49 SCV Mechatronics Profile
MECHATRONICS CAREERS in the CENTRAL VALLEY/MOTHER LODE REGION & SOUTH CENTRAL VALLEY SUBREGION A labor market profile of Mechatronics in Community College Programs
What is Mechatronics? Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary area of engineering that combines mechanical and electrical engineering and computer science.1 A typical mechatronics system picks up signals from the environment, processes them to generate output signals, and then transforms them into forces, motions and actions (Exhibit 1).2 According to a 2013 article in Plant Engineering, “increased need for automation in broader applications has spurred demand for smarter, more efficient drives, controls and software tools. The mechatronics approach results in machines and systems that address operational needs while being easier to integrate and maintain.”3 According to Berks Career and Technology Center, a career technical education center in Pennsylvania, examples of mechatronic systems include robots, digitally controlled combustion engines, machine tools with selfadaptive tools, contact-free magnetic bearings and automated guided vehicles.4 The design of these products and devices typically requires extensive knowledge of systems and software. With advances in technology, software has become integral to the function and operation of products and devices. Consequently, software has become an actual “machine element.”5 Exhibit 1 – Relationship among mechatronics disciplines6
The following labor market information provides context for the purpose of supporting mechatronics program conversations at Clovis College. It is recommended that the college work with department advisory boards and local industry partners to reach consensus.
Occupational Overview Mechatronics occupations include technicians and engineers who conduct a variety of activities, such as researching, designing, developing and testing automation systems.7 These professionals also work on smart devices, industrial systems control and maintain automated equipment, with work often conducted in laboratories, offices or on-site manufacturing plants.8 Whether a technician or an engineer, these individuals are usually “What is mechatronics?” North Carolina State University. http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/mechatronics/what-mech.php “Mechatronics Creates New Testing Challenges for Automotive Industry.” October 2, 2014. Quality Magazine. http://www.qualitymag.com/articles/92182-mechatronics-creates-new-testing-challenges-for-automotive-industry 3 Edwards, Chuck. “Staying ahead of the curve: Five trends in mechatronics.” March 14, 2013. Plant Engineering. http://www.plantengineering.com/single-article/staying-ahead-of-the-curve-five-trends-inmechatronics/7e4f7e83b2d893fb3ded97348fdf80b4.html 4 Berks Career and Technical Center. http://www.berkscareer.com/programs.cfm?subpage=1536455 5 Schweitzer, G., M. Honneger, O. Tschumi and F. Amberg. “Mechatronics Design Concept and its Application to a Large Hydraulic Robot Manipulator for Concrete Spraying.” http://www.ifr.mavt.ethz.ch/publications/schweitzer97a.pdf 6 Ibid. 7 Mechatronics Career and Education Information, Study.com. http://study.com/articles/Mechatronics_Career_and_Education_Information.html 8 Ibid. 1 2
tasked with a similar overarching goal — to provide safe and efficient automated equipment. However, while machinery maintenance usually falls to technicians, engineers tend to be “more concerned with the design and development of components and products.”9 There are a few mechatronics postsecondary programs in California and a couple within the California Community Colleges; however, the latter programs are housed under more generalized TOP codes and titles. The TOP code and title options in Exhibit 2 are based on the occupational titles provided for this profile. Exhibit 2 – Mechatronics-related TOP codes TOP Code
Program
SOC Code
Occupation
070600 070700 070710 092400
Computer Science (transfer) Computer Software Development Computer Programming Engineering Technology, General
093400
Electronics and Electric Technology
15-1131 15-1131 15-1131 17-3023 17-3026 17-3027 51-2022 17-3023 51-2022
51-2022 17-3023
Computer Programmers Computer Programmers Computer Programmers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Industrial Engineering Technicians Mechanical Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Industrial Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
17-3023
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
49-2093 49-2094 49-2095 093410
Computer Electronics
17-3023 49-2094
093420
Industrial Electronics
17-3026 49-2094
093430 093440
Telecommunications Technology Electrical Systems and Power Transmission
17-3024 17-3025
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay Electro-Mechanical Technicians Electro-Mechanical Technicians
17-3027
Mechanical Engineering Technicians
49-2095 093500 094300 094500 094830 095220 095600
Electro-Mechanical Technology Instrumentation Technology Industrial Systems Technology and Maintenance Motorcycle, Outboard and Small Engine Repair Electrical Manufacturing and Industrial Technology No TOP Code Match
17-3023
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
17-3026
Industrial Engineering Technicians
49-9041 51-2023
Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electro-Mechanical Equipment Assemblers Mechatronics Engineers (17-2199.05 in O*NET classification)
49-2093
17-2199
9
Ibid. 2
Projected Employment Growth The US Department of Labor’s O*NET Online projects a 2-4% employment increase nationally in mechatronics jobs between 2014 and 2024 with 33,000 projected openings. The top two industries with the most mechatronics positions are government and manufacturing. Overall, the twelve mechatronics occupations identified for the study are projected experience moderate job growth over the next five years (2016-2021), increasing overall employment by more than 8%. The South Central Valley subregion is projected to grow at a rate more than double state and national rates (Exhibit 3). The Central Valley/Mother Lode region also out-paces both the state and nation in terms of job growth. Exhibit 3 – Rate of mechatronics projected job growth SOUTH CV
9.0%
CVML CALIFORNIA UNITED STATES
8.3% 3.6% 4.2%
The study analyzed projected new job growth and replacement needs by occupation for the Central Valley/Mother Lode region and South Central Valley subregion. The 12 occupations identified currently employ about 10,800 workers across the region.
