4 November - 10 November
4 November - 10 November November 7: Alexander MacKenzie
Reading: Bumsted, pp. 113-18 including embedded texts on A Common Soldier (pp. 116-17 and Tecumseh, (p. 99). • The War of 1812 • americans declared war on great Britain june 18, 1812 • britians high handedness in searching american ships on the high seas during the napoleonic blockade • removing british subjects abroad them • recruiting them into the navy • britians failure to abandon the Ohio valley, where military posts continued to monitor the fur trade • americans coveted candace and they proceeded again to invade in 1812-1813 • armies successively were thrust back through the majority entry points • those told to held province against american armies were neither well trained or welled • appearance of invading american armies posed crisis of allegiance for american settlers in upper canada • civilian damage was heavy • loyalty question wouldn't emerge until after war was over • upper Canadians came out of war convinced that militia had won the war single handed although most militia died of debase and fewer than 30 died in battle • militia myth contributed to emergence of upper Canadian identity through middle years of 19th century • naval war on great lakes from 1812-1814 • atlantic ocean front had handful of legendary set battles between individual american and British naval vessels, which americans typically won, considerable quantity of prize taking both british navy and privateers on goths ides
• british won war of prizes • atlantic canada made economic contribution to their communities and helped keep nova Scotia and new Brunswick humming during conflict • before war was ended, Toronto was burned, american a capital at Washington was sacked in retaliation, fort michilimackinac (lake huron) was captured and held by Canadian voyageurs • 1814 great lakes, americans appeared to be winning • last battle new orleans jan 8 1815 was fought after peace statement had been signed • slow communication had kept combatants from knowing hostilities had ceased • americans treated war of 1812 as second war of independence (necessary struggle of separation from mother country) • british saw it as sideshow to napoleon in Europe • british america, war represented an opportunity to serve asa conduit for illicit trade between Britain and US • lower canada, support the french Canadians gave the british demonstrated their loyalty • upper canada, war provided a demarcation point between the loyal and disloyal (americans) • british one in terms of allegiance • after 1815 american culture and influence would decline • upper Canadian tory elite became convinced that the province had ben in great danger • elite carried over the post war period their beliefs in the necessity of the simultaneous suppression of political opposition and the maintenance of social harmony, by force if necessary • beliefs served as basis for upper Canadian toryism for several generations • united states had used the war to solidify its control of the middle ground in Ohio valley and to push the aboriginals farther towards the margins • both united states and great Britain would endeavour not only to end hostilities with the native peoples but forthwith to restore such tribes or nations respectively all possessions, rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed or been entitled to in one 1811, previous to such hostilities
• north west: little war between hudson bay company and north west company ran its own course, occasionally touching on Anglo-American conflict • war of 1912, the west fur trade war was fought to an expensive draw—-merge in 1821 • A common soldier fights in the war of 1812 • men dying in war • must leave some behind • prisoners of war • conclusion • diplomatic convention in 1818, great Britain and the united states would agree to declare the great lances an unarmed zone and 49th parallel to be anglo-american border from the lake of the woods to the rocky mountains • british policy would be consistently to seek entente rather than trouble with americans so in a sense americans had won • defeat of napoleon in 1815 marked watershed for Britain and NA colonies • after 1815 shift from overheated war economy to peacetime one in british isles produced substantial unemployment • no industrialization and agricultural rationalization left—-out of work • new era of emigration and immigration • 1815-1860 more than a million Britons would leave their homes and come to british america • help british colonies into maturity Lecture: • relationships between british and aboriginal • common law relationships to issue children • not formalized though the christian church • brant^^ • usually born out of commercial relationships • Mackenzie - fur trader and explorer w/ common law aboriginal wife
• women had more power in aboriginal communities or where less european are settled bc european law (man to rights private property) didn't have full control • molly and joseph brantt bc they sided with british, if they stay in ohio valley then they will lose their land bc americans will seek vengeance on them for siding with british • border between lake erie, ontario, lake saint clair and lake Detroit are border between british american and american republic • mohawk move north and given 700,000 and near grand river, good farming land • seek a land surrendering agreement ( from missisauga people) • britsih imperial government reserve land west of montreal, as reserve as the indians hunting ground • and process of how the land could be set up of government through formal surrender of land with representatives • british need to ask missisaugians to surrender their land • mohawk were loyalists • ownership and control over colonies are still important • colonies are a market for commercial market for british finished goods • creation of new settlements of people • continual process of people fleeing the united states • subsidies • compensation for their property losses during the american rebellion • able to gain compensation for those property loses • means which they can establish themselves in british north america • discover land in nova scotia is poor • they move to west of montreal - upper canada (after 1791) - up from st. lawerence river • upper canada will be ontario and lower canada will be quebec • that area (upper canada) encompassed by majority population - french speaking catholic population • anglican church sell off land for financial gain and hire more missionaries and build more churches in upper canada (Lead to 1873 rebellion) • maintains civil law as property law • british super impose their own common law system in terms of criminal jursiticon upon the french • property law ( or issues that affect third parties) - civil code (?)
