A Diamond-shaped Bio-sensor Based on Two ... - Semantic Scholar
2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP)
A Diamond-shaped Bio-sensor Based on Twodimensional Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonator Saeed Olyaee and Ahmad Mohebzadeh Bahabady
Erich Leitgeb
Nano-photonics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratory (NORLab), Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (SRTTU), Tehran, Iran {s_olyaee; a.moheb}@srttu.edu
Graz University of Technology, Institute of Broadband Communications Graz, Austria [email protected]
Abstract— In this paper, we demonstrated a diamondshaped bio-sensor based on the nano-ring resonator using two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D-PhC). The biosensor is consisted of a ring resonator and two waveguides. The ring resonator with two end waveguides in both sides, are placed in middle of the structure. Due to the analyte binding to the sensing holes, the refractive index of holes is changed and consequently the resonant wavelength is shifted. According to the results, the resonant wavelength shift in the range of 1.33-1.55 is linear with respect to the refractive index variations. The quality factor and sensitivity of biosensor are respectively obtained about 2840 and 3.0 nm/fg. Keywords— nano-ring; resonator; photonic crystal; biosensor; diamond-shaped
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in monitoring and regulating different parameters in areas such as food storage, biomedical research, production and testing of drugs and etc, fast and reliable analytical devices is required. The optical biosensors are widely used for these purposes [1-2]. Detection protocols that can be implemented in optical bio-sensing are categorized into two classes; fluorescencebased and label-free detection. In label-free detection, target molecules are not altered and are detected in their natural forms. This type of detection is relatively easy and cheap to perform. Some of the label-free detections use refractive index (RI) change mechanism. RI change is related to the surface density, instead of total sample mass. This characteristic is very important, especially when nano measurement is involved [3]. The label-free detection is possible to variety of methods including: (1) surface plasmon resonance based biosensors; (2) interferometer-based biosensors; (3) optical waveguide based biosensors; (4) optical fiber based biosensors; (5) optical ring resonator based biosensors; and (6) photonic crystal based biosensors [4]. The photonic crystals can be easily integrated to CMOS photonic integrated circuits. The photonic crystals due to the strong light confinement, structured design with air defects, and accessed to sensors with very sensitive to small changes in the RI, are excellent and attractive sensing platform [4-29]. The photonic crystal sensors are designed for various applications such as pressure [5-7],
978-1-4799-2581-0/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
446
displacement [8], refractive index [9-10], bio-sensing [11-15], and so on. In recent years, various structures of photonic crystals submit for bio-sensing application that most of them are photonic crystal resonators. Chow et al. designed a bio-chemical sensor based two dimensional photonic crystal micro-cavity with quality factor of about 400 [16]. Lee and Fauchet proposed a photonic crystal sensor for protein detection. Their structure was based on the photonic crystal micro-cavity [17-18]. Quan et al. investigated a sensor with photonic crystal nano-beam cavities for glucose detection with concentration of 10 mg/dL [19]. Compared to the other types of resonators, ring resonators display a higher of sensitivity and quality factor, especially when its radius is small [20]. It is more suitable for the design of photonic crystal structures. It used for architecture of photonic crystals filters [21-23], and sensors [24-29]. Hsiao et al. perused of single hexagonal photonic crystal nano-ring resonator and improved of the quality factor to 3200. The sensitivity for the detection of DNA and proteins with a minimum weight of 0.2 fg is equal to 0.5 nm/fg [24-25]. The biosensors based dual nano-ring resonators [26-27] and triple nano-ring resonators have also presented [28-29]. In this paper, we propose a diamond-shaped nano-ring resonator bio-sensor based on the two-dimensional photonic crystal. For bio-molecular sensing, six single holes of surrounding holes of the ring resonator are applied as the sensing element. Then, by comparing the results of resonant wavelength shift, we choose one of them as the sensing element. This research focuses on the designing of a biosensor with higher sensitivity and optimized quality factor. II.