Industrial Machinery Mechanics is the largest occupation at the regional level, with 4,514 current jobs. This occupation also has the greatest projected new job growth at 13%, adding more than 455 new jobs to the region over the next five years.
The largest occupation requiring an associate degree is Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians. Although this occupation has a more modest projected growth rate of 4%, when replacement needs are factored in, there may be as many as 300 openings over the five-year period.
Exhibit 4a shows the employment outlook for each of the 12 mechatronics occupation in the Central Valley/Mother lode region; Exhibit 4b shows the same data for the South Central Valley subregion. The data are sorted in descending order by current number of jobs and projected annual openings. Exhibit 4a – Projected occupational growth for the Central Valley/Mother Lode region SOC Code
Occupation
49-9041 49-9051 17-3023 15-1131 17-2199
Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Computer Programmers Engineers, All Other Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers Mechanical Engineering Technicians
49-2094 51-2022 51-2023 17-3027
4,514 1,177 1,175 1,104 937
5,111 1,228 1,223 1,152 975
13% 4% 4% 4% 4%
Annual Openings** 263 61 35 41 26
618
646
5%
19
546 221 207
583 227 229
7% 3% 11%
15 5 9
2016 Jobs 2021 Jobs % Growth*
3
SOC Code
Occupation
17-3026
Industrial Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electro-Mechanical Technicians Regional Total, All 12 Occupations
49-2093 17-3024
143
157
10%
Annual Openings** 6
118
124
5%
4
42 10,801
47 11,702
12% 8%
2 485
2016 Jobs 2021 Jobs % Growth*
*Growth refers to net change over the period, i.e. new job creation or job decline, and does not factor in replacement jobs. **Annual openings represents the annual average number of new jobs plus replacement jobs projected for the five-year period.
The study also analyzed projected growth by occupation for the South Central Valley subregion. For the twelve occupations identified, the South Central Valley subregion employs 7,388 workers. Exhibit 4b – Projected occupational growth for the South Central Valley subregion SOC Code 15-1131 17-2199
Occupation Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers
3267 968
% Growth* 15% 5%
Annual Openings** 178 50
2016 Jobs
2021 Jobs
2833 918
17-3023
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
933
979
5%
29
17-3024 17-3026
Computer Programmers Engineers, All Other Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Mechanical Engineering Technicians Industrial Engineering Technicians Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electro-Mechanical Technicians Subregional Total, All 12 Occupations
662 747
685 774
3% 4%
23 20
397
421
6%
13
376 164 97 156
401 183 107 159
7% 12% 10% 2%
10 7 4 3
72
76
6%
2
32 7388
36 8056
13% 9%
Insf. Data 342
17-3027 49-2093 49-2094 49-9041 49-9051 51-2022 51-2023
*Growth refers to net change over the period, i.e. new job creation or job decline, and does not factor in replacement jobs. **Annual openings represents the annual average number of new jobs plus replacement jobs projected for the five-year period.
Wages In the South Central Valley 5 county subregion, the living wage for one adult is $10.53 per hour. Exhibit 5 displays the living wage for one adult by county for the region. Exhibit 6 compares the entry-level and experienced wages of the mechatronics occupations to the region’s living wage. As shown, the entry-level wage for all but one of the occupations meets or exceeds the living wage for one adult. Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers entry-level wage is the only occupation that falls below the average living wage for a single adult. Exhibit 5 – Living Wages for 1 Adult by County County
Wages
Fresno
$10.84 Madera
$10.83
Kern
$10.72 Tulare
$10.37
Kings
County
$9.89 Average
Wages
$10.53
4
Exhibit 6 – Entry-level and median hourly wages Entry-Level Wage: Pct. 10 Hourly Earnings $50.00
Experienced Wage: Median Hourly Earnings $47.65
$44.43
$40.00
$34.51
$30.00$24.96
Living Wage: 1 Adult 10.53
$34.66 $27.62
$23.60
$21.63
$20.21
$20.00
$27.35
$19.78
$27.81
$19.54
$25.82
$25.35
$18.41
$18.31
$17.38
$24.14
$14.86
$10.00
$14.93 $13.78 $10.63 $10.02
Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers
Electrical & Electronic Equipment Assemblers
Industrial Machinery Mechanics
Mechanical Engineering Techs
Engineers, All Other
Electrical & Electronics Repairers, Commercial/Industrial
Electro-Mechanical Techs
Industrial Engineering Techs
Electrical & Electronics Installers/Repairers, Transp.