• industrialization: expanding so 1850 british is more economic capital of the world • pushes people - creating anarchy • industrialization is ongoing within china today • largest migration in world history (rural or urban population) • huge pollution and massive production in britian (like china today) • industrialization means move from rural to urban for mass employment • jobs and opportunity pulling them • pull factors: stable income and adventure which may not have had before • young people make migration • push factors: nature of rural production is changing (1750—1850) - enclosure: where peoples common rights to field are gradually being undermined by stature laws by birtish parliament • usually engaged in agriculture/people who own , rent land, cottagers, people who have no land and larger land owners • produce only small parts of land— have cows (usually 1 ) - difference between life and death (milk—butter to be sold, calves— to be sold, manuer) • difference between survival and starvation • not agriculturally efficient or productive • to create barriers on their plots of land • used to be all open land • each individual had a common right to use parts of land when it wasn't in production (led to survival or not) • common right: every individual had a right to grave live stock on these fields when weren't in production • turn common rights to private rights (british) • rural individual can no longer survive — stay and starve or move into urban areas • more of them—additional pressure • 1850 great Britain had more economic power and political power • most premier industrialized nation in the world • enclosure: up until this there was an open field system, everyone knew there wasn't fences between lance and within the community they knew where their land was. by enclosure they're forced to produce barriers
• this who were the poorest, can no longer lean • end of the harvest, the poor people of the community had a right to take what was left—that was taken away as well too • rights to hunt are reduced dramatically • british north america a bit more relaxed • upper canada becomes a haven of protestan french canadain speakers • head of each government is lt. governor • assisted in governing colonies by head council (like the cabinet) • appointed by the lt. governor, always leading protestant members of that colony • women are never appointed to those possessions • upper house of legislator/senate:legislative and governors council— upper house • below upper house is legislative assembly - elective members, equivalent to house of commons • women, coloured, american migrants to upper canada and aboriginal dont have right to vote • property qualification to vote • limited franchise ^^^ • the assizes — sitting of the justice of king courts bench—they ride out together • court of general sessions: justices of the peace appointed to deal with minimal and minor criminal offences • highest court: kings court bench (now ontario high court division) • fur trade: after the beaver to make hats • soft under hair to make felt • what was traded: hudson bay company blankets • to aboriginal people in this region • manufactured goods in great britian traded • made according to needs and demands of aboriginal people at this time • post 1760 period where british people excuse monopoly over this trade • increasing specialization of factory production to meet globalized markets • hudson bay company to produce wool blankets and more cloth items • excellerates production in great britian
• market is expanding • mackenzie in ft. chipewyan • after 1763 more intermarriage • english and scottish (like Mackenzie) traders move into interior in greater number • marriage according to custom of the country • build commercial and political alliances • women who marry aboriginal fur traders were adapt and prefer other necessary functions with alliance or marriages with fur traders—-providing them to access of food • aboriginals are good as guides • mackenzie in 1775, scottish fur trader • he moves to Montreal and becomes associated with fur trade, seeing it as an opportunity • first known white man to traverse the continent • famous for discovery of the mackenzie (first known person to make that journey) • frt. chipewayn to great bear lake • jun 3 1789 • further he moves north, the fewer people he encounters
Tutorial: 5 question marks in square brackets • Census: • 1851 • types of material found in census to help understand something about a family who immigrated to upper canada in early 1800 — • census not tell us, obscure— • 1871 (prnt sched. 1,4,5) • what does 1871 tell us previous census did not, in what way — • what details are provided here that weren't provided in 1851— • what does it tell us about nature of government in mid 1800 • what was the government interest in people ethnicity — • what do schedules tell us about household economies (general description of schedules) —-
Reading: Bumsted, pp. 113-18 including embedded texts on A Common Soldier (pp. 116-17 and Tecumseh, (p. 99). • The War of 1812 • americans declared war on great Britain june 18, 1812 • britians high handedness in searching american ships on the high seas during the napoleonic blockade • removing british subjects abroad them • recruiting them into the navy • britians failure to abandon the Ohio valley, where military posts continued to monitor the fur trade • americans coveted candace and they proceeded again to invade in 1812-1813 • armies successively were thrust back through the majority entry points • those told to held province against american armies were neither well trained or welled • appearance of invading american armies posed crisis of allegiance for american settlers in upper canada • civilian damage was heavy • loyalty question wouldn't emerge until after war was over • upper Canadians came out of war convinced that militia had won the war single handed although most militia died of debase and fewer than 30 died in battle • militia myth contributed to emergence of upper Canadian identity through middle years of 19th century • naval war on great lakes from 1812-1814 • atlantic ocean front had handful of legendary set battles between individual american and British naval vessels, which americans typically won, considerable quantity of prize taking both british navy and privateers on goths ides