DESIGNING PHOTONIC CRYSTAL BIOSENSOR
The structure of photonic crystal includes hexagonal lattice of air holes in dielectric. Sketch of the biosensor based on photonic crystal nano-ring resonator is shown in Fig. 1. The refractive index of air and silicon are considered as 1 and 2.825, respectively. The lattice constant of PhCs structure and radius of air holes are respectively equal to 410 nm and 120 nm.
2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP)
Ring Diameter
Output Coupling Distance
Sh3 Sh5
Sh2 Sh1 Sh4
Sh6
Input
Fig. 1. Sketch of the biosensor based nano-ring resonator. Beneath the waveguide is the input and top of the waveguide is the output. The sensing holes, the coupling distance, and the ring diameter are marked on figure.
The defects into the structure are formed by reduction of radius of air holes, as shown in Fig. 1. The defects are consisting of a ring resonator and two waveguides. The ring resonator is diamond-shape and is placed in middle of the structure. The size of diameter of diamond nano-ring resonator is equal to three rows of holes, i. e. as small as 1µm. The beneath waveguide is as input and top of the waveguide is as output waveguide. The photonic band gap (PBG) of structure is calculated with the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. This hexagonal lattice do not exhibits band gap for TE gap and the PBG for TM gap extends from 0.258 to 0.340. The corresponding wavelength ranges from 1205 to 1640 nm. III. SIMULATION RESULTS In this study, for exciting resonant mode of the ring resonator, a temporal pulse at the input of waveguide is launched and transmission spectra at the output waveguide are recorded by a time monitor.
Fig. 2. The simulated transmission spectra of the nano-ring resonator without binding analyst
447
The quality factor (Q) is the ratio of the resonating wavelength (λmax) and the full width half maximum (FWHM). The quality factor is given by Q=λmax/FWHM. Fig. 2 shows the output spectrum of the ring resonator. As shown, the resonant peak wavelength is λmax=1476.4 nm and the FWHM is about 0.52 nm. The quality factor reveals about 2840. The sensing mechanism of biosensor is to measure the resonant wavelength shifting of the ring resonator. Due to analyte binding to the sensing holes, the refractive index of holes is changed and this will shift the resonant wavelength. In this paper, for bio-molecular sensing, six holes of surrounding holes of the ring resonator are applied as the sensing element. The sensing holes (Sh) are pointed in Fig. 1. The refractive index of sensing holes Sh1 to Sh6, are singly varied and the resonant wavelength shift is calculated. The effective refractive index (ERI) of different sensing holes is varied from 1 to 1.33. The respective resonant wavelength shifts are listed in Table 1. According to the obtained results for the sensing holes, the Sh1 hole is applied as the sensing element for bio-sensing. The ERI of sensing holes altered in the range of 1.33 to 1.42 (with increments of 0.03). The resonant wavelengths are shown in Fig. 3. As shown, the resonant wavelength is shifted to longer wavelength range by increasing the refractive index. The normalized curve of the resonant wavelength shifts which is changed by the refractive index variation in the range of 1.33-1.55 is shown in Fig. 4. This curve shows an approximately linear relationship between RI and resonant wavelength shift. An acceptable linear relationship between refractive index and wavelength resonance will cause to measure more accurate refractive index changes.
