with methodological differences (i.e., telephone survey versus a door-to-door survey), may account for the increase in open fire use from 1996 to 1999. Multi-fuel and oil burners were not popular home heating methods in Metropolitan Christchurch in 2002. Multi-fuel burners were used by 3% of households and oil burners by only 1%. A slight increase in multi-fuel burner numbers since 1999 is indicated. This is unlikely to be a real trend however as multifuel burners have not met Environment Canterbury’s stipulated emission standards for a number of years; any installations since ? would be unauthorised. These burners are present in very low numbers and as such are more difficult to accurately quantify than other heating method types. Multi-fuel burner numbers are expected to show more evidence of decline in future years as from 2008 high emission burners will need to be removed after 15 years use. Oil burners, on the other hand may increase as they are subsidised under Environment Canterbury’s Clean Heat Project.
3.2.1.4 Fuel quantities Preliminary data from the home heating diaries indicated the average weight of a wood log was 1.9 kg. This value was applied to the log number data provided by households. A weighted average across study areas was derived and applied to previous inventory data. The weighted averages are expressed in average fuel use/kg/appliance in Table 3.21. Also indicated are recalculated fuel use data for 1996 and 1999. On an individual appliance basis, multi-fuel burners using wood consumed the greatest quantity of fuel (27.9 kg/appliance). This was substantially higher than expected and indicates that these burners are possibly being used for longer periods of time than other burners. Wood burners and open fires also consumed relatively high quantities of fuel per day. The most efficient consumers of fuel were gas and oil burners. As stated previously, these data are reliant on householder estimates and will be reviewed following the release of the home heating diary data. The diary data are based on recorded wood weights and consumption rates and are more reliable than the estimates provided by householders during the survey.
In 2002, pellet burners were used in 0.5% of households in Metropolitan Christchurch. Pellet burners are relatively new to Christchurch and have only been in use in recent years. As the numbers of these burners were low the data was sourced from the permit database maintained by the Christchurch City Council. 19
The household survey was undertaken at the same time as the Lamb (2003) survey. The difference between the numbers of households indicated by Lamb (2002) and this document is that the inventory specifically focuses on the main living area and Lamb (2002) did not.
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58
Total (kg)
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner 21.3 24 23.2 8 3.3 1.8
27.9 8.8
22.5 9.3
Average fuel use kg/appliance
47926 743
24968 2992 721614
260484 224438 36047 41357 33173 8184 371103 145100 226002
233317 191160 42157 43740 27733 16007 252891 160910 91981
557907
1999 kg/day
1996 kg/day
629128
125162 106515 18647 65157 54377 10780 381981 142348 193488 46145 2024 53302 1503
2002 kg/day
Inner Christchurch
1087596
52945 7922
354506 285165 69341 111287 77785 33502 560936 369894 191042
1996 kg/day
1359736
97475 1265
405904 352643 53261 76689 61659 15030 778403 307772 470630
1999 kg/day
1215429
227263 192825 34438 101261 82640 18621 774039 288445 397968 87626 3872 106138 2857
2002 kg/day
Suburban Christchurch
Quantity of fuel consumed on an average winter’s day by year and study area
Type of appliance
Table 3.21
201136
19573 18113 1460 12326 8789 3538 152862 60045 75696 17122 632 15302 441
Outer Christchurch 2002 kg/day
1559507
112322 1463
446260 386843 59418 99422 81022 18401 900039 355638 544402
1416589
246836 210938 35898 113587 91428 22158 926925 348489 473688 104748 4504 121440 3298
Metropolitan Christchurch 1999 2002 kg/day kg/day
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.1.5 Emissions In 2002, the domestic home heating sector was the greatest source of PM10 (82%) and PM2.5 emissions (85%) in Metropolitan Christchurch. It also contributed 48% of CO emissions, 33% of CO2, 6% of NOx and 4% of SOx (see contaminant tables in Section 3.1). Figure 3.8 and Table 3.22 provide details of 2002 emissions for the different study areas by appliance type and contaminant. In Metropolitan Christchurch, wood burners were the major contributor to emissions of PM10 from this sector (62%), PM2.5 (62%), CO (70%), CO2 (63%) and NOx (45%). Within this group of appliances, Pre-1992 wood burners produced the greatest quantity of domestic home heating PM10 (38%), PM2.5 (38%), and CO (36%) and 1992-2000 wood burners were the major contributor to CO2 emissions (32%). Open fires, particularly those burning coal (40%) were the major source of SOx.
emissions from open fires burning wood (45%) and open fires burning coal (-40%). Emissions from pre-1992 wood burners decreased by 2% and 1992-2000 wood burners by 13%. Increases in emissions occurred in the multifuel burner categories (+15%), total wood burners (+3%), gas burners (+8%) and oil burners (125%). Numbers of households using these burner categories have all increased. Likewise, increased popularity in the use of alternative fuels has led to increases in numbers of and emissions from gas burners. The increase in wood burner emissions indicates that improvements in burner technology have been offset by installation rates.
Figure 3.9 compares 2002 emissions produced for Metropolitan Christchurch on the basis of fuel type. Wood burning was clearly the major source of all emissions and coal burning contributed significantly to domestic SOx emissions. Gas emissions were negligible compared to wood and coal but contributed relatively high quantities of CO2 and NOx. Domestic home heating emissions varied over the period of a day with maximum emissions for all contaminants occurring between 4pm to 10pm in all areas (see Table 3.23). In Metropolitan Christchurch, 62% of PM10 was generated at this time, 9% from 6am to 10am, 16% from 10am to 4pm and 13% from 10pm to 6am. Average hourly emissions discharged between 4pm and 10pm in Metropolitan Christchurch, as indicated in Table 3.24, were 1.2 t/hr of PM10, 1.1 t/hr of PM2.5, 9.8 t/hr of CO, 273 t/hr of CO2, 0.2 t/hr of NOx and 0.05 t/hr of SOx. Emissions of contaminants from domestic home heating decreased over time as indicated in Figures 3.10 to 3.14 and Table 3.25. PM10 emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch decreased from 13 t in 1999 to 11 t in 2002 (-15%), CO from 110 t in 1999 to 96 t in 2002 (-13%), CO2 from 2886 t in 1999 to 2636 t in 2002 (-9%), NOx from 1.7 t in 1999 to 1.4 t in 2002 (-16%) and SOx from 0.6 t in 1999 to 0.5 t in 2002 (-22%). The greatest reduction in total domestic home heating emissions since 1999 occurred in
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60 PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
0
Inner Christchurch
PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Outer Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
PM 10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Contaminant emissions by domestic combustion appliance type, 2002
NB: See Table 3.22 for actual percentage values
Figure 3.8
Pellet burner
Wood burner - post 2002 model
Wood burner - 1992-2002 model
Wood burner - pre 1992 model
Multi-fuel burner (coal)
Multi-fuel burner (wood)
Open fire (coal)
Open fire (wood)
Contaminant source
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
° 2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Inner Christchurch
543 29 53 2 2 627
Total
627 Fuel use t/day 125 107 19 382 142 193 46 2 65 54 11
543 29 53 2 2
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Fuel use t/day 125 107 19 382 142 193 46 2 65 54 11
43634
1171767
956580 74131 133254 4810 2992
kg/day 233614 182876 50739 679850 245692 348588 85569 2992 117247 93855 23393
23417 3230 16152 835 253
5041
43634
4425 596 16 0 3
kg/day 1350 959 392 2814 1708 967 138 3 857 653 205
Number of appliances 5068 4734 2005 16734 6683 8062 1989 253 1949 1949 1225
23417 3230 16152 835 253
Number of appliances 5068 4734 2005 16734 6683 8062 1989 253 1949 1949 1225
40850 22951 8250 5760 11808
CO2 g/appliance 46096 38630 25306 40628 36764 43238 43031 11808 60158 48155 19096
189 185 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 266 203 195 168 256 120 70 13 440 335 167
Domestic home heating emissions by appliance type and area, 2002
Inner Christchurch
Table 3.22
100%
82% 6% 11% 0.4% 0.3%
% 20% 16% 4% 58% 21% 30% 7% 0.3% 10% 8% 2%
100%
88% 12% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 27% 19% 8% 56% 34% 19% 3% 0.1% 17% 13% 4%
648
462 92 79 3 11
kg/day 220 145 76 263 143 97 23 11 71 55 17
4697
4122 556 16 0 3
kg/day 1225 852 373 2672 1566 967 138 3 781 598 183
20 29 5 4 42
NOx g/appliance 43 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 37 28 14
176 172 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 242 180 186 160 234 120 70 12 401 307 150
100%
71% 14% 12% 0.5% 2%
% 34% 22% 12% 41% 22% 15% 4% 2% 11% 8% 3%
100%
88% 12% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 26% 18% 8% 57% 33% 21% 3% 0.1% 17% 13% 4%
217
104 106 0 6 0
kg/day 111 17 94 76 28 39 9 0 23 11 12
42947
40407 2498 11 1 30
kg/day 8577 7265 1313 27790 14011 12221 1558 30 6538 5352 1186
4 33 0 7 1
SOx g/appliance 22 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 12 6 10
1726 773 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1692 1535 655 1661 2096 1516 784 120 3355 2746 968
100%
48% 49% 0.0% 3% 0%
% 51% 8% 43% 35% 13% 18% 4% 0.1% 11% 5% 6%
100%
94% 6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 20% 17% 3% 65% 33% 28% 4% 0.1% 15% 12% 3%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
61
62
Suburban Christchurch
1049 53 106 3 4 1212
Total
1212 Fuel use t/day 227 193 34 774 288 398 88 4 101 83 19
1049 53 106 3 4
Fuel use t/day 227 193 34 774 288 398 88 4 101 83 19
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Suburban Christchurch
Table 3.22 Cont.