Computer Programmers
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Techs
Electrical Power-Line Installers/Repairers
$0.00
Typical Education Level Education and training requirements for entry-level work will vary by occupation and employer preference. Exhibit 7 shows the typical required entry-level education as identified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as well as employer educational preferences collected by O*NET. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics education and training requirements, two mechatronics occupations require at least a bachelor’s degree: computer programmers and engineers, all other/mechatronics engineers. Four of the twelve occupations require at least an associate degree (all four are technician occupations) while another two require at least a postsecondary non-degree award (both are installer and repairer occupations). Exhibit 7 – Mechatronics educational requirements Occupation Computer Programmers Engineers, All Other (includes Mechatronics Engineers) Electrical & Electronics Engineering Techs Electro-Mechanical Techs Industrial Engineering Techs Mechanical Engineering Techs Electrical & Electronics Installers & Repairers, Transportation Equip. Electrical & Electronics Repairers, Commercial & Industrial Equip. Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers Electrical & Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers
Typical Entry-level Education Bachelor’s degree
O*NET Job Zone: Education Most require a bachelor’s degree, but some do not.
Bachelor’s degree
Most require a bachelor’s degree, but some do not.
Associate degree Associate degree Associate degree Associate degree Postsecondary nondegree award Postsecondary nondegree award HS diploma/equivalent HS diploma/equivalent HS diploma/equivalent HS diploma/equivalent
Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require a high school diploma. Most require a high school diploma.
5
Occupational Trends According to the 7th IFAC Symposium on Mechatronic Systems & 15th Mechatronics Forum International Conference, “mechatronics is vital to modern engineering systems and requires multidisciplinary expertise across a range of disciplines, such as mechanical engineering, electronics, information technology and control systems science.”10 A 2013 article in Plant Engineering magazine identified a number of trends: 1. Evolving standards – Machine programming has been improved by industry-wide automation standards, with the most influential being ISA standards. The end result is that users have more equipment and software choices and more flexibility. 2. Modular code programming – This type of programming offers more freedom for machine designers, helping them meet end-user needs. 3. Integrated hardware sets – To optimize performance and efficiency, hardware modularization is on the rise, which requires coordination across a variety of hardware, such as between a motor and drive, drive to controller and controller to HMI. 4. Industrial communications – Effective machine components and efficiently networked systems rely on modular industrial communications protocols.11 According to the publication Motion Control Online, there are a number of additional trends to watch in 2016. For example, safety-enabled productivity is one trend, with “some organizations are going beyond that to use Safe Speed and Safe Direction to make a variety of operations less tedious and more productive.”12 An additional area deserving attention includes sensors and predictive maintenance, as opposed to preventive maintenance which requires significant staff time and can be costly when equipment that might not have anything wrong with it is shut down for repairs. In the case of predictive maintenance, sensor data detects when equipment is beginning to wear and alerts organizations of needed maintenance.13 The article states, “manufacturers of both consumer and industrial products that increase their market share in the coming decade will be those who gain a competitive advantage by adopting new technologies like big data, the Industrial Internet of things (IIoT) and smart energy monitoring for transparent factory operations.” Overall, many of these trends appear to be geared toward improved efficiencies, increased productivity and reduced costs.
Regional Programs Nine of the 14 community colleges in the region have one or more programs within the 15 mechatronics-related TOP codes. When program award data for the Central Valley/Mother Lode region was reviewed, it was determined that a total of 302 awards were earned in the 2013-2014 academic year, and 393 were awarded in 2014-2015. Awards represented a combination of certificates and associate degrees. Exhibit 8 – Mechatronics-related postsecondary awards Awards 2013-2014
Awards 2014-2015
Bakersfield
71
71
Cerro Coso
4
College: Award(s)
Mechatronics 2016: 7th IFAC Symposium on Mechatronic Systems & 15th Mechatronics Forum International Conference Loughborough University. http://www.mechatronics2016.lboro.ac.uk/ 11 Edwards, Chuck. “Staying ahead of the curve: Five trends in mechatronics.” March 14, 2013. Plant Engineering. http://www.plantengineering.com/single-article/staying-ahead-of-the-curve-five-trends-inmechatronics/7e4f7e83b2d893fb3ded97348fdf80b4.html 12 Lewotsky, Kristin. “Motion trends to watch in 2016.” December 16, 2015. Motion Control Online. http://www.motioncontrolonline.org/contentdetail.cfm/Motion-Control-Technical-Features/Motion-Trends-to-Watch-in-2016/content_id/1592 13 Ibid. 10
6
Awards 2013-2014
Awards 2014-2015
Fresno City
58
133
Merced
56
53
Modesto
31
50
College: Award(s)
Porterville Reedley
25 4
7
San Joaquin Delta
29
14
Sequoias
49
40
Total, All
302
393
A review of educational institutions in the region revealed that that three California State Universities, one private university and two private technical schools offer mechatronics-related programs. In 2013-2014, these institutions reported conferring 113 awards or degrees. California State Universities
Private Universities/Technical Schools
California State University – Bakersfield
University of Phoenix – Central Valley Campus
California State University – Fresno
ITT Technical Institute – Clovis
California State University – Stanislaus
ITT Technical Institute – Lathrop
Conclusion & Recommendations Based on this study’s occupational and program findings, it is suggested that colleges in the region and subregion consider taking the following steps:
Review the TOP codes and occupational titles included in this assessment to ensure that only those occupations with the most direct employment relevance to the curricula have been included.