2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP)
n=1.50
n=1.45
n=1.55
n=1.40
Fig. 3. The transmission spectra for different refractive index from 1.40 to 1.55
Fig. 4. Normalized curve of the resonant wavelength with respect to the effective refractive index
For calculation of sensitivity of biosensor, the density of DNA inside the sensing holes is utilized. With binding the DNA molecules to the sensing holes, the ERI of holes will be 1.45 and the resonant wavelength peak is 1482.9 nm. It means resonant wavelength shift is equal to 4.5 nm. According to the average density of DNA molecules as small as 0.15 [30], the weight of DNA molecules inside sensing holes is obtained about 1.5 fg. We can define the sensitivity as resonant wavelength shift per biomolecule weight. The sensitivity of diamondshaped nano-ring resonator biosensor is derived as S=3.0 nm/fg. This diamond-shaped biosensor compared to the structure reported in Ref. [20] in terms of both quality factor and sensitivity has been improved. Reference [20] presented a hexagonal nano-ring resonator biosensor with
448
quality factor as 2400 and sensitivity of 0.5 nm/fg, while in the present biosensor the quality factor and sensitivity are obtained about 2840 and 3.0 nm/fg, respectively. TABEL 1. List of wavelength shift and quality factor for different sensing holes Sensing hole n=1
n=1.33
ref Sh1 Sh2 Sh3 Sh4 Sh5 Sh6
Resonant wavelength (nm) 1476.4 1479.6 1476.4 1476.4 1478.3 1477.7 1477.0
Resonant wavelength shift (nm) 3.2 0 0 1.9 1.3 0.6
Quality factor 2840 3020 3200 2839 1825 3397 3434
2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP)
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
[14]
In conclusion, we have designed a small size biosensor based nano-ring resonator. The bio-sensing mechanism is based on the effective refractive index change of the sensing hole. By binding an analyte into the sensing holes, the transmission spectrum shifts to larger wavelength, and this process was utilized for determining the properties of the analyte. The quality factor of proposed structure is about 2840 and the sensitivity is obtained as 4.334 nm/fg. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
[6] [7] [8] [9]
[10]
[11] [12]
[13]
[15]
[16] [17] [18]
R. Monošík, M. Streanský, and E. Šturdík, “Biosensors classification, characterization and new trends”, ActaChimicaSlovaca, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2012, PP. 109-120. S. Ghoshal, D. Mitra, and S. Roy, “Biosensors and Biochips for Nanomedical Applications”, Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 113, No. 2, 2010, pp. 1-17. X. Fan, I. M. White, S. I. Shopova, H. Zhu, J. D. Suter, and Y. Sun, “Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: A review”, Analytica Chimica Acta 620, 2008, PP. 8-26. Y. Liu, and H. W. M. Salemink, “Photonic crystal-based alloptical on-chip sensor”, Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 18, 2012 ,PP. 19912-19921. S. Olyaee and A. A. Dehghani, “Nano-Pressure Sensor using High Quality Photonic Crystal Cavity Resonator”, IEEE, IET 8th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks And Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP 2012), Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland, 18-20 July 2012. S. Olyaee, A. A. Dehghani, “High resolution and wide dynamic range pressure sensor based on two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 2, 2012, PP. 92-96. S. Olyaee and A. A. Dehghani, “Ultrasensitive pressure sensor based on point defect resonant cavity in photonic crystal”, Sensor Letters, Vol. 11, No. 10, 2013, PP. 1854-1859. Z. Xu, L. Cao, C. Gu, Q. He and G. Jin, “Micro displacement sensor based on line-defect resonant cavity in photonic crystal”, optics express, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2006, PP. 298-305. S. Kita, K. Nozaki and T. Baba, “Refractive index sensing utilizing a CW photonic crystal nanolaser and its array configuration”, optics express, Vol. 16, No. 11, 2008, PP. 81748180. L. Rindorf