85001
2265362
1851043 134116 265345 9141 5717
kg/day 424770 331061 93709 1377346 497855 716983 162507 5717 183043 142636 40407
45432 5819 32163 1587 484
9557
85001
8441 1077 32 1 6
kg/day 2459 1735 723 5714 3461 1990 263 6 1345 992 354
Number of appliances 8570 8570 3703 33900 13542 16582 3777 484 3280 2962 2116
45432 5819 32163 1587 484
Number of appliances 8570 8570 3703 33900 13542 16582 3777 484 3280 2962 2116
40743 23048 8250 5760 11808
CO2 g/appliance 49565 38630 25306 40630 36764 43238 43031 11808 55806 48155 19096
186 185 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 287 203 195 169 256 120 70 13 410 335 167
100%
82% 6% 12% 0.4% 0.3%
% 19% 15% 4% 61% 22% 32% 7% 0.3% 8% 6% 2%
100%
88% 11% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 26% 18% 8% 60% 36% 21% 3% 0.1% 14% 10% 4%
1230
878 168 158 6 20
kg/day 402 262 139 532 290 199 44 20 112 83 29
8921
7877 1005 32 1 6
kg/day 2231 1543 689 5426 3173 1990 263 6 1226 909 317
19 29 5 4 42
NOx g/appliance 47 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 34 28 14
173 173 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 260 180 186 160 234 120 70 12 374 307 150
100%
71% 14% 13% 0.5% 2%
% 33% 21% 11% 43% 24% 16% 4% 2% 9% 7% 2%
100%
88% 11% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1%
% 25% 17% 8% 61% 36% 22% 3% 0.1% 14% 10% 4%
409
202 195 0 11 1
kg/day 205 31 174 155 58 80 18 1 38 17 21
82325
77771 4472 22 2 58
kg/day 15575 13151 2424 56486 28391 25136 2959 58 10182 8134 2048
4 34 0 7 1
SOx g/appliance 24 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 12 6 10
1712 769 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1817 1535 655 1666 2096 1516 784 120 3104 2746 968
100%
49% 48% 0.0% 3% 0.1%
% 50% 8% 42% 38% 14% 19% 4% 0.1% 9% 4% 5%
100%
94% 5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 19% 16% 3% 69% 34% 31% 4% 0.1% 12% 10% 2%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Outer Christchurch
180 5 15 0 1 201
Total
201 Fuel use t/day 20 18 1 153 60 76 17 1 12 9 4
180 5 15 0 1
Fuel use t/day 20 18 1 153 60 76 17 1 12 9 4
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Outer Christchurch
Table 3.22 Cont.
13272
370289
318042 11650 38255 1411 931
kg/day 35070 31097 3973 271776 103626 136383 31767 931 22846 15169 7677
7831 559 4637 245 79
1522
13272
1419 98 5 0 1
kg/day 194 163 31 1150 720 379 51 1 173 105 67
Number of appliances 805 805 157 6711 2819 3154 738 79 560 315 402
7831 559 4637 245 79
Number of appliances 805 805 157 6711 2819 3154 738 79 560 315 402
21161
40612 20840 8250 5760 11808
87 CO2 g/appliance 43566 38630 25306 40496 36764 43238 43031 11808 40796 48155 19096
181 175 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 241 203 195 171 256 120 70 13 308 335 167
100%
86% 3% 10% 0% 0%
% 9% 8% 1% 73% 28% 37% 9% 0% 6% 4% 2%
100%
93% 6% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 13% 11% 2% 76% 47% 25% 3% 0.1% 11% 7% 4%
179
140 11 23 1 3
kg/day 31 25 6 107 60 38 9 3 14 9 5
1427
1332 89 5 0 1
kg/day 174 145 29 1090 660 379 51 1 157 97 60
10
18 20 5 4 42
82 NOx g/appliance 38 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 26 28 14
170 160 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 216 180 186 162 234 120 70 12 280 307 150
100%
79% 6% 13% 0% 2%
% 17% 14% 3% 60% 34% 21% 5% 2% 8% 5% 3%
100%
93% 6% 0% 0% 0%
% 12% 10% 2% 76% 46% 27% 4% 0% 11% 7% 4%
49
35 11 0 2 0
kg/day 10 3 7 31 12 15 3 0 6 2 4
13874
13370 492 3 0 9
kg/day 1338 1235 103 11269 5909 4781 578 9 1254 865 389
3
4 20 0 7 1
793 SOx g/appliance 13 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 10 6 10
1707 880 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1662 1535 655 1679 2096 1516 784 120 2240 2746 968
100%
73% 24% 0% 4% 0%
% 21% 6% 15% 63% 25% 31% 7% 0% 12% 4% 8%
100%
96% 4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 10% 9% 1% 81% 43% 34% 4% 0.1% 9% 6% 3%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
63
64
Metropolitan Christchurch
1229 58 121 3 5 1412
Total
1412 Fuel use t/day 247 211 36 927 348 474 105 5 114 91 22
1229 58 121 3 5
Fuel use t/day 247 211 36 927 348 474 105 5 114 91 22
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Total
Total wood Total coal Gas Oil Pellet
Open fire Open fire - wood Open fire - coal Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992 - 2000 wood burner 2001 - 2002 wood burner Pellet burner Multi-fuel burner Multi-fuel burner-wood Multi-fuel burner-coal
Metropolitan Christchurch
Table 3.22 Cont.