Based on the review of employer educational preferences and employment projections, mechatronics associate degree programs should focus on preparing students for the following occupations: ElectroMechanical Technicians, Industrial Engineering Technicians and Mechanical Engineering Technicians.
Two occupations in the mechatronics cluster require a postsecondary non-award degree. However, these occupations are projected to experience very little job growth (only 4-5%) in coming years. Colleges should take this into consideration when updating existing programs or developing new degrees or certificates.
As curriculum is reviewed and updated or as new curriculum is developed, review the industry trends identified by the study such as safety-enabled productivity, predictive maintenance, and smart energy monitoring and assess if these topics should be, or already are, incorporated into course content.
Encourage employers on the advisory board to participate in the Center of Excellence Central Valley/Mother Lode regional study of manufacturing production line occupations scheduled to begin in June 2016. The study will be used to identify or validate in-demand coursework as well as certificates and degrees preferred by employers for new hires.
7
Appendix A: Methodology, Data Sources, Key Terms and Concepts, and Implications for Analysis Methodology This report identifies occupations that are relevant to the California Community Colleges. Occupations can be identified using the federal Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system, while related educational programs can be found using Taxonomy of Programs (TOP) codes. A TOP-SOC crosswalk can be used to identify education programs that are directly related to specific occupations.
Data Sources Labor market and educational supply data compiled in this report derive from a variety of sources. Data were drawn from external sources, including the Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc., the California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Management Information Systems Data Mart and the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Below is the summary of the data sources found in this study. Data Type Community College Awards
Source California Community College Chancellor’s Office Data Mart. The program awards module provides all credit degrees and certificates (from 6 to 60 semester units) that have been reported to the Chancellor’s office: datamart.cccco.edu. Labor Market Economic Modeling Specialists, Intl. (EMSI). EMSI occupational employment data are based on final EMSI industry Information data and final EMSI staffing patterns. Wage estimates are based on Occupational Employment Statistics (QCEW and Non-QCEW Employees classes of worker) and the American Community Survey (Self-Employed and Extended Proprietors). Occupational wage estimates also affected by county-level EMSI earnings by industry: economicmodeling.com. Living Wage A living wage calculator that estimates the cost of living in a specific community or region: livingwage.mit.edu. Private Education National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). It Awards includes all credit degrees and certificates (from less than one year to four years) that have been reported to IPEDS. Higher education institutions are required to report completion data to NCES if they participate in any federal financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act: nces.ed.gov/ipeds. Typical Education Level Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) uses a system to assign categories for entry-level education and typical on-the-job and On-the-job training to each occupation for which BLS publishes projections data: www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_tech.htm. Training Additional Education The O*NET Job Zone database includes over 900 occupations as well as information on skills, abilities, Requirements/Employer knowledges, work activities and interests associated with specific occupations: www.onetonline.org Preferences
Key Terms and Concepts Annual Job Openings: Annual openings are calculated by dividing the number of years in the projection period by total job openings. Education Attainment Level: The highest education attainment level of workers age 25 years or older. Employment Estimate: The total number of workers currently employed. Employment Projections: Projections of employment are calculated by a proprietary Economic Modeling Specialists, Intl. (EMSI) formula that includes historical employment and economic indicators along with national, state, and local trends. Living Wage: The cost of living in a specific community or region for one adult and no children. The cost increases with the additional of children. Occupation: An occupation is a grouping of jobs titles that have a similar set of activities or tasks that employees perform. Percent Change: Rate of growth or decline in the occupation for the projected period; this does not factor in replacement openings. Replacements: Estimate of job openings resulting from workers retiring or otherwise permanently leaving an occupation. Workers entering an occupation often need training. These replacement needs, added to job openings due to growth, may be used to assess the minimum number of workers who will need to be trained for an occupation. Total Job Openings (New + Replacements): Sum of projected growth (new jobs) and replacement needs. When an occupation is expected to lose jobs or retain the current employment level, number of openings will equal replacements. Typical Education Requirement: represents the typical education level most workers need to enter an occupation. Typical On-The-Job Training: indicates the typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the skills needed in the occupation. 8
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9
What is Mechatronics? Mechatronics is an interdisciplinary area of engineering that combines mechanical and electrical engineering and computer science.1 A typical mechatronics system picks up signals from the environment, processes them to generate output signals, and then transforms them into forces, motions and actions (Exhibit 1).2 According to a 2013 article in Plant Engineering, “increased need for automation in broader applications has spurred demand for smarter, more efficient drives, controls and software tools. The mechatronics approach results in machines and systems that address operational needs while being easier to integrate and maintain.”3 According to Berks Career and Technology Center, a career technical education center in Pennsylvania, examples of mechatronic systems include robots, digitally controlled combustion engines, machine tools with selfadaptive tools, contact-free magnetic bearings and automated guided vehicles.4 The design of these products and devices typically requires extensive knowledge of systems and software. With advances in technology, software has become integral to the function and operation of products and devices. Consequently, software has become an actual “machine element.”5 Exhibit 1 – Relationship among mechatronics disciplines6
The following labor market information provides context for the purpose of supporting mechatronics program conversations at Clovis College. It is recommended that the college work with department advisory boards and local industry partners to reach consensus.
