AMLR program: A comparison between the summer meteorological ...
/
57 0 W
60 30 S
660K
560W
540
+
+ + +
++++/ +4:.._-
34
1111,1
IA
34.5
li,i
1
/
I1
400' -
+ 61005
I 66°W
i35 -3
/26.6
7..4//2/so
w 55°W
2
p.4/27.8
27
57°W
II
+ +
C + 61 0 OS
33.5 3- 1,1
60030 S +
AMLR 92 SURVEY STA 45A (DOTTED). STA 45D, (SOLID)
54°W
SURVEYOR CRUISE AMLR 92. SURVEYS .X LOCATION OF ELEPHANT I. FRONT 03 FEB to 04 FEB 1992 (A—A') 22 FEB to 25 FEB 1992 (B—B) 10 MAR to 12 MAR 1992 CC—C')
Figure 2. Location of frontal boundaries north of Elephant Island from cross-shell CTD transects.
-
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7 j5
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I I I I
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2 i 33.5
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34
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35
SALINITY (ppt) Figure 3. T/S relationship of water column at station 45 on 26 January and 3 March 1992. Depth of major 1/S inversions are annotated on the curves.
phy of the surface water at Elephant Island, Antarctica. Continental
Shelf Research.
Heibling, E. W., A. F. Amos, N. Silva, V. Villafane, and 0. Holm-Hansen. In press. Phytoplankton distribution and abiotic measurements over a frontal system north of Elephant Island, Antarctica. Antarctic
Science.
Holm-Hansen, 0., V. E. Villafane, and E. W. Helbling. 1992. AMLR program: Phytoplankton abundance and rates of primary production
AMLR program: A comparison between the summer meteorological conditions at Seal Island and those over the adjacent waters of the Drake Passage A. F. AMOS Marine Science Institute University of Texas at Austin Port Aransas, Texas 78373
Seal Island is the largest of a small group of islands located north of Elephant Island, the northernmost of the South Shetland Islands (see Rosenberg et al. for location map). It is the site 230
around Elephant Island area. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue. Loeb, V. and V. Siegal. 1992. AMLR program: Krill stock structure in the Elephant Island area. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue. Niiler, P. P., A. F. Amos, and J. -H. Hu. 1991. Water masses and 200m relative geostrophic circulation in the western Bransfield Strait region. Deep Sea Research, 38(8/9):943-959. Rosenberg, J., R. P. Hewitt, and R. S. Holt. 1992. The U.S. AMLR program 1991-1992 field season activities. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue.
of an annual study of seals and penguins by the Antarctic Marine Living Resource (AMLR) program (Croll et al. this issue). The waters of the adjacent continental shelf and the Drake Passage are the primary study area of the AMLR program's fieldwork aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ship Surveyor. The University of Texas's program in physical oceanography is part of the AMLR multidisciplinary study of the distribution of krill (Euphausia superba). Our work has two major tasks: to study the hydrography of the upper water column as it relates to the observed distribution of the biological organisms (Helbling et al. in press; Amos and Lavender this issue) and to monitor the surface meteorological conditions that may affect the water structure (Amos this issue). To accomplish the second task, continuous measurements of winds, air temperature, humidity, pressure, solar radiation parameters, sea temperature, salinity, beam transmission, and chlorophyll fluorescence are made while the ship is under way. This year a Coastal Climate automatic weather station was installed on Seal Island and operated from mid-December 1991 to midMarch 1992. Weather data were of interest for the seal and
ANTARCTIC J
WEATHER. SEAL ISLAND FEB 1992 —i- 20 10
20 10 0 -10. -20
- -10 -20 29 WINO VECTORS (m/sec)
WINO VECTORS (m/sec)
1010 990 970 950
1010 990--970 1 950 171 181 191 201 211 22! 23! 24! 2s1 26! 27! 28! 29 3 I4 I 1 I2 I 5 I 7 I 8 I 9 I iol uI 121 131 141 is! 161 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB) BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB) 100 80
100 80 60 40
______
so
20! 21! 22! 23! 24! 25! 26! 27! 28! 29 io ii! 121 131 14! 15! 16! 17! IBj 19!1718 I l4I5I6 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) 10
I I a I 3 I4
15
29
Ia AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 1. Time series weather data, Seal Island, February 1992. Top trace: wind speed and wind vectors (m.sec'); north Is up. Second trace: barometric pressure, reduced to sea level (mb). Third trace: relative humidity (percent). Bottom trace: air temperature ('C). WEATHER, AMLR 92 FEB 1992 20 10 0 -10 -20 WINO VECTORS (m/sec) -
950 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 28! 29 u I 2 I 3 I 4 I n I 6 I 7 I 8 1 9 I 10! ui 121 131 141 iI 161 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB) BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (mB)
100 80 60 40
20 10
, -10 -20 WIND VECTORS (m/sec)
1010 990 970 950
--
I I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
4
O
I id ii! 121 131 141 us! 161 171181 19! 201 21 22! 23! 24! 251 26! 271 28! 29 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
10 5 0 -5
29 AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE (C)
L5
AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 2. Time series weather data from AMLR underway equipment aboard Surveyor, February 1992. Traces as in figure 1, except bottom trace: air and sea temperature ( C C); gray shading: air temperature greater than sea temperature; solid shading: air temperature greater than sea temperature. Gap In trace is when Surveyor was in port (Punta Arenas, Chile). Noise on pressure and humidity traces on 21 and 22 February is due to electronic interference.