98273
2635651
2169085 145766 303600 10552 6648
kg/day 459840 362159 97682 1649122 601481 853367 194274 6648 205889 157805 48084
53263 6378 36800 1832 563
11079
98273
9860 1175 36 1 7
kg/day 2652 1898 754 6864 4182 2368 314 7 1518 1097 421
Number of appliances 9375 9375 3860 40611 16361 19737 4515 563 3840 3277 2518
53263 6378 36800 1832 563
Number of appliances 9375 9375 3860 40611 16361 19737 4515 563 3840 3277 2518
21376
40724 22854 8250 5760 11808
90 CO2 g/appliance 49050 38630 25306 40608 36764 43238 43031 11808 53617 48155 19096
185 184 1 1 13
PM10 g/appliance 283 203 195 169 256 120 70 13 395 335 167
100%
82% 6% 12% 0.4% 0.3%
% 17% 14% 4% 63% 23% 32% 7% 0.3% 8% 6% 2%
100%
89% 11% 0.3% 0.0% 0.1%
% 24% 17% 7% 62% 38% 21% 3% 0.1% 14% 10% 4%
1409
1018 180 181 7 24
kg/day 432 287 145 639 350 237 52 24 126 92 34
10348
9209 1095 36 1 7
kg/day 2405 1688 718 6516 3833 2368 314 7 1382 1006 377
11
19 28 5 4 42
84 NOx g/appliance 46 31 38 16 21 12 12 42 33 28 14
173 172 1 0 12
PM2.5 g/appliance 257 180 186 160 234 120 70 12 360 307 150
100%
72% 13% 13% 0.5% 2%
% 31% 20% 10% 45% 25% 17% 4% 2% 9% 7% 2%
100%
89% 11% 0.4% 0.0% 0.1%
% 23% 16% 7% 63% 37% 23% 3% 0.1% 13% 10% 4%
458
237 207 0 13 1
kg/day 215 34 181 185 70 95 21 1 44 18 25
96199
91141 4964 25 2 67
kg/day 16914 14387 2527 67755 34300 29917 3538 67 11436 8999 2437
4
4 32 0 7 1
780 SOx g/appliance 23 4 47 5 4 5 5 1 11 6 10
1711 778 1 1 120
CO g/appliance 1804 1535 655 1668 2096 1516 784 120 2978 2746 968
100%
52% 45% 0.0% 3% 0.1%
% 47% 7% 40% 40% 15% 21% 5% 0.1% 10% 4% 6%
100%
95% 5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1%
% 18% 15% 3% 70% 36% 31% 4% 0.1% 12% 9% 3%
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
100% 80% 60%
Pellet Oil Gas Coal Wood
40% 20% 0% PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SO2
Contaminant (kg)
Figure 3.9
Contribution by fuel type to domestic home heating emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch, 2002
Table 3.23
Domestic home heating emissions by time of day, 2002
Inner Christchurch
Domestic home heating PM2.5 PM10 CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.41 0.77 3.30 0.56
0.38 0.72 3.07 0.52
3.58 6.86 27.64 4.86
99.47 186.84 772.74 112.72
0.05 0.09 0.44 0.06
0.02 0.03 0.15 0.02
Total (t)
5.04
4.70
42.95
1171.77
0.65
0.22
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.86 1.53 6.00 1.17
0.80 1.44 5.59 1.10
7.62 13.52 50.72 10.47
220.42 368.67 1415.46 260.82
0.11 0.19 0.80 0.13
0.03 0.06 0.27 0.04
Total (t)
9.56
8.92
82.32
2265.36
1.23
0.41
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.16 0.28 0.91 0.18
0.15 0.26 0.86 0.16
1.46 2.52 8.38 1.51
41.45 64.53 226.03 38.28
0.02 0.03 0.11 0.02
0.004 0.01 0.03 0.01
Total (t)
1.52
1.43
13.87
370.29
0.18
0.05
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
1.02 1.81 6.89 1.36
0.95 1.69 6.42 1.28
9.15 16.03 58.92 12.11
263.37 433.00 1637.32 301.96
0.13 0.22 0.90 0.15
0.03 0.07 0.30 0.05
Total (t)
11.08
10.35
96.20
2635.65
1.41
0.46
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
65
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.24
Average hourly emissions from domestic home heating, 2002 PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.26 0.30 1.15 0.17
0.24 0.28 1.07 0.16
2.29 2.67 9.82 1.51
65.84 72.17 272.89 37.75
0.03 0.04 0.15 0.02
0.01 0.01 0.05 0.01
Total (t)
1.87
1.75
16.29
448.64
0.24
0.08
Metropolitan Christchurch
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels 1996 level
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.10
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
PM10 emissions from domestic home heating by year
NB: The height of the columns provide an indication of relative emission quantities – for total amounts see Table 3.25.
66
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 level 1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.11
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO emissions from domestic home heating by year
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 level 1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.12
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO2 emissions from domestic home heating by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
67
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 level 1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.13
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
NOx emissions from domestic home heating by year
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels 1996 level
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1999 level 2002 level
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.14
68
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
SOx Emissions from domestic home heating by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Total (kg)
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner
Suburban Christchurch
Total (kg)
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner 16 0.2
8 1
32 0.4
17 2 11448
4268 3141 1127 1035 756 279 6113 3772 2341
4007 2540 1467 1575 953 622 5484 4533 950
11086
1999 kg/day
1996 kg/day
PM10
6239
2762 1999 762 559 407 152 2903 1778 1124
2594 1703 892 637 340 297 2430 1972 458
5670
1999 kg/day
1996 kg/day
PM10
9624
2446 1718 728 1359 1013 346 5778 3535 1980 263 6 35 1
2002 kg/day
5077
1343 949 394 867 666 200 2846 1745 962 138 3 18 0.4
2002 kg/day
84160
11 4
24330 19449 4881 11341 7656 3685 48474 36407 12066
1996 kg/day
42150
5 2
16005 13038 2968 4490 2730 1761 21647 15838 5810
1996 kg/day
95561
20 1
27801 24051 3749 7722 6069 1653 60018 30293 29725
1999 kg/day
CO
50576
10 0.4
17845 15307 2537 4165 3265 900 28556 14282 14274
1999 kg/day
CO
82325
15575 13151 2424 10182 8134 2048 56486 28391 25136 2960 58 22 2
2002 kg/day
42947
8577 7265 1313 6538 5352 1186 27790 14011 12221 1559 30 11 1
2002 kg/day
2025566
132363 25350
678283 489600 188683 206956 134257 72698 982615 638437 344177
1996 kg/day
1040952
62420 9573
442915 328203 114713 82602 47866 34736 443442 277730 165712
1996 kg/day
Change in domestic home heating emissions from 1996 – 2002
Inner Christchurch
Table 3.25 CO2
2516251
243689 4049
750380 605452 144928 139039 106423 32616 1379093 531215 847878
1999 kg/day
CO2
1338238
119815 2379
483423 385337 98087 75016 57257 17759 657605 250443 407162
1999 kg/day
2265362
424770 331061 93709 183043 142636 40407 1377353 497855 716971 162527 5715 265345 9141
2002 kg/day
1171767
233614 182876 50739 117247 93855 23393 679865 245692 348584 85588 2987 133254 4810
2002 kg/day
1360
79 16
669 388 281 130 78 52 467 371 96
1996 kg/day
734
37 6
431 260 171 53 28 25 208 162 46
1996 kg/day
NOx
1473
145 3
695 480 216 85 62 23 544 309 235
1999 kg/day
NOx
829
71 1
451 305 146 46 33 13 259 146 113
1999 kg/day
1230
402 262 139 112 83 29 532 290 199 44 20 158 6
2002 kg/day
648
220 145 76 71 55 17 263 143 97 23 11 79 3
2002 kg/day
594
0.0 32
396 46 350 54 16 38 112 74 38
1996 kg/day
330
0.0 12
243 31 213 24 6 18 51 32 18
1996 kg/day
SOx
516
0.0 5
325 56 269 29 12 17 156 62 94
1999 kg/day
SOx
311
0.0 3
218 36 182 16 7 9 74 29 45
1999 kg/day
409
205 31 174 38 17 21 155 58 80 18 1 0.0 11
2002 kg/day
217
111 17 94 23 11 12 76 28 39 9 0.3 0.0 6
2002 kg/day
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
69
70
Total (kg) Overall change
2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner
Metropolitan Christchurch
Total (kg) Overall change
Total open fires Open fire (wood) Open fire (coal) Total multi-fuel Multi-fuel (wood) Multi-fuel (coal) Total wood burner Pre 1992 wood burner 1992-2000 wood burner 2001-2002 wood burner Pellet burner Gas burner Oil burner
Metropolitan Christchurch
1676
100% -16%
10% 0.2%
16%
272
1409
237 52 24 181 7
432 287 145 126 92 34 639 350
46% 31% 14% 7% 5% 2% 38% 21%
767 526 241 110 81 29 629 357
%
2002 kg/day
167 3
109978
100%
0.02% 0.001%
28% 24% 4% 9% 7% 2% 63% 32% 31%
100%
17% 4% 2% 13% 0.5%
31% 20% 10% 9% 7% 2% 45% 25%
%
0 6 585
109
362 62 300 37 16 21 180 71
kg/day
1999
100%
0% 1%
19%
62% 11% 51% 6% 3% 4% 31% 12%
%
-22%
95 21 1 0 13 458
215 34 181 44 18 25 185 70
kg/day
2002
96199