and O. Bang, “Sensitivity of photonic crystal fiber grating sensors: biosensing, refractive index, strain, and temperature sensing”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2008, PP.310-324. S. Olyaee and A. Naraghi, “Design and optimization of indexguiding photonic crystal fiber gas sensor”, Photonic Sensors, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2013, PP. 131-136. S. Olyaee and A. Naraghi, and V. Ahmadi, “High sensitivity evanescent-field gas sensor based on modified photonic crystal fiber for gas condensate and air pollution monitoring”, Optik, Vol. 125, No. 1,2014, PP. 596-600. S. Olyaee and S. Najafgholinezhad, “Computational study of a label-free biosensor based on photonic crystal nanocavity
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resonator”, Applied Optics, Vol. 52, No. 29, 2013, PP. 72067213. S. Olyaee and S. Najafgholinezhad, “A high quality factor and wide measurement range biosensor based on photonic crystal nanocavity resonator”, Sensor Letters, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2013, PP. 483-488. S. Olyaee and S. Najafgholinezhad, “Computational study of a label-free biosensor based on photonic crystal nanocavity resonator”, Applied Optics, Vol. 52, No. 29, 2013, PP. 72067213. E. Chow, A. Grot, L. Mirkarami, M. Sigalas, and G. Girolami, “Ultera-compact biochemical sensor built with two dimensional photonic crystal micro-cavity”, Opt. Lett. Vol.29, 2004, 1093. M. Lee and P. M. Fauchet, “Two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal based biosensing platform for protein detection”, optics express, Vol. 15, No. 8, 2007, PP. 4530-4536. M. Lee and P.M. Fauchet, “Nanoscale microcavity sensor for single particle detection”, Opt. Lett., Vol. 32, No. 22, 2007, PP. 3284-3286. Q. Quan, I. B .Burgess, S. K. Y. Tang, D. L. Floyd, P. B. Deotare, I. W. Frank, R. Ilic, F. Vollmer, and M. Loncar, “labelfree sensing with photonic crystal nanobeam cavities”, 15th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, 2011, PP. 1962-1965. F. L. Hsiao and C. Lee, “Novel Biosensor Based on Photonic Crystal Nano-Ring Resonator”, Procedia Chemistry 1, 2009, PP. 417–420. Z. Qiang and W. Zhou, “Optical add-drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators”, Optics Express, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2007, PP. 1823-1831. S. Robinson and R. Nakkeeran, “Photonic crystal ring resonatorbased add drop filters: a review”, Optical Engineering, Vol. 52,, 2013 PP. 060901-1-11. M. Y. Mahmoud, G. Bassou, A. Taalbi, and Z. M. Chekroun, “Optical channel drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators”, Optics Communications, Vol. 285, 2012, PP. 368– 372. F.l. Hsiao and C. Lee, “Computational study of photonic crystals nano-ring resonator for biochemical sensing”, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 10, No. 7, 2010, PP. 1185–1191. T. T. Mai et al, “Optimization and comparison of photonic crystal resonators for silicon micro-cantilever sensors”, Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 165, 2011, PP. 16–25. F. L. Hsiao and C. Lee, “Nano-photonic biosensors using hexagonal nano-ring resonators: computational study”, J Micro/Nano-lithogr MEMS MOEMS, Vol. 10, 2011, PP. 013001–013008. B. Li, F. L. Hsiao, C. Lee, W. Xiang, C. C. Chen, and W. K. Choi, ‘Configuration analysis of sensing element for photonic crystal based NEMS cantilever using dual nano-ring resonator’, Sensors and Actuators A 169, 2011, PP. 352– 361. B. Li and C. Lee, “Computational Study of NEMS diaphragm sensor using triple nano-ring resonator”, Procedia Engineering 5, 2010, PP. 1418–1421.
[29] C. P. Ho, B. Li, A. J. Danner, and C. Lee, “Design and modeling of 2-D photonic crystals based hexagonal triple nano-ring resonators as biosensors”, Microsyst Technol, Vol. 19, 2012, PP. 53-60. [30] M. D. Bennett, J. S. H. Harrison, J. B. Smith, and J. P. Ward, “DNA density in mitotic and meiotic metaphase chromosomes of plants and animals”, Vol. 63, No. 1, 1983, PP. 173–179.