• british won war of prizes • atlantic canada made economic contribution to their communities and helped keep nova Scotia and new Brunswick humming during conflict • before war was ended, Toronto was burned, american a capital at Washington was sacked in retaliation, fort michilimackinac (lake huron) was captured and held by Canadian voyageurs • 1814 great lakes, americans appeared to be winning • last battle new orleans jan 8 1815 was fought after peace statement had been signed • slow communication had kept combatants from knowing hostilities had ceased • americans treated war of 1812 as second war of independence (necessary struggle of separation from mother country) • british saw it as sideshow to napoleon in Europe • british america, war represented an opportunity to serve asa conduit for illicit trade between Britain and US • lower canada, support the french Canadians gave the british demonstrated their loyalty • upper canada, war provided a demarcation point between the loyal and disloyal (americans) • british one in terms of allegiance • after 1815 american culture and influence would decline • upper Canadian tory elite became convinced that the province had ben in great danger • elite carried over the post war period their beliefs in the necessity of the simultaneous suppression of political opposition and the maintenance of social harmony, by force if necessary • beliefs served as basis for upper Canadian toryism for several generations • united states had used the war to solidify its control of the middle ground in Ohio valley and to push the aboriginals farther towards the margins • both united states and great Britain would endeavour not only to end hostilities with the native peoples but forthwith to restore such tribes or nations respectively all possessions, rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed or been entitled to in one 1811, previous to such hostilities
• north west: little war between hudson bay company and north west company ran its own course, occasionally touching on Anglo-American conflict • war of 1912, the west fur trade war was fought to an expensive draw—-merge in 1821 • A common soldier fights in the war of 1812 • men dying in war • must leave some behind • prisoners of war • conclusion • diplomatic convention in 1818, great Britain and the united states would agree to declare the great lances an unarmed zone and 49th parallel to be anglo-american border from the lake of the woods to the rocky mountains • british policy would be consistently to seek entente rather than trouble with americans so in a sense americans had won • defeat of napoleon in 1815 marked watershed for Britain and NA colonies • after 1815 shift from overheated war economy to peacetime one in british isles produced substantial unemployment • no industrialization and agricultural rationalization left—-out of work • new era of emigration and immigration • 1815-1860 more than a million Britons would leave their homes and come to british america • help british colonies into maturity Lecture: • relationships between british and aboriginal • common law relationships to issue children • not formalized though the christian church • brant^^ • usually born out of commercial relationships • Mackenzie - fur trader and explorer w/ common law aboriginal wife
• women had more power in aboriginal communities or where less european are settled bc european law (man to rights private property) didn't have full control • molly and joseph brantt bc they sided with british, if they stay in ohio valley then they will lose their land bc americans will seek vengeance on them for siding with british • border between lake erie, ontario, lake saint clair and lake Detroit are border between british american and american republic • mohawk move north and given 700,000 and near grand river, good farming land • seek a land surrendering agreement ( from missisauga people) • britsih imperial government reserve land west of montreal, as reserve as the indians hunting ground • and process of how the land could be set up of government through formal surrender of land with representatives • british need to ask missisaugians to surrender their land • mohawk were loyalists • ownership and control over colonies are still important • colonies are a market for commercial market for british finished goods • creation of new settlements of people • continual process of people fleeing the united states • subsidies • compensation for their property losses during the american rebellion • able to gain compensation for those property loses • means which they can establish themselves in british north america • discover land in nova scotia is poor • they move to west of montreal - upper canada (after 1791) - up from st. lawerence river • upper canada will be ontario and lower canada will be quebec • that area (upper canada) encompassed by majority population - french speaking catholic population • anglican church sell off land for financial gain and hire more missionaries and build more churches in upper canada (Lead to 1873 rebellion) • maintains civil law as property law • british super impose their own common law system in terms of criminal jursiticon upon the french • property law ( or issues that affect third parties) - civil code (?)