16914 14387 2527 11436 8999 2437 67757 34301 29918 3538 67 25 2
SOx
100%
23 1
30566 26384 4183 9999 7975 2024 69389 35004 34384
%
2002 kg/day
CO
NOx
kg/day
1999
11160
24% 17% 7% 14% 10% 4% 62% 38% 21% 3% 0.1% 0.4% 0.01%
%
1999 kg/day
-13%
0.3% 0.0%
37 0.4
2638 1879 759 1532 1121 411 6942 4271 2356 314 7 40 1
2002 kg/day
100% -15%
36% 26% 10% 10% 8% 3% 54% 33% 21%
4703 3446 1257 1335 993 342 7067 4359 2708
13142
%
PM10 1999 kg/day
100%
21% 5% 0.1% 0% 3%
47% 7% 40% 10% 4% 6% 40% 15%
%
100%
18% 15% 3% 12% 9% 3% 70% 36% 31% 4% 0.1% 0.03% 0.002%
%
3011106
281033 4693
1018257
862249 694588 167661 191254 148909 42345 1671878 653622
kg/day
1999
2885726
280805 4683
825851 664170 161681 179773 139843 39930 1594613 613830 980783
1999 kg/day
9% 0%
34%
29% 23% 6% 6% 5% 1% 56% 22%
%
2635651 -9%
459840 362159 97682 205889 157805 48084 1649163 601493 853387 194283 6648 303600 10552
2002 kg/day
2744920 -9%
885993 198209 6747 303846 10575
480040 378745 101295 219027 168035 50992 1724686 640484
kg/day
2002
Total
100%
10% 0%
29% 23% 6% 6% 5% 1% 55% 21% 34%
%
CO2
32% 7% 0% 11% 0%
17% 14% 4% 8% 6% 2% 63% 23%
%
100%
17% 14% 4% 8% 6% 2% 63% 23% 32% 7% 0% 12% 0%
%
-9%
8% 125%
-13%
-44% -45% -40% 15% 13% 20% 3% -2%
Overall Change
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.2
Motor vehicles
Motor vehicle emissions were dependent on vehicle numbers, age and type of vehicle, fuel type and consumption, road type and congestion conditions. 3.2.2.1 Motor vehicle numbers The numbers of privately-used motor vehicles available to householders in Metropolitan Christchurch presented in Figure 3.15 were extracted from the 1991, 1996 and 2001 New Zealand Census database. The data provide a general overview of motor vehicle trends in Metropolitan Christchurch and are presented for illustration purposes only (i.e. the numbers were not used in the calculation of emissions). Commercial vehicles, used solely for work purposes, were excluded. An increase in vehicle numbers is evident from 150616 in 1996 to 169137 in 1999 (+12%). A further increase of 9% was apparent from 1999 to 2001 (184243 motor vehicles). It is expected that this trend would continue.
3.2.2.2 Fuel type The model from which the NZ-TER were derived, the VFEM, provided motor vehicle profiles by fuel type for the 1996 and 1999 base years, and projected numbers for 2001 and 2003. Figure 3.16 indicates the proportion of cars and light commercial vehicles (LCVs) in the motor vehicle fleet by fuel type. A distinct increase in the use of diesel-fuelled vehicles is evident, particularly for LCVs. In 1996, 67% of LCVs used petrol and 33% used diesel. By 2003, the share of diesel operated LCVs in the fleet (50.2%) was greater than that of petrol (49.8%). The number of diesel cars also increased slightly. In 1996, 4% of cars used diesel and 96% used petrol. By 2003, the proportion of diesel cars increased to 7% and petrol decreased to 93%. The increase in cars fuelled by diesel is most likely attributed to greater numbers of recreational four wheel drive vehicles.
Number of Motor Vehicles
200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1991
1996
2001
Census Year Figure 3.15
Motor vehicles available for private use in Metropolitan Christchurch
(source: New Zealand Census database)
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
71
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%
Diesel
40%
Petrol
30% 20% 10% 0% 1996 1999 2001 2003 1996 1999 2001 2003 Cars
Figure 3.16
Light Commercial Vehicles
Proportion of vehicles by fuel type
(source: MoT, 1998a)
Table 3.26
Profile of the NZ motor vehicle fleet by year 1996
Cars Light commercial vehicles (LCVs)
1999
2001
2003
%
%
%
%
76
77
77
77
14
13
13
13
1
4.4
4.1
4.0
3.9
1
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.6
Heavy goods service vehicles (small) Heavy goods service vehicles (medium) 1
Heavy goods service vehicles (large)
4.1
3.9
4.0
4.2
Motor cycles and mopeds 1 HGSVs = trucks and buses (source: MoT, 1998a)
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
3.2.2.3 Fleet composition Table 3.26 provides the profile of the New Zealand motor vehicle fleet for the 1996 – 1999 base years and projected fleet profiles for 2001 and 2003. Interpolated data (from 2001 to 2003) were used for the 2002 assessment. The fleet data indicate the relative distribution of vehicles by type, nationally, has not changed significantly from 1996-2003. Slight decreases occurred in the proportion of LCVs, and small to medium trucks and buses. Minor increases in the proportion of large trucks and
72
buses, motor cycles and mopeds were also apparent. 3.2.2.4 Vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) Table 3.27 presents VKT under various flow conditions for the different study areas and inventory years.
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.27
Vehicle kilometres travelled on an average winter’s day
Inner Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT Suburban Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT Outer Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT Metropolitan Christchurch Free flow (A-B) Interrupted flow (C-D) Congested flow (E-F) Total VKT
1996 VKT % 71% 2010198 27% 779959 2% 55694 100% 2845851
1999 VKT % 68% 2025838 29% 881733 3% 93553 100% 3001124
2002 VKT % 65% 2035335 31% 984039 4% 129841 100% 3149214
1996 VKT % 73% 3719731 26% 1312039 2% 82170 100% 5113940 1996 VKT % 83% 1004596 17% 200208 1% 8128 100% 1212932 1996 VKT % 75% 4724327 24% 1512246 1% 90298 100% 6326871
1999 VKT % 69% 3738998 29% 1542800 2% 122639 100% 5404437 1999 VKT % 81% 1051024 18% 232834 1% 9991 100% 1293849 1999 VKT % 72% 4790022 27% 1775634 2% 132631 100% 6698287
2002 VKT % 66% 3765213 31% 1745919 3% 181126 100% 5692258 2002 VKT % 79% 1088100 20% 270220 2% 21717 100% 1380036 2002 VKT % 69% 4853313 29% 2016138 3% 202843 100% 7072294
Overall change 1% 26% 133% 11% Overall change 1% 33% 120% 11% Overall change 8% 35% 167% 14% Overall change 3% 33% 125% 12%
In 2002, total VKT on an average winter’s day in Metropolitan Christchurch was 7072294. Eighty percent occurred in Suburban Christchurch20 and 20% in Outer Christchurch. In Metropolitan Christchurch, the majority of 2002 VKT occurred under free-flow conditions (69%) with 29% under interrupted flow and 3% under congested flow. Outer Christchurch had a significantly higher proportion of free-flow conditions (79%) compared with the other areas. The area with the highest proportion of congested flow VKT was Inner Christchurch (4%). Figure 3.17 illustrates the proportion of VKT under the various flow conditions for 1996, 1999 and 2002. VKT increased over time under all flow conditions and study areas. Slight increases were experienced in free-flowing conditions, higher increases in interrupted conditions and significantly larger increases under congested flow conditions. In Metropolitan Christchurch, VKT under free flow conditions increased by 3% from 1996, interrupted flow by 33%, and congested flow by 125% with an overall increase of 12%.
20
56% of Suburban Christchurch VKT occurred in Inner Christchurch.
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
73
74
Figure 3.17
Proportion of VKT by year
Congested flow (E - F)
Interrupted flow (C - D)
Free flow (A - B)
Vehicle kilometres travelled level of service
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
1996
1999
1996 1999
2002
1999
2002
1996 1999
2002
0
Inner Christchurch
1996
Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
2002
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
° 2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.2.5 Emissions In 2002, the motor vehicle sector was the greatest source of CO (51%), CO2 (43%) and NOx (81%) emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch (see contaminant tables in Section 3.1). Of the compounds included in the inventory, however, PM10 is the only contaminant that frequently exceeds ambient air quality guidelines. Motor vehicles contribute significantly less emissions of PM10, 1.2 t (9%), from Metropolitan Christchurch than sources such as domestic home heating 11.2 t (82%).