Occupational Overview Mechatronics occupations include technicians and engineers who conduct a variety of activities, such as researching, designing, developing and testing automation systems.7 These professionals also work on smart devices, industrial systems control and maintain automated equipment, with work often conducted in laboratories, offices or on-site manufacturing plants.8 Whether a technician or an engineer, these individuals are usually “What is mechatronics?” North Carolina State University. http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/mechatronics/what-mech.php “Mechatronics Creates New Testing Challenges for Automotive Industry.” October 2, 2014. Quality Magazine. http://www.qualitymag.com/articles/92182-mechatronics-creates-new-testing-challenges-for-automotive-industry 3 Edwards, Chuck. “Staying ahead of the curve: Five trends in mechatronics.” March 14, 2013. Plant Engineering. http://www.plantengineering.com/single-article/staying-ahead-of-the-curve-five-trends-inmechatronics/7e4f7e83b2d893fb3ded97348fdf80b4.html 4 Berks Career and Technical Center. http://www.berkscareer.com/programs.cfm?subpage=1536455 5 Schweitzer, G., M. Honneger, O. Tschumi and F. Amberg. “Mechatronics Design Concept and its Application to a Large Hydraulic Robot Manipulator for Concrete Spraying.” http://www.ifr.mavt.ethz.ch/publications/schweitzer97a.pdf 6 Ibid. 7 Mechatronics Career and Education Information, Study.com. http://study.com/articles/Mechatronics_Career_and_Education_Information.html 8 Ibid. 1 2
tasked with a similar overarching goal — to provide safe and efficient automated equipment. However, while machinery maintenance usually falls to technicians, engineers tend to be “more concerned with the design and development of components and products.”9 There are a few mechatronics postsecondary programs in California and a couple within the California Community Colleges; however, the latter programs are housed under more generalized TOP codes and titles. The TOP code and title options in Exhibit 2 are based on the occupational titles provided for this profile. Exhibit 2 – Mechatronics-related TOP codes TOP Code
Program
SOC Code
Occupation
070600 070700 070710 092400
Computer Science (transfer) Computer Software Development Computer Programming Engineering Technology, General
093400
Electronics and Electric Technology
15-1131 15-1131 15-1131 17-3023 17-3026 17-3027 51-2022 17-3023 51-2022
51-2022 17-3023
Computer Programmers Computer Programmers Computer Programmers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Industrial Engineering Technicians Mechanical Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Industrial Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
17-3023
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
49-2093 49-2094 49-2095 093410
Computer Electronics
17-3023 49-2094
093420
Industrial Electronics
17-3026 49-2094
093430 093440
Telecommunications Technology Electrical Systems and Power Transmission
17-3024 17-3025
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay Electro-Mechanical Technicians Electro-Mechanical Technicians
17-3027
Mechanical Engineering Technicians
49-2095 093500 094300 094500 094830 095220 095600
Electro-Mechanical Technology Instrumentation Technology Industrial Systems Technology and Maintenance Motorcycle, Outboard and Small Engine Repair Electrical Manufacturing and Industrial Technology No TOP Code Match
17-3023
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
17-3026
Industrial Engineering Technicians
49-9041 51-2023
Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electro-Mechanical Equipment Assemblers Mechatronics Engineers (17-2199.05 in O*NET classification)
49-2093
17-2199
9
Ibid. 2
Projected Employment Growth The US Department of Labor’s O*NET Online projects a 2-4% employment increase nationally in mechatronics jobs between 2014 and 2024 with 33,000 projected openings. The top two industries with the most mechatronics positions are government and manufacturing. Overall, the twelve mechatronics occupations identified for the study are projected experience moderate job growth over the next five years (2016-2021), increasing overall employment by more than 8%. The South Central Valley subregion is projected to grow at a rate more than double state and national rates (Exhibit 3). The Central Valley/Mother Lode region also out-paces both the state and nation in terms of job growth. Exhibit 3 – Rate of mechatronics projected job growth SOUTH CV
9.0%
CVML CALIFORNIA UNITED STATES
8.3% 3.6% 4.2%
The study analyzed projected new job growth and replacement needs by occupation for the Central Valley/Mother Lode region and South Central Valley subregion. The 12 occupations identified currently employ about 10,800 workers across the region.