A Diamond-shaped Bio-sensor Based on Twodimensional Photonic Crystal Nano-ring Resonator Saeed Olyaee and Ahmad Mohebzadeh Bahabady
Erich Leitgeb
Nano-photonics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratory (NORLab), Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University (SRTTU), Tehran, Iran {s_olyaee; a.moheb}@srttu.edu
Graz University of Technology, Institute of Broadband Communications Graz, Austria [email protected]
Abstract— In this paper, we demonstrated a diamondshaped bio-sensor based on the nano-ring resonator using two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D-PhC). The biosensor is consisted of a ring resonator and two waveguides. The ring resonator with two end waveguides in both sides, are placed in middle of the structure. Due to the analyte binding to the sensing holes, the refractive index of holes is changed and consequently the resonant wavelength is shifted. According to the results, the resonant wavelength shift in the range of 1.33-1.55 is linear with respect to the refractive index variations. The quality factor and sensitivity of biosensor are respectively obtained about 2840 and 3.0 nm/fg. Keywords— nano-ring; resonator; photonic crystal; biosensor; diamond-shaped
I.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, in monitoring and regulating different parameters in areas such as food storage, biomedical research, production and testing of drugs and etc, fast and reliable analytical devices is required. The optical biosensors are widely used for these purposes [1-2]. Detection protocols that can be implemented in optical bio-sensing are categorized into two classes; fluorescencebased and label-free detection. In label-free detection, target molecules are not altered and are detected in their natural forms. This type of detection is relatively easy and cheap to perform. Some of the label-free detections use refractive index (RI) change mechanism. RI change is related to the surface density, instead of total sample mass. This characteristic is very important, especially when nano measurement is involved [3]. The label-free detection is possible to variety of methods including: (1) surface plasmon resonance based biosensors; (2) interferometer-based biosensors; (3) optical waveguide based biosensors; (4) optical fiber based biosensors; (5) optical ring resonator based biosensors; and (6) photonic crystal based biosensors [4]. The photonic crystals can be easily integrated to CMOS photonic integrated circuits. The photonic crystals due to the strong light confinement, structured design with air defects, and accessed to sensors with very sensitive to small changes in the RI, are excellent and attractive sensing platform [4-29]. The photonic crystal sensors are designed for various applications such as pressure [5-7],
978-1-4799-2581-0/14/$31.00 ©2014 IEEE
446
displacement [8], refractive index [9-10], bio-sensing [11-15], and so on. In recent years, various structures of photonic crystals submit for bio-sensing application that most of them are photonic crystal resonators. Chow et al. designed a bio-chemical sensor based two dimensional photonic crystal micro-cavity with quality factor of about 400 [16]. Lee and Fauchet proposed a photonic crystal sensor for protein detection. Their structure was based on the photonic crystal micro-cavity [17-18]. Quan et al. investigated a sensor with photonic crystal nano-beam cavities for glucose detection with concentration of 10 mg/dL [19]. Compared to the other types of resonators, ring resonators display a higher of sensitivity and quality factor, especially when its radius is small [20]. It is more suitable for the design of photonic crystal structures. It used for architecture of photonic crystals filters [21-23], and sensors [24-29]. Hsiao et al. perused of single hexagonal photonic crystal nano-ring resonator and improved of the quality factor to 3200. The sensitivity for the detection of DNA and proteins with a minimum weight of 0.2 fg is equal to 0.5 nm/fg [24-25]. The biosensors based dual nano-ring resonators [26-27] and triple nano-ring resonators have also presented [28-29]. In this paper, we propose a diamond-shaped nano-ring resonator bio-sensor based on the two-dimensional photonic crystal. For bio-molecular sensing, six single holes of surrounding holes of the ring resonator are applied as the sensing element. Then, by comparing the results of resonant wavelength shift, we choose one of them as the sensing element. This research focuses on the designing of a biosensor with higher sensitivity and optimized quality factor. II.
DESIGNING PHOTONIC CRYSTAL BIOSENSOR
The structure of photonic crystal includes hexagonal lattice of air holes in dielectric. Sketch of the biosensor based on photonic crystal nano-ring resonator is shown in Fig. 1. The refractive index of air and silicon are considered as 1 and 2.825, respectively. The lattice constant of PhCs structure and radius of air holes are respectively equal to 410 nm and 120 nm.