22
motor vehicle fleet . Increases in VKT and congestion, and associated increases in fuel consumption are likely causes for greater CO2 emissions. The increase in SOx emissions is most likely related to rising numbers of diesel vehicles (as indicated in Section 3.2.2.2), increased diesel fuel consumption and sulphur content of the fuel. This trend may be expected to decrease in the future however due to current government proposals aimed at reducing sulphur levels in fuel.
Motor vehicle emissions varied over the period of a day with maximum emissions for all contaminants and areas occurring between 10am and 4pm (see Table 3.28 and 3.29). On an average hourly basis (between 10am and 4pm) motor vehicles discharged 0.08 t/hr of PM10, 0.08 t/hr of PM2.5, 6.5 t/hr of CO, 260.9 t/hr of CO2, 1.2 t/hr of NOx and 0.1 t/hr of SOx in Metropolitan Christchurch. Although the motor vehicle emissions take into account variables such as vehicle and fuel type, driving condition or road type, the emissions calculated were classified by emission type and area only. Subsequently, it was not possible to determine differing levels of impacts by these variables. The emission factors in Section 2.2, however, provide an indication of emission levels produced under various road conditions and type. Based on these, contaminant emissions are greatest under congested flow conditions and on central urban roads.21 Total emissions from the motor vehicle sector decreased over time as indicated in Figures 3.18 – 3.22 and Table 3.30. PM10 emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch decreased from 1.5 t in 1996 to 1.2 t in 2002 (-21%), CO from 118 t in 1996 to 101 t in 2002 (-15%), NOx from 19 t in 1996 to 18 t in 2002 (-5%). Emissions of CO2 and SOx, conversely, increased by 6% and 10%. The emission trends were consistent with those indicated by Ayrey (2001) where PM10, CO and NOx were projected to decrease and CO2 and SOx to increase. It is probable that the reductions were due to greater infiltration of imported vehicles into the New Zealand
21
Cold start was included as a component of each driving condition category so could not be assessed separately [see Section 2.2].
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
22
Petrol-fuelled vehicles imported from overseas are now fitted with emission control equipment installed at time of vehicle manufacture.
75
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.28
Motor vehicle emissions by time of day, 2002 PM10
Motor Vehicles PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.13 0.21 0.17 0.02
0.13 0.21 0.17 0.02
11.47 18.51 15.07 1.99
340.11 685.62 436.21 56.51
1.95 3.23 2.54 0.37
0.18 0.30 0.24 0.03
Total (t)
0.54
0.54
47.04
1518.45
8.08
0.75
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.23 0.37 0.30 0.04
0.23 0.37 0.30 0.04
19.91 32.15 26.45 3.61
598.05 1219.36 772.90 103.77
3.44 5.70 4.53 0.68
0.32 0.52 0.42 0.06
Total (t)
0.94
0.94
82.12
2694.08
14.36
1.32
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.05 0.08 0.07 0.01
0.05 0.08 0.07 0.01
4.63 6.85 6.11 0.92
154.36 346.26 195.09 26.71
0.83 1.27 1.10 0.17
0.08 0.11 0.10 0.02
Total (t)
0.22
0.22
18.50
722.42
3.38
0.31
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.28 0.45 0.37 0.05
0.28 0.45 0.37 0.05
24.54 39.00 32.56 4.52
752.42 1565.62 967.99 130.48
4.28 6.98 5.63 0.85
0.39 0.64 0.52 0.08
Total (t)
1.16
1.16
100.63
3416.50
17.73
1.63
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Christchurch Metropolitan
Table 3.29
Average hourly emissions from motor vehicles, 2002 PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.07 0.08 0.06 0.01
0.07 0.08 0.06 0.01
6.14 6.50 5.43 0.57
188.10 260.94 161.33 16.31
1.07 1.16 0.94 0.11
0.10 0.11 0.09 0.01
Total (t)
0.21
0.21
18.63
626.68
3.28
0.30
Christchurch Metropolitan
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Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.18
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
PM10 emissions from motor vehicles by year
NB: The height of the columns provide an indication of relative emission quantities – for total amounts see Table 3.30.
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.19
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO emissions from motor vehicles by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
77
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.20
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
CO2 emissions from motor vehicles by year
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels 1996
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.21
78
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
NOx emissions from motor vehicles by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
°
Legend Metropolitan Christchurch Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Inner Christchurch 1996
1999
2002
Outer Christchurch Emission levels
1996
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
1996 1999 2002
1996
1999
2002
1996
1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
0
Figure 3.22
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
SOx emissions from motor vehicles by year
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
79
80
Metropolitan Christchurch
Inner Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Outer Christchurch 3215
1434.02 2557.19 657.67
1996
1.47
Metropolitan Christchurch
Study Area
0.69 1.20 0.26
Inner Christchurch Suburban Christchurch Outer Christchurch
1996 0.54 0.94 0.22
2002
3328
1486.64 2636.85 691.44
1999
3417
1518.45 2694.08 722.42
2002
1.36 1.16 CO2 (t)
0.64 1.12 0.25
1999
PM10 (t)
6%
18.69
8.61 15.19 3.50
1996
Overall Change 6% 5% 10%
1.09
0.51 0.89 0.20
1996
-21%
-22% -22% -18%
Overall Change
Change in motor vehicle emissions from 1996 - 2002
Study Area
Table 3.30
0.16 0.40 0.10
2002
18.33
8.41 14.88 3.46
1999
17.73
8.08 14.36 3.38
2002
1.27 0.50 NOx (t)
0.47 1.08 0.19
1999
PM2.5 (t)
-5%
1.48
0.69 1.20 0.27
1996
Overall Change -6% -6% -4%
118.07
55.67 96.65 21.42
1996
-54%
-68% -55% -49%
Overall Change
47.04 82.12 18.50
2002
1.54
0.72 1.26 0.29
1999
1.63
0.75 1.32 0.31
2002
109.72 100.62 SOx (t)
51.59 89.74 19.97
1999
CO (t)
10%
9% 10% 12%
Overall Change
-15%
-16% -15% -14%
Overall Change
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.3
x x x x x x x
Industrial and commercial
Industrial and commercial emissions were dependent on the number and type of activities operating, type and quantity of fuel used, hours of operation and type of control equipment employed. 3.2.3.1 Activity location The Environment Canterbury Resource Consent Database identified 686 industries and commercial activities consented to discharge contaminants to air in 2002. The location of these activities are presented in Figure 3.23.
abrasive blasting aggregate handling foundries pneumatic conveying quarrying seed cleaning/handling, and operation of combustion equipment such as boilers, generators and incinerators
Industries such as adhesive coating, beer brewing, can coating, fibreglassing, powder coating, printing, rubber manufacture, spray painting and textile printing, also consented to discharge contaminants to air, were excluded. These activities mainly discharged volatile organic compounds which were not included as a contaminant in the 2002 inventory. Table 3.31 and Figure 3.24 outline changes in the number of activities over time.