Industrial Machinery Mechanics is the largest occupation at the regional level, with 4,514 current jobs. This occupation also has the greatest projected new job growth at 13%, adding more than 455 new jobs to the region over the next five years.
The largest occupation requiring an associate degree is Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians. Although this occupation has a more modest projected growth rate of 4%, when replacement needs are factored in, there may be as many as 300 openings over the five-year period.
Exhibit 4a shows the employment outlook for each of the 12 mechatronics occupation in the Central Valley/Mother lode region; Exhibit 4b shows the same data for the South Central Valley subregion. The data are sorted in descending order by current number of jobs and projected annual openings. Exhibit 4a – Projected occupational growth for the Central Valley/Mother Lode region SOC Code
Occupation
49-9041 49-9051 17-3023 15-1131 17-2199
Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Computer Programmers Engineers, All Other Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers Mechanical Engineering Technicians
49-2094 51-2022 51-2023 17-3027
4,514 1,177 1,175 1,104 937
5,111 1,228 1,223 1,152 975
13% 4% 4% 4% 4%
Annual Openings** 263 61 35 41 26
618
646
5%
19
546 221 207
583 227 229
7% 3% 11%
15 5 9
2016 Jobs 2021 Jobs % Growth*
3
SOC Code
Occupation
17-3026
Industrial Engineering Technicians Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electro-Mechanical Technicians Regional Total, All 12 Occupations
49-2093 17-3024
143
157
10%
Annual Openings** 6
118
124
5%
4
42 10,801
47 11,702
12% 8%
2 485
2016 Jobs 2021 Jobs % Growth*
*Growth refers to net change over the period, i.e. new job creation or job decline, and does not factor in replacement jobs. **Annual openings represents the annual average number of new jobs plus replacement jobs projected for the five-year period.
The study also analyzed projected growth by occupation for the South Central Valley subregion. For the twelve occupations identified, the South Central Valley subregion employs 7,388 workers. Exhibit 4b – Projected occupational growth for the South Central Valley subregion SOC Code 15-1131 17-2199
Occupation Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers
3267 968
% Growth* 15% 5%
Annual Openings** 178 50
2016 Jobs
2021 Jobs
2833 918
17-3023
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
933
979
5%
29
17-3024 17-3026
Computer Programmers Engineers, All Other Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers Mechanical Engineering Technicians Industrial Engineering Technicians Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment Electro-Mechanical Technicians Subregional Total, All 12 Occupations
662 747
685 774
3% 4%
23 20
397
421
6%
13
376 164 97 156
401 183 107 159
7% 12% 10% 2%
10 7 4 3
72
76
6%
2
32 7388
36 8056
13% 9%
Insf. Data 342
17-3027 49-2093 49-2094 49-9041 49-9051 51-2022 51-2023
*Growth refers to net change over the period, i.e. new job creation or job decline, and does not factor in replacement jobs. **Annual openings represents the annual average number of new jobs plus replacement jobs projected for the five-year period.
Wages In the South Central Valley 5 county subregion, the living wage for one adult is $10.53 per hour. Exhibit 5 displays the living wage for one adult by county for the region. Exhibit 6 compares the entry-level and experienced wages of the mechatronics occupations to the region’s living wage. As shown, the entry-level wage for all but one of the occupations meets or exceeds the living wage for one adult. Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers entry-level wage is the only occupation that falls below the average living wage for a single adult. Exhibit 5 – Living Wages for 1 Adult by County County
Wages
Fresno
$10.84 Madera
$10.83
Kern
$10.72 Tulare
$10.37
Kings
County
$9.89 Average
Wages
$10.53
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Exhibit 6 – Entry-level and median hourly wages Entry-Level Wage: Pct. 10 Hourly Earnings $50.00
Experienced Wage: Median Hourly Earnings $47.65
$44.43
$40.00
$34.51
$30.00$24.96
Living Wage: 1 Adult 10.53
$34.66 $27.62
$23.60
$21.63
$20.21
$20.00
$27.35
$19.78
$27.81
$19.54
$25.82
$25.35
$18.41
$18.31
$17.38
$24.14
$14.86
$10.00
$14.93 $13.78 $10.63 $10.02
Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers
Electrical & Electronic Equipment Assemblers
Industrial Machinery Mechanics
Mechanical Engineering Techs
Engineers, All Other
Electrical & Electronics Repairers, Commercial/Industrial
Electro-Mechanical Techs
Industrial Engineering Techs
Electrical & Electronics Installers/Repairers, Transp.