2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP)
Ring Diameter
Output Coupling Distance
Sh3 Sh5
Sh2 Sh1 Sh4
Sh6
Input
Fig. 1. Sketch of the biosensor based nano-ring resonator. Beneath the waveguide is the input and top of the waveguide is the output. The sensing holes, the coupling distance, and the ring diameter are marked on figure.
The defects into the structure are formed by reduction of radius of air holes, as shown in Fig. 1. The defects are consisting of a ring resonator and two waveguides. The ring resonator is diamond-shape and is placed in middle of the structure. The size of diameter of diamond nano-ring resonator is equal to three rows of holes, i. e. as small as 1µm. The beneath waveguide is as input and top of the waveguide is as output waveguide. The photonic band gap (PBG) of structure is calculated with the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. This hexagonal lattice do not exhibits band gap for TE gap and the PBG for TM gap extends from 0.258 to 0.340. The corresponding wavelength ranges from 1205 to 1640 nm. III. SIMULATION RESULTS In this study, for exciting resonant mode of the ring resonator, a temporal pulse at the input of waveguide is launched and transmission spectra at the output waveguide are recorded by a time monitor.
Fig. 2. The simulated transmission spectra of the nano-ring resonator without binding analyst
447
The quality factor (Q) is the ratio of the resonating wavelength (λmax) and the full width half maximum (FWHM). The quality factor is given by Q=λmax/FWHM. Fig. 2 shows the output spectrum of the ring resonator. As shown, the resonant peak wavelength is λmax=1476.4 nm and the FWHM is about 0.52 nm. The quality factor reveals about 2840. The sensing mechanism of biosensor is to measure the resonant wavelength shifting of the ring resonator. Due to analyte binding to the sensing holes, the refractive index of holes is changed and this will shift the resonant wavelength. In this paper, for bio-molecular sensing, six holes of surrounding holes of the ring resonator are applied as the sensing element. The sensing holes (Sh) are pointed in Fig. 1. The refractive index of sensing holes Sh1 to Sh6, are singly varied and the resonant wavelength shift is calculated. The effective refractive index (ERI) of different sensing holes is varied from 1 to 1.33. The respective resonant wavelength shifts are listed in Table 1. According to the obtained results for the sensing holes, the Sh1 hole is applied as the sensing element for bio-sensing. The ERI of sensing holes altered in the range of 1.33 to 1.42 (with increments of 0.03). The resonant wavelengths are shown in Fig. 3. As shown, the resonant wavelength is shifted to longer wavelength range by increasing the refractive index. The normalized curve of the resonant wavelength shifts which is changed by the refractive index variation in the range of 1.33-1.55 is shown in Fig. 4. This curve shows an approximately linear relationship between RI and resonant wavelength shift. An acceptable linear relationship between refractive index and wavelength resonance will cause to measure more accurate refractive index changes.