3.2.3.2 Activity type and quantity The 686 industrial and commercial activities consented to discharge contaminants to air included:
Legend
°
KAIAPOI
Metropolitan Christchurch
"
Outer Christchurch Suburban Christchurch
"
""
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Locations of industrial and commercial sources
" " "" " " """""""""" " " " " " " " " " " "" " " " " "" " "" "" " " " " """" " " """ " " "" """" """ "" " " " " " " "" """" " "" "" " " " " " "" "" " " "" " " " " " " "" " " " """" " " "" " " "" " "" " """ " " " " " " " " " " " "" "" " " " " " "" " "" " " " " """ " "" " " " " " " "" " " " "" " "" " " " " " " " """""""" """" " " " " "" """ """"""""""" " " " "" """"" """""""" "" "" " "" "" " "" """ """"""" " "" " "" """""" " " " " " " " " """ " " """ " "" " "" "" "" " " "" " " " " " " " " "" " " " " " " "" """ " "" " " "" " " " " "" " " "" " " """ " " """ " """""""""" "" "" "" " " "" " " " " " " " "
"
"
Inner Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Major roads Minor roads
REDWOOD
River and stream centrelines
HAREWOOD
PARKLANDS
CASEBROOK
BISHOPDALE
BURWOOD
"
""
PAPANUI
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
"
"
AVONHEAD RUSSLEY
ILAM
NORTH NEW BRIGHTON
MAIREHAU
SHIRLEY
AVONDALE NEW BRIGHTON
SAINT ALBANS BEXLEY DALLINGTON MERIVALE ARANUI RICHMOND WAINONI
FENDALTON
AVONSIDE
SOUTH NEW BRIGHTON
"
BROOMFIELD
HEI HEI
UPPER RICCARTON RICCARTON
Inner Christchurch
SOCKBURN
BROMLEY
CHRISTCHURCH
ISLINGTON
HORNBY
MIDDLETON
ADDINGTON
"
SYDENHAMWALTHAM
TEMPLETON
SAINT MARTINS
SPREYDON HILLMORTON
HOON HAY
OPAWAWOOLSTON
BECKENHAM
REDCLIFFS HILLSBOROUGH MOUNT PLEASANT HUNTSBURY HEATHCOTE VALLEY CASHMERE
SCARBOROUGH
OAKLANDS PREBBLETON
"
CRACROFT
TAYLORS MISTAKE
"
HALSWELL
LINCOLN
Figure 3.23
0
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
Location of industrial and commercial activities in Christchurch, 2002
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
81
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
100%
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1999
2002
Inner Christchurch
Figure 3.24
1999
2002
Suburban Christchurch
2002 Outer Christchurch
1999
2002
Christchurch Metropolitan
Changes in the proportional distribution of combustion and processing activities in Christchurch
The total number of combustion and processing sources in Metropolitan Christchurch increased from 1999. The relative distribution of sources however did not change significantly. In 1999, 83% of industrial and commercial activities involved combustion and 17% processing. In 2002, 84% were combustion related and 16% were processing activities.
Coal-fired and light fuel oil boilers, waste oil burners, and processing industries such as quarrying, were proportionally more common in Outer Christchurch than Inner Christchurch. Diesel boilers, generators, and LPG boilers were more numerous in Inner Christchurch.
The most common industrial or commercial emission sources in Metropolitan Christchurch in 2002 were diesel and coal-fired boilers. A total of 228 diesel-fired boilers (43%), 91 coalfired boilers (17%), 40 LPG boilers (8%), 38 light fuel oil boilers (7%), 38 pneumatic conveyors (7%) and other minor source types were used during the wintertime in Metropolitan Christchurch. Diesel generators increased from 7 in 1999 to 14 in 2002 (+100%), LPG boilers from 26 to 40 (+54%), foundries from 11 to 16 (+45%), abrasive blasting from 8 to 11 (+38%), and diesel-fired boilers from 182 to 228 (+25%). The number of coal-fired boilers, pneumatic conveyors and seed cleaning/handling processing plants decreased. Coal-fired boilers declined from 123 in 1999 to 91 in 2002 (-26%), pneumatic conveyors from 42 to 38 (10%), and seed cleaning/handling processing plants from 6 to 5 (-17%). The proportion of light fuel oil boilers and total combustion sources also slightly declined.
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Environment Canterbury Technical Report
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Table 3.31
Changes in the types and numbers of industrial and commercial activities from 1999 to 2002
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total Process Total
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total process Total
Inner Christchurch 2002 Number %
1999 Number %
Overall change %
35 100 4 1 12 9 1 8 170
18% 51% 2% 1% 6% 5% 1% 4% 86%
32 104 8 1 12 17 2 9 185
15% 50% 4% 0% 6% 8% 1% 4% 89%
-9% 4% 100% 0% 0% 89% 100% 13% 9%
1 1 21 1 4 28
1%
0 0 5 17 2 0
0% 0% 2% 8% 1% 0%
-100%
2% 14%
24
11%
-14%
198
100%
209
100%
6%
1% 11% 1%
1999 Number %
400% -19% 100%
Suburban Christchurch Overall change 2002 Number % %
85 163 7 3 31 24 2 12 327
21% 41% 2% 1% 8% 6% 1% 3% 82%
75 204 12 3 32 36 6 15 383
16% 45% 3% 1% 7% 8% 1% 3% 84%
-12% 25% 71% 0% 3% 50% 200% 25% 17%
8 10 38 5 11 72
2%
2% 1% 4% 8% 1% 0% 0% 16%
25%
3% 18%
10 5 16 35 5 0 1 72
399
100%
455
100%
3% 10% 1%
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
60% -8% 0%
0% 14%
83
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total Process Total
Discharge type
Coal fired boilers Diesel fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Total combustion Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total process Total
Inner Christchurch 2002 Number %
1999 Number %
Overall change %
35 100 4 1 12 9 1 8 170
18% 51% 2% 1% 6% 5% 1% 4% 86%
32 104 8 1 12 17 2 9 185
15% 50% 4% 0% 6% 8% 1% 4% 89%
-9% 4% 100% 0% 0% 89% 100% 13% 9%
1 1 21 1 4 28
1%
0 0 5 17 2 0
0% 0% 2% 8% 1% 0%
-100%
2% 14%
24
11%
-14%
198
100%
209
100%
6%
1% 11% 1%
1999 Number %
400% -19% 100%
Suburban Christchurch Overall change 2002 Number % %
85 163 7 3 31 24 2 12 327
21% 41% 2% 1% 8% 6% 1% 3% 82%
75 204 12 3 32 36 6 15 383
16% 45% 3% 1% 7% 8% 1% 3% 84%
-12% 25% 71% 0% 3% 50% 200% 25% 17%
8 10 38 5 11 72
2%
2% 1% 4% 8% 1% 0% 0% 16%
25%
3% 18%
10 5 16 35 5 0 1 72
399
100%
455
100%
3% 10% 1%
60% -8% 0%
0% 14%
NB: Industries included in the “other” category in 1999 fall within categories such as aggregate handling and quarrying in the 2002 inventory.
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.3.3 Fuel type and quantities used The industrial survey conducted in 2002 collected detailed fuel use data for industrial and commercial activities throughout Christchurch. Fuel use is expected to vary significantly on an annual basis in response to prevailing economic and commercial environments. As such, these should be reassessed each time an inventory is undertaken. Table 3.32 indicates fuel quantities used by the industrial and commercial sector on an average winter’s day in 2002.
Source type Coal fired boilers Diesel boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood fired burners Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Quarrying Seed Cleaning/Handling
Table 3.32
peaked between 6am and 10am (see Table 3.34). At this time, on an average hourly basis, industrial and commercial sources generated 0.09 t/hr of PM10, 0.05 t/hr of PM2.5, 0.2 t/hr of CO, 120 t/hr of CO2, 0.2 t/hr of NOx and 0.6 t/hr of SOx. Figure 3.25 and Table 3.35 present 2002 emissions for the different study areas by industrial and commercial activity type and contaminant.