penguin studies and also provided a comparison between a stationary "island" station and Surveyor's traveling "oceanic" station. The Seal Island Zeno weather station is located at an altitude of 120 meters at 60'59.1'S 5523.1' Won an unobstructed hill above the encampment. The parameters measured were wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. In the Zeno, data are recorded internally at 10-
1992 REVIEW
minute intervals using a microprocessor. The Seal Island crew downloaded data into a portable PC at approximately 2-week intervals. Aboard Surveyor, a Coastal Climate Weatherpak shipboard weather system provides wind and air temperature data. The sensors are located 35 meters above sea level. Data from the ship's Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) navigation system and
231
Mean and extreme conditions on Seal Island and Surveyor Air temperature (C) Humidity (%)
Barometer (mb)
Winds (m.sec")
Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean SEAL I 9.1 -3.0 1.63 93 31 81.5 1016.1 973.6 991.9 19.6 0.0 3.1/060 * 2/09 (date) 2/09 3/06 3/03 2/07 2/02 * SURVEYOR 6.7 -4.0 2.21 100 68 94.4 1017.4 974.2 994.0 23.7 1.0 3.8/117 ** 2/10 (date) 1/18 2/10 3/02 2/07 Note: Reading was obtained on several dates; **occurred on many dates. Mean wind directions are those to which the wind is blowing.
WEATHER, SURVEYOR FEB 1992 20 10 0 -10 -20
—i- 20 10
—+ -10 -20
WIND VECTORS (rn/eec)
WIND VECTORS (rn/eec)
1010
1010
950
100 80 60 40
1
1
1
1
4 5 5 17 8 1 12 13 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE. (mB)
I9
j
ot III
121
iel
191 201 211 221 231 24 131 141 151 181 171 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB)
---1970 251 27 1 281 29 950 100
IbfvI -
i
I
2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I e I 9 I io!
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X)
iii
ia!
191 201 21! 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 29 121 131 141 151 161 17! RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X)
40
—p10
10
-H-i °
S 0 -5
29
AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
-5
AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 3. Time-series weather data from deck watch observations aboard Surveyor, February 1992. Traces as figure 1. thermosalinograph are output to a shipwide local area network (LAN). Information is extracted from the LAN by a PC program developed by the author to integrate these data with data from several different environmental sensors for storage and real-time display and plotting. Surveyor's deck watch also manually records weather data on a standard deck log and daily weather observation sheet. Wind data are read from the Weatherpak display, but wet and dry bulb temperatures are obtained from a standard sling psychrometer and barometric pressure from the ship's aneroid barometer. I compare here the February 1992 weather data from the Seal Island (figure 1) with those from the AMLR underway system (figure 2) and also with the data collected by Surveyor's deck watch (figure 3). These data have not yet been fully corrected. During February, Surveyor returned to Chile between legs 1 and 2, so comparable data were collected in the vicinity of Seal Island only from 1 through 10 February and 21 through 29 February. The most obvious similarity is in the atmospheric pressures which, when reduced to sea level for all three barometers (altitudes: Seal Island, 120 meters; AMLR, 10 meters; Surveyor, 10 meters), are identical within a millibar or so, with occasional phase lags of about an hour between the pressure measured on the ship and the pressure measured on Seal Island. Differences
232
can be seen in air temperature—with a much greater diurnal range on Seal Island than over the Drake Passage—lower humidity and wind speed, and directional variability. The table lists the mean and extreme conditions on Seal Island and Surveyor during the time the ship was near Elephant Island. Surface humidity is important in remote satellite sensing, global climate (Liu et al. 1992), and ocean-atmosphere heat flux calculations (Hsu and Blanchard 1989). Over the southern ocean, few reliable humidity measurements have been made. One problem is the difficulty of measuring humidity in the near-freezing, near-saturation conditions encountered in antarctic seas. Our humidity sensor output on Surveyor frequently limited at 97.2 percent and stayed there for hours or even days. At first we believed that the sensor was malfunctioning, but comparisons between psychrometer readings that frequently showed both thermometers reading the same (i.e., 100 percent relative humidity) confirmed saturation (figures 2 and 3). Likewise, the humidity sensor atop the Seal Island hill appeared to limit at 93 percent (figure 1). These data will be used to explore ocean-atmosphere exchange processes, the effect of winds on the surface circulation, and the location of fronts that may bound krill populations. The Seal Island weather station was left in place, recording at 1-hour intervals. It will be recovered in December 1992.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
This work was supported by NOAA award NA27FRO01-10 to the UTMSI. I wish to thank the officers and crew of the NOAA ;hip Surveyor, the bridge watch who collected the data used in Figure 3, lead electronic technician Mark May, and electronic Lechnician Frank Gomes. Jam also grateful to Margaret Lavender legs 1 and 2) and Jeff Heimann (leg 1), who kept the still-capri:ious weather system going on their watches. Many thanks to Peter Boveng, Mike Goebel, and Don Croll, who climbed the ;lippery hill several times to download the Seal Island data. References mos, A. F. 1991. AMLR program: Meteorological conditions in the vicinity of Elephant Island. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 26:213-215. kmos, A. F. and M. K. Lavender. 1991. AMLR program: Water masses in the vicinity of Elephant Island. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 26:210-213. mos, A. F. and M. K. Lavender. 1992. AMLR program: Dynamics of the summer hydrographic regime at Elephant Island. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue.