• industrialization: expanding so 1850 british is more economic capital of the world • pushes people - creating anarchy • industrialization is ongoing within china today • largest migration in world history (rural or urban population) • huge pollution and massive production in britian (like china today) • industrialization means move from rural to urban for mass employment • jobs and opportunity pulling them • pull factors: stable income and adventure which may not have had before • young people make migration • push factors: nature of rural production is changing (1750—1850) - enclosure: where peoples common rights to field are gradually being undermined by stature laws by birtish parliament • usually engaged in agriculture/people who own , rent land, cottagers, people who have no land and larger land owners • produce only small parts of land— have cows (usually 1 ) - difference between life and death (milk—butter to be sold, calves— to be sold, manuer) • difference between survival and starvation • not agriculturally efficient or productive • to create barriers on their plots of land • used to be all open land • each individual had a common right to use parts of land when it wasn't in production (led to survival or not) • common right: every individual had a right to grave live stock on these fields when weren't in production • turn common rights to private rights (british) • rural individual can no longer survive — stay and starve or move into urban areas • more of them—additional pressure • 1850 great Britain had more economic power and political power • most premier industrialized nation in the world • enclosure: up until this there was an open field system, everyone knew there wasn't fences between lance and within the community they knew where their land was. by enclosure they're forced to produce barriers
• this who were the poorest, can no longer lean • end of the harvest, the poor people of the community had a right to take what was left—that was taken away as well too • rights to hunt are reduced dramatically • british north america a bit more relaxed • upper canada becomes a haven of protestan french canadain speakers • head of each government is lt. governor • assisted in governing colonies by head council (like the cabinet) • appointed by the lt. governor, always leading protestant members of that colony • women are never appointed to those possessions • upper house of legislator/senate:legislative and governors council— upper house • below upper house is legislative assembly - elective members, equivalent to house of commons • women, coloured, american migrants to upper canada and aboriginal dont have right to vote • property qualification to vote • limited franchise ^^^ • the assizes — sitting of the justice of king courts bench—they ride out together • court of general sessions: justices of the peace appointed to deal with minimal and minor criminal offences • highest court: kings court bench (now ontario high court division) • fur trade: after the beaver to make hats • soft under hair to make felt • what was traded: hudson bay company blankets • to aboriginal people in this region • manufactured goods in great britian traded • made according to needs and demands of aboriginal people at this time • post 1760 period where british people excuse monopoly over this trade • increasing specialization of factory production to meet globalized markets • hudson bay company to produce wool blankets and more cloth items • excellerates production in great britian
• market is expanding • mackenzie in ft. chipewyan • after 1763 more intermarriage • english and scottish (like Mackenzie) traders move into interior in greater number • marriage according to custom of the country • build commercial and political alliances • women who marry aboriginal fur traders were adapt and prefer other necessary functions with alliance or marriages with fur traders—-providing them to access of food • aboriginals are good as guides • mackenzie in 1775, scottish fur trader • he moves to Montreal and becomes associated with fur trade, seeing it as an opportunity • first known white man to traverse the continent • famous for discovery of the mackenzie (first known person to make that journey) • frt. chipewayn to great bear lake • jun 3 1789 • further he moves north, the fewer people he encounters
Tutorial: 5 question marks in square brackets • Census: • 1851 • types of material found in census to help understand something about a family who immigrated to upper canada in early 1800 — • census not tell us, obscure— • 1871 (prnt sched. 1,4,5) • what does 1871 tell us previous census did not, in what way — • what details are provided here that weren't provided in 1851— • what does it tell us about nature of government in mid 1800 • what was the government interest in people ethnicity — • what do schedules tell us about household economies (general description of schedules) —-