In 2002, combustion processes were the most dominant source of industrial and commercial emissions. Coal-fired boilers 2002 Inventory contributed 0.8 t of industrial and Total Average daily (65%) in commercial PM10 fuel/material fuel/material Metropolitan Christchurch, 1.3 t of used per day use per CO (62%), 800 t of CO2 (42%), 1.5 t (t) source (t) of NOx (52%) and 5.4 t of SOx 333 4 (63%). Wood-fired burners, LPG, 87 0.4 0.8 0.1 and an industry in the “other” 9 3 category, were also significant. 46 1 Wood-fired burners contributed 0.2 204 5 t of PM10 (19%) and 0.5 t of CO 3 0.4 (24%). LPG boilers generated 589 77 4 t (31%) of CO2 and 0.5 t (19%) of 2 0.2 NOx, and the “other” industrial 6767 677 source produced 2 t (23%) of SOx. 55 177 8419 363
Industrial and commercial fuel use, 2002
3.2.3.4 Emissions In 2002, industrial and commercial activities were the greatest source of SOx emissions (80%) in Metropolitan Christchurch. This sector contributed 9% of PM10 emissions, 6% of PM2.5, 1% of CO, 24% of CO2 and 13% of NOx emissions (see contaminant tables in Section 3.1). Of the compounds included in the inventory, PM10 is the only contaminant that frequently exceeds ambient air quality guidelines. At the present time, industrial and commercial activities are not a major source of PM10. Industrial and commercial emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch varied over the period of a day as outlined in Table 3.33. Although the greatest contaminant emissions occurred during the hours of 10am and 4pm, on an average hourly basis emissions actually
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
3 5 1684 73
Emissions from industrial and commercial sources in Metropolitan Christchurch have changed over time. While this may be due in some extent to changing economic and commercial circumstances and improvements in technology, it is more likely to be the result of improved inventory data collection methods (see Section 2.5). It would be expected, for example, that emissions from coal-fired boilers would decrease in response to declining boiler numbers; the data however suggest there has been an increase. The emission factor used to calculate emissions within a particular category also has a substantial impact on calculated emissions for that year. In 2002, four different types of foundries, and two different types of abrasive blasting were identified. The PM10 emission factors for foundries varied from 0.05 kg/Unit to 89.6 kg/Unit, and for abrasive/sand blasting from 0.69 kg/Unit to 13 kg/Unit. In the 1999 inventory, all abrasive blasting activities were classified as sand blasting (emission factor 13 kg/Unit) but only two were included in this category in the 2002 inventory. Further, eight foundries were classified as non-ferrous in 1999 (emission factor 89.6 kg/Unit) but only
85
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
one in the 2002 inventory. The impact of these factors was evident in both the abrasive blasting and foundry categories where the numbers of activities increased since 1999 but emissions of PM10 substantially decreased. Whilst a direct and valid comparison of 1996, 1999 and 2002 industrial and commercial emissions could not be conducted, increasing Table 3.33
activity numbers indicates industry is expanding and gaining in relative significance. These trends should be noted and quantified in future inventories. To do this, methodologies adopted for this inventory should be applied in future years.
Industrial and commercial emissions by time of day, 2002
Inner Christchurch
Industrial and Commercial Activities PM2.5 PM10 CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.07 0.07 0.05 0.09
0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03
0.11 0.11 0.07 0.13
97.19 119.15 76.41 126.06
0.18 0.20 0.13 0.21
0.52 0.60 0.42 0.76
Total (t)
0.28
0.11
0.42
418.81
0.72
2.31
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.29 0.33 0.15 0.18
0.16 0.17 0.08 0.08
0.48 0.52 0.26 0.30
377.27 465.44 307.83 390.18
0.63 0.73 0.45 0.56
1.81 2.11 1.36 1.79
Total (t)
0.95
0.49
1.55
1540.73
2.37
7.07
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.07 0.11 0.08 0.08
0.04 0.06 0.05 0.06
0.12 0.18 0.14 0.16
103.77 160.65 55.08 45.11
0.12 0.21 0.08 0.06
0.41 0.60 0.27 0.15
Total (t)
0.34
0.21
0.60
364.61
0.47
1.43
PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.35 0.44 0.23 0.26
0.20 0.23 0.13 0.14
0.60 0.69 0.40 0.46
481.05 626.09 362.91 435.29
0.75 0.93 0.53 0.62
2.22 2.72 1.63 1.94
Total (t)
1.29
0.70
2.15
1905.34
2.84
8.50
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Table 3.34
Average hourly emissions from industrial/commercial activities, 2002 PM10
PM2.5
CO
CO2
NOx
SOx
6am-10am 10am-4pm 4pm-10pm 10pm-6am
0.09 0.07 0.04 0.03
0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02
0.15 0.12 0.07 0.06
120.26 104.35 60.48 54.41
0.19 0.16 0.09 0.08
0.56 0.45 0.27 0.24
Total (t)
0.23
0.13
0.39
339.51
0.51
1.52
Christchurch Metropolitan
86
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
Environment Canterbury Technical Report PM10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
PM10 CO NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
0
Inner Christchurch
CO PM10 NO X PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Outer Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch (includes Inner Christchurch)
PM10 NO X CO PM 2.5 CO 2 SO X
Metropolitan Christchurch (All Areas)
Industrial and commercial emissions by source type, 2002
NB: See Table 3.35 for actual percentage values.
Figure 3.25
Other (abrasive blasting, aggregate handling, etc)
Wood-fired burners
Waste oil burners
LPG boilers
Light fuel oil boilers
Incinerators
Diesel generators
Diesel-fired boilers
Coal-fired boilers
Emission Source
Inner Christchurch
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
Metropolitan Christchurch
Legend
2
4
6
8 Kilometres
° 2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
87
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.35
Contaminant emissions by industrial and commercial source, 2002 Inner Christchurch
Total number
PM10 (kg)
PM2.5 (kg)
CO (kg)
CO2 (kg)
NOx (kg)
SOx (kg)
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boilers Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
32 104 8 1 12 17 2 9 185
250 8 3 5 13 1 0.1 2 280
98 2 0 3 8 1 0.0 1 113
371 11 11 5 8 11 0.1 4 419
283267 52601 995 0 36386 44681 298.8 583 418811
500 53 49 5 72 40 0.3 0 721
2078 173 7 3 44 0 0.0 0 2306
Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Total process
5 17 2 24
0.1 0.0 2 3
0.0 0.0 1 1
Total
209
283
114
419
418811
721
2306
Total number
PM10 (kg)
PM2.5 (kg)
CO (kg)
CO2 (kg)
NOx (kg)
SOx (kg)
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boiler Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
75 204 12 3 32 36 6 15 383
718 18 11 14 47 12 1 75 894
359 4 0 9 30 7 0 63 472
1151 25 37 14 28 142 0 156 1554
676716 118235 1687 0 135467 581909 1953 24760 1540728
1252 121 166 17 267 524 2 17 2366
4494 391 24 10 164 1 0 17 5102
Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Other Total process
10 5 16 35 5 1 72
26 0.2 22 0.1 5
3 0.1 17
53
21
0
0
0
1970 1970
Total
455
Suburban Christchurch
Outer Christchurch
948
493
1554
1540728
2366
7072
PM10 (kg)
PM2.5 (kg)
CO (kg)
CO2 (kg)
NOx (kg)
SOx (kg)
188 33 5 2 2 2 364 595
123003 158798 917 9886 7022 7735 57247 364609
215 161 20 20 6 7 40 469
856 522 2 12 0 0 40 1432
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boilers Diesel generators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
16 24 2 6 4 3 3 58
120 23 1 3 0 3 174 325
55 6 0 2 0 0 146 209
Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Pneumatic conveying Quarrying Total process
1 5 3 5 14
6 1 0.1 5 12
1 0 0.0 2 2
72
338 PM10 (kg)
212 PM2.5 (kg)
595 CO (kg)
364609 CO2 (kg)
469 NOx (kg)
1432 SOx (kg)
1339 58 42 14 30 144 2 520 2150
799719 277033 2604 0 145353 588932 9688 82008 1905337
1467 282 187 17 286 531 8 57 2835
5350 913 26 10 176 1 0 57 6534
0
1970 1970
2835
8504
Total Metropolitan Christchurch
88
Total number
1
Total number
Coal-fired boilers Diesel-fired boiler Diesel generators Incinerators Light fuel oil boilers LPG boilers Waste oil burners Wood-fired burners Total combustion
91 228 14 3 38 40 9 18 441
838 41 11 14 50 12 4 249 1220
414 10 0 9 32 7 0 209 681
Abrasive blasting Aggregate handling Foundry Pneumatic conveying Seed cleaning/handling Quarrying Other Total process
11 10 16 38 5 5 1 86
32 1 22 0 5 5
4 0 17 0 1 2
65
24
Total
527
1285
705
2150
1905337
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
3.2.4
Other sources
The 2002 inventory includes an additional category to that used in 1999 termed “other sources”. The assessment of these sources was limited due to the limitations of the activity data and as such will not be included in the final emission summary. These sources should be incorporated into the main categories in future inventory work. Quantified 23 sources include rail and aviation (could be combined with motor vehicles to form a “transport” category), and lawn mowing (could be combined with domestic home heating and other sources to form a “domestic” category). The assessment outlined here is rudimentary and provides a basic indication of the magnitude of emissions for each source rather than an in-depth analysis. Further, the estimates provided are limited to Metropolitan Christchurch and do not include time of day data. Additional sources including rural fires, resuspended road dust, off-road motor vehicles, marine combustion sources, landfills, marine aerosol and agricultural tilling were not quantified, as discussed in Section 3.2.4.4. 3.2.4.1 Aviation The activity data detailed in Table 2.6 in Section 2.4.1.1 indicate the most common aircraft arriving at Christchurch International Airport were turbo-propelled. These comprised 50% of all arrivals and 49% of departures. Jet planes contributed to 28% of arrivals and 25% of departures, and light aircraft to 22% of arrivals and 26% of daily departures. Table 3.36
Emissions were calculated based on landing and take-off cycles. These are outlined in Table 3.36. Light aircraft emissions were not calculated due to insufficient information. In 2002, the aviation sector in Metropolitan Christchurch discharged 0.003 t of PM10, 0.14 t of CO, 25.8 t of CO2, 0.71 t of NOx and 0.008 t of SOx. Jet aircraft produced a significantly higher proportion of emissions per day (84%) than turbo propelled aircraft (16%), despite the lower number of jet aircraft movements per day. The contribution made by light aircraft, unfortunately, was not assessed due to the lack of suitable emission factor data. Although the emissions from this sector are low when considered independently, the estimates should be included in a broader “transport” inventory category in future inventory work. 3.2.4.2 Rail Weekly emissions provided by MoT (1999) were used to calculate daily emissions for 2002. It was assumed that railway operations in Christchurch did not change significantly since 1999 or vary throughout the week. It was also assumed the value included in the rail inventory applied to the area within the Christchurch Territorial Boundary and was therefore the same as Metropolitan Christchurch.