2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP)
n=1.50
n=1.45
n=1.55
n=1.40
Fig. 3. The transmission spectra for different refractive index from 1.40 to 1.55
Fig. 4. Normalized curve of the resonant wavelength with respect to the effective refractive index
For calculation of sensitivity of biosensor, the density of DNA inside the sensing holes is utilized. With binding the DNA molecules to the sensing holes, the ERI of holes will be 1.45 and the resonant wavelength peak is 1482.9 nm. It means resonant wavelength shift is equal to 4.5 nm. According to the average density of DNA molecules as small as 0.15 [30], the weight of DNA molecules inside sensing holes is obtained about 1.5 fg. We can define the sensitivity as resonant wavelength shift per biomolecule weight. The sensitivity of diamondshaped nano-ring resonator biosensor is derived as S=3.0 nm/fg. This diamond-shaped biosensor compared to the structure reported in Ref. [20] in terms of both quality factor and sensitivity has been improved. Reference [20] presented a hexagonal nano-ring resonator biosensor with
448
quality factor as 2400 and sensitivity of 0.5 nm/fg, while in the present biosensor the quality factor and sensitivity are obtained about 2840 and 3.0 nm/fg, respectively. TABEL 1. List of wavelength shift and quality factor for different sensing holes Sensing hole n=1
n=1.33
ref Sh1 Sh2 Sh3 Sh4 Sh5 Sh6
Resonant wavelength (nm) 1476.4 1479.6 1476.4 1476.4 1478.3 1477.7 1477.0
Resonant wavelength shift (nm) 3.2 0 0 1.9 1.3 0.6
Quality factor 2840 3020 3200 2839 1825 3397 3434
2014 9th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Sign (CSNDSP)
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
[14]
In conclusion, we have designed a small size biosensor based nano-ring resonator. The bio-sensing mechanism is based on the effective refractive index change of the sensing hole. By binding an analyte into the sensing holes, the transmission spectrum shifts to larger wavelength, and this process was utilized for determining the properties of the analyte. The quality factor of proposed structure is about 2840 and the sensitivity is obtained as 4.334 nm/fg. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
[6] [7] [8] [9]
[10]
[11] [12]
[13]
[15]
[16] [17] [18]
R. Monošík, M. Streanský, and E. Šturdík, “Biosensors classification, characterization and new trends”, ActaChimicaSlovaca, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2012, PP. 109-120. S. Ghoshal, D. Mitra, and S. Roy, “Biosensors and Biochips for Nanomedical Applications”, Sensors & Transducers Journal, Vol. 113, No. 2, 2010, pp. 1-17. X. Fan, I. M. White, S. I. Shopova, H. Zhu, J. D. Suter, and Y. Sun, “Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: A review”, Analytica Chimica Acta 620, 2008, PP. 8-26. Y. Liu, and H. W. M. Salemink, “Photonic crystal-based alloptical on-chip sensor”, Optics Express, Vol. 20, No. 18, 2012 ,PP. 19912-19921. S. Olyaee and A. A. Dehghani, “Nano-Pressure Sensor using High Quality Photonic Crystal Cavity Resonator”, IEEE, IET 8th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks And Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP 2012), Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland, 18-20 July 2012. S. Olyaee, A. A. Dehghani, “High resolution and wide dynamic range pressure sensor based on two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Photonic Sensors, vol. 2, 2012, PP. 92-96. S. Olyaee and A. A. Dehghani, “Ultrasensitive pressure sensor based on point defect resonant cavity in photonic crystal”, Sensor Letters, Vol. 11, No. 10, 2013, PP. 1854-1859. Z. Xu, L. Cao, C. Gu, Q. He and G. Jin, “Micro displacement sensor based on line-defect resonant cavity in photonic crystal”, optics express, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2006, PP. 298-305. S. Kita, K. Nozaki and T. Baba, “Refractive index sensing utilizing a CW photonic crystal nanolaser and its array configuration”, optics express, Vol. 16, No. 11, 2008, PP. 81748180. L. Rindorf and O. Bang, “Sensitivity of photonic crystal fiber grating sensors: biosensing, refractive index, strain, and temperature sensing”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2008, PP.310-324. S. Olyaee and A. Naraghi, “Design and optimization of indexguiding photonic crystal fiber gas sensor”, Photonic Sensors, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2013, PP. 131-136. S. Olyaee and A. Naraghi, and V. Ahmadi, “High sensitivity evanescent-field gas sensor based on modified photonic crystal fiber for gas condensate and air pollution monitoring”, Optik, Vol. 125, No. 1,2014, PP. 596-600. S. Olyaee and S. Najafgholinezhad, “Computational study of a label-free biosensor based on photonic crystal nanocavity
449
[19]
[20] [21] [22] [23]
[24] [25] [26]
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