Computer Programmers
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Techs
Electrical Power-Line Installers/Repairers
$0.00
Typical Education Level Education and training requirements for entry-level work will vary by occupation and employer preference. Exhibit 7 shows the typical required entry-level education as identified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as well as employer educational preferences collected by O*NET. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics education and training requirements, two mechatronics occupations require at least a bachelor’s degree: computer programmers and engineers, all other/mechatronics engineers. Four of the twelve occupations require at least an associate degree (all four are technician occupations) while another two require at least a postsecondary non-degree award (both are installer and repairer occupations). Exhibit 7 – Mechatronics educational requirements Occupation Computer Programmers Engineers, All Other (includes Mechatronics Engineers) Electrical & Electronics Engineering Techs Electro-Mechanical Techs Industrial Engineering Techs Mechanical Engineering Techs Electrical & Electronics Installers & Repairers, Transportation Equip. Electrical & Electronics Repairers, Commercial & Industrial Equip. Industrial Machinery Mechanics Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers Electrical & Electronic Equipment Assemblers Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers
Typical Entry-level Education Bachelor’s degree
O*NET Job Zone: Education Most require a bachelor’s degree, but some do not.
Bachelor’s degree
Most require a bachelor’s degree, but some do not.
Associate degree Associate degree Associate degree Associate degree Postsecondary nondegree award Postsecondary nondegree award HS diploma/equivalent HS diploma/equivalent HS diploma/equivalent HS diploma/equivalent
Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require vocational training or associate degree. Most require a high school diploma. Most require a high school diploma.
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Occupational Trends According to the 7th IFAC Symposium on Mechatronic Systems & 15th Mechatronics Forum International Conference, “mechatronics is vital to modern engineering systems and requires multidisciplinary expertise across a range of disciplines, such as mechanical engineering, electronics, information technology and control systems science.”10 A 2013 article in Plant Engineering magazine identified a number of trends: 1. Evolving standards – Machine programming has been improved by industry-wide automation standards, with the most influential being ISA standards. The end result is that users have more equipment and software choices and more flexibility. 2. Modular code programming – This type of programming offers more freedom for machine designers, helping them meet end-user needs. 3. Integrated hardware sets – To optimize performance and efficiency, hardware modularization is on the rise, which requires coordination across a variety of hardware, such as between a motor and drive, drive to controller and controller to HMI. 4. Industrial communications – Effective machine components and efficiently networked systems rely on modular industrial communications protocols.11 According to the publication Motion Control Online, there are a number of additional trends to watch in 2016. For example, safety-enabled productivity is one trend, with “some organizations are going beyond that to use Safe Speed and Safe Direction to make a variety of operations less tedious and more productive.”12 An additional area deserving attention includes sensors and predictive maintenance, as opposed to preventive maintenance which requires significant staff time and can be costly when equipment that might not have anything wrong with it is shut down for repairs. In the case of predictive maintenance, sensor data detects when equipment is beginning to wear and alerts organizations of needed maintenance.13 The article states, “manufacturers of both consumer and industrial products that increase their market share in the coming decade will be those who gain a competitive advantage by adopting new technologies like big data, the Industrial Internet of things (IIoT) and smart energy monitoring for transparent factory operations.” Overall, many of these trends appear to be geared toward improved efficiencies, increased productivity and reduced costs.
Regional Programs Nine of the 14 community colleges in the region have one or more programs within the 15 mechatronics-related TOP codes. When program award data for the Central Valley/Mother Lode region was reviewed, it was determined that a total of 302 awards were earned in the 2013-2014 academic year, and 393 were awarded in 2014-2015. Awards represented a combination of certificates and associate degrees. Exhibit 8 – Mechatronics-related postsecondary awards Awards 2013-2014
Awards 2014-2015
Bakersfield
71
71
Cerro Coso
4
College: Award(s)
Mechatronics 2016: 7th IFAC Symposium on Mechatronic Systems & 15th Mechatronics Forum International Conference Loughborough University. http://www.mechatronics2016.lboro.ac.uk/ 11 Edwards, Chuck. “Staying ahead of the curve: Five trends in mechatronics.” March 14, 2013. Plant Engineering. http://www.plantengineering.com/single-article/staying-ahead-of-the-curve-five-trends-inmechatronics/7e4f7e83b2d893fb3ded97348fdf80b4.html 12 Lewotsky, Kristin. “Motion trends to watch in 2016.” December 16, 2015. Motion Control Online. http://www.motioncontrolonline.org/contentdetail.cfm/Motion-Control-Technical-Features/Motion-Trends-to-Watch-in-2016/content_id/1592 13 Ibid. 10
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Awards 2013-2014
Awards 2014-2015
Fresno City
58
133
Merced
56
53
Modesto
31
50
College: Award(s)
Porterville Reedley
25 4
7
San Joaquin Delta
29
14
Sequoias
49
40
Total, All
302
393
A review of educational institutions in the region revealed that that three California State Universities, one private university and two private technical schools offer mechatronics-related programs. In 2013-2014, these institutions reported conferring 113 awards or degrees. California State Universities
Private Universities/Technical Schools
California State University – Bakersfield
University of Phoenix – Central Valley Campus
California State University – Fresno
ITT Technical Institute – Clovis
California State University – Stanislaus
ITT Technical Institute – Lathrop
Conclusion & Recommendations Based on this study’s occupational and program findings, it is suggested that colleges in the region and subregion consider taking the following steps:
Review the TOP codes and occupational titles included in this assessment to ensure that only those occupations with the most direct employment relevance to the curricula have been included.