Aircraft emissions (kg/day)
Emissions/day (kg) Jet Turbo Light Aircraft Total %
PM10
CO
CO2
NOX
SOX
Total
%
2.52 0.54 3.06 0.01%
117.6 22.68 140.28 0.5%
21616 4158 25774 99%
60.2 10.8 71 0.3%
6.86 1.35 8.21 0.03%
21803 4193 25996 100%
84% 16% 100%
23
Aviation was included in the 1996 inventory but activity data were not detailed so it is difficult to ascertain whether the aviation results are comparable between inventories. It is assumed that they are not comparable as the light aircraft emission factors (based on motor vehicles) were not considered appropriate in the 2002 inventory.
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2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
Table 3.37 Contaminant PM24 CO NOx Total
Rail emissions Emissions (kg/day) 8.02 32.09 321.42 361.53
% 2 9 89 100
Table 3.37 indicates that the rail sector generated 0.008 t/day of PM10, 0.03 t/day of CO, and 0.3 t/day of NOx. CO2 and SO2 were not included in this assessment. These results indicate that rail emissions are unlikely to be a significant source of emissions when considered independently of other sources. As with aircraft emissions, however, rail should be included in a “transport” category in future years. 3.2.4.3 Lawn mowing Activity data directly related to Christchurch were not collected for the 2002 inventory. Data compiled as part of the Wellington emission inventory (PAE, 1998) were applied to the Christchurch situation. A high degree of uncertainty, therefore, is associated with these estimates. Estimated emissions from lawn mowing activities, based on Christchurch household numbers and emission factors sourced from EA (1999b), are presented in Table 3.38. These emissions do not include other emission-generating garden equipment such as leaf blowers, chainsaws and line trimmers. Table 3.38 Contaminant PM10 CO CO2 NOx SO2 Total
24
Lawn mowing emissions Emission (kg/day) 61 10414 14741 62 1 25279
% 0.2 41 58 0.2 0 100
Note that particulate emissions were calculated based on total particulate matter rather than PM10. Larger size particles may therefore be included. Investigation of appropriately size fractionated emission factors is required for future work. In the interim, the PM value from rail is included as PM10.
90
It is estimated that lawnmowing during the winter in Christchurch generates approximately 0.06 t/day of PM10, 10.4 t/day of CO, 0.06 t/day of NOx and 0.001 t/day of SOx. 3.2.4.4 Miscellaneous sources Outdoor burning within the Christchurch Clean Air Zones is only permitted during the months of March, April, September and October. In areas outside the Clean Air Zones (including parts of Metropolitan Christchurch), however, burning may be conducted at any time of the year (provided an outdoor burning ban is not in force). In these areas, wastes, including domestic refuse and garden waste, and rural vegetative waste (from orchards, market gardens, vineyards, arable crops, nurseries and life style blocks) are likely to be burnt during the cooler months of the year. During 1999, 364 complaints were received by Environment Canterbury concerning outdoor burning of waste. The majority of these complaints originated in the Christchurch urban area (Environment Canterbury, 2002b). It is possible therefore that this source may occasionally impact on the Metropolitan Christchurch area during the winter months. The quantity of emissions from outdoor burning could not be estimated in 2002 for two reasons. Firstly, reliable and recent information regarding the current extent of outdoor burning in these areas was not available. Secondly, the emission factors used for estimating such sources were widely variable. More definitive activity data are required for an emission estimate to be derived. Consideration should be given to devising an appropriate data collection method to allow this source to be included in future inventories. Emissions generated from the motor vehicle sector were not limited to those discharged from the exhaust. Motor vehicle movement results in the resuspension of dust deposited on roads. These emissions were not estimated in 2002 as overseas evidence regarding the transportation of such emissions is inconclusive. GeoViro Engineering Ltd (2001) reported that some studies found PM10 material emitted from a road surface was deposited within 50 m of the road edge while other studies indicated that 65% of resuspended PM10 was deposited within 500 – 1500m downwind. The report further stated that paved road dust did not appear to impact significantly on ambient air quality within the Greater Vancouver Regional District area. This may also apply to Christchurch as motor
Environment Canterbury Technical Report
2002 Christchurch inventory of emission to air
vehicle impacts tend to be localised in nature. Inclusion of this source in an inventory at the current time is unwarranted. This may be reconsidered at a later date following a thorough review of the available literature. Other motor vehicle related emissions not included in 2002 were those produced by brake and tyre wear. Methods of including these emissions in future assessments should be investigated. Off-road motor vehicles were also a potential source of emissions in Metropolitan Christchurch due to the proportion of rural or semi-rural land. Off-road vehicles include tractors and small trucks commonly used on horticultural/farming properties. Emissions from these sources were not quantified, as specific activity data were not collected. Future inventories should consider surveying semi-rural areas within Metropolitan Christchurch to determine levels of activity. Emissions from marine combustion sources are often included in emission inventories developed for coastal or harbour cities. While Christchurch is located on the coast, recreational boating occurs infrequently (particularly during the winter). Water-based activities within the area are mainly nonmotorised, including yachting, board sailing, kite surfing, surfing and kayaking. It was not considered necessary therefore for these sources to be included in the 2002 assessment.
Natural sources, such as marine aerosol, may also contribute emissions of PM10 and PM2.5. The contribution of this source to emissions in Christchurch is not currently well understood. A source apportionment study currently underway will determine the impact of marine aerosol on fine particle concentrations (PM2.5) during winter and summer. Greater impacts are likely, however, on the larger size fraction (PM10) as marine aerosol particles are generally larger in size. The study nevertheless will provide a reasonable indication of the number of days affected by marine aerosol in Christchurch. If this source is deemed significant it may be necessary to develop methods for including it in future inventories. Finally, emissions may also be generated from agricultural tilling and wind action on exposed soils. The quantity of emissions from these sources was not determined in 2002 as the emissions are likely to be minimal due to low wind speeds during the winter months.
Landfills, such as that located at Burwood, may be significant sources of contaminants including methane (CH4) and CO2. These contaminants, the primary constituents of landfill gas, are produced during the anaerobic decomposition of cellulose and proteins in landfilled waste. Quantification of emissions from this source ideally requires direct measurement of emissions. Data of this type were not available for Burwood Landfill so quantification was not advisable. Further, it is unknown whether biogenically produced CO2 from landfills should be included in regional emission inventory assessments. Inventories conducted at a national level do not include biogenically sourced emissions. Emissions from composting operations are also biogenic in nature. These sources were not quantified for similar reasons. Further investigation of this issue is required prior to including these emissions in future inventories.
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