Based on the review of employer educational preferences and employment projections, mechatronics associate degree programs should focus on preparing students for the following occupations: ElectroMechanical Technicians, Industrial Engineering Technicians and Mechanical Engineering Technicians.
Two occupations in the mechatronics cluster require a postsecondary non-award degree. However, these occupations are projected to experience very little job growth (only 4-5%) in coming years. Colleges should take this into consideration when updating existing programs or developing new degrees or certificates.
As curriculum is reviewed and updated or as new curriculum is developed, review the industry trends identified by the study such as safety-enabled productivity, predictive maintenance, and smart energy monitoring and assess if these topics should be, or already are, incorporated into course content.
Encourage employers on the advisory board to participate in the Center of Excellence Central Valley/Mother Lode regional study of manufacturing production line occupations scheduled to begin in June 2016. The study will be used to identify or validate in-demand coursework as well as certificates and degrees preferred by employers for new hires.
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Appendix A: Methodology, Data Sources, Key Terms and Concepts, and Implications for Analysis Methodology This report identifies occupations that are relevant to the California Community Colleges. Occupations can be identified using the federal Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system, while related educational programs can be found using Taxonomy of Programs (TOP) codes. A TOP-SOC crosswalk can be used to identify education programs that are directly related to specific occupations.
Data Sources Labor market and educational supply data compiled in this report derive from a variety of sources. Data were drawn from external sources, including the Economic Modeling Specialists, Inc., the California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Management Information Systems Data Mart and the National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Below is the summary of the data sources found in this study. Data Type Community College Awards
Source California Community College Chancellor’s Office Data Mart. The program awards module provides all credit degrees and certificates (from 6 to 60 semester units) that have been reported to the Chancellor’s office: datamart.cccco.edu. Labor Market Economic Modeling Specialists, Intl. (EMSI). EMSI occupational employment data are based on final EMSI industry Information data and final EMSI staffing patterns. Wage estimates are based on Occupational Employment Statistics (QCEW and Non-QCEW Employees classes of worker) and the American Community Survey (Self-Employed and Extended Proprietors). Occupational wage estimates also affected by county-level EMSI earnings by industry: economicmodeling.com. Living Wage A living wage calculator that estimates the cost of living in a specific community or region: livingwage.mit.edu. Private Education National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). It Awards includes all credit degrees and certificates (from less than one year to four years) that have been reported to IPEDS. Higher education institutions are required to report completion data to NCES if they participate in any federal financial assistance program authorized by Title IV of the Higher Education Act: nces.ed.gov/ipeds. Typical Education Level Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) uses a system to assign categories for entry-level education and typical on-the-job and On-the-job training to each occupation for which BLS publishes projections data: www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_tech.htm. Training Additional Education The O*NET Job Zone database includes over 900 occupations as well as information on skills, abilities, Requirements/Employer knowledges, work activities and interests associated with specific occupations: www.onetonline.org Preferences
Key Terms and Concepts Annual Job Openings: Annual openings are calculated by dividing the number of years in the projection period by total job openings. Education Attainment Level: The highest education attainment level of workers age 25 years or older. Employment Estimate: The total number of workers currently employed. Employment Projections: Projections of employment are calculated by a proprietary Economic Modeling Specialists, Intl. (EMSI) formula that includes historical employment and economic indicators along with national, state, and local trends. Living Wage: The cost of living in a specific community or region for one adult and no children. The cost increases with the additional of children. Occupation: An occupation is a grouping of jobs titles that have a similar set of activities or tasks that employees perform. Percent Change: Rate of growth or decline in the occupation for the projected period; this does not factor in replacement openings. Replacements: Estimate of job openings resulting from workers retiring or otherwise permanently leaving an occupation. Workers entering an occupation often need training. These replacement needs, added to job openings due to growth, may be used to assess the minimum number of workers who will need to be trained for an occupation. Total Job Openings (New + Replacements): Sum of projected growth (new jobs) and replacement needs. When an occupation is expected to lose jobs or retain the current employment level, number of openings will equal replacements. Typical Education Requirement: represents the typical education level most workers need to enter an occupation. Typical On-The-Job Training: indicates the typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the skills needed in the occupation. 8
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