1992 REVIEW
Croll, S. A., P. L. Boveng, M. E. Goebel, J . K. Jansen, S. C. Manley, H. D. Douglas, and J. L. Bengtson. 1992. AMLR program: Penguin and fur seal studies on Seal Island, South Shetland Islands. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue. Helbling, E. W., A. F. Amos, N. Silva, V. Villafañe, and 0. Holm-Hansen. In press. Phytoplankton distribution and abiotic measurements over a frontal system north of Elephant Island, Antarctica. Antarctic
Science. Hsu, S. S., and B. W. Blanchard. 1989. The relationship between total precipitable water and surface-level humidity over the sea surface: A further evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94(C10):14,53914,545. Liu, W. T., W. Tang, and F. J . Wentz. 1992. Precipitable water and surface humidity over global oceans from Special Sensor Microwave Imager and European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecsts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(C2):2,251-2,264. Rosenberg, Jane E., Roger P. Hewitt, and Rennie S. Holt. 1992. The U.S. AMLR program: 1991-1992 field season activities. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue.
233
57 0 W
60 30 S
660K
560W
540
+
+ + +
++++/ +4:.._-
34
1111,1
IA
34.5
li,i
1
/
I1
400' -
+ 61005
I 66°W
i35 -3
/26.6
7..4//2/so
w 55°W
2
p.4/27.8
27
57°W
II
+ +
C + 61 0 OS
33.5 3- 1,1
60030 S +
AMLR 92 SURVEY STA 45A (DOTTED). STA 45D, (SOLID)
54°W
SURVEYOR CRUISE AMLR 92. SURVEYS .X LOCATION OF ELEPHANT I. FRONT 03 FEB to 04 FEB 1992 (A—A') 22 FEB to 25 FEB 1992 (B—B) 10 MAR to 12 MAR 1992 CC—C')
Figure 2. Location of frontal boundaries north of Elephant Island from cross-shell CTD transects.
-
-o
a.I
7 j5
I I-
I I I I
/ I I I I I I I —
2 i 33.5
s I'
I
I'l
34
I
I
I
34.5
/ I I
I'—I---2
35
SALINITY (ppt) Figure 3. T/S relationship of water column at station 45 on 26 January and 3 March 1992. Depth of major 1/S inversions are annotated on the curves.
phy of the surface water at Elephant Island, Antarctica. Continental
Shelf Research.
Heibling, E. W., A. F. Amos, N. Silva, V. Villafane, and 0. Holm-Hansen. In press. Phytoplankton distribution and abiotic measurements over a frontal system north of Elephant Island, Antarctica. Antarctic
Science.
Holm-Hansen, 0., V. E. Villafane, and E. W. Helbling. 1992. AMLR program: Phytoplankton abundance and rates of primary production
AMLR program: A comparison between the summer meteorological conditions at Seal Island and those over the adjacent waters of the Drake Passage A. F. AMOS Marine Science Institute University of Texas at Austin Port Aransas, Texas 78373
Seal Island is the largest of a small group of islands located north of Elephant Island, the northernmost of the South Shetland Islands (see Rosenberg et al. for location map). It is the site 230
around Elephant Island area. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue. Loeb, V. and V. Siegal. 1992. AMLR program: Krill stock structure in the Elephant Island area. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue. Niiler, P. P., A. F. Amos, and J. -H. Hu. 1991. Water masses and 200m relative geostrophic circulation in the western Bransfield Strait region. Deep Sea Research, 38(8/9):943-959. Rosenberg, J., R. P. Hewitt, and R. S. Holt. 1992. The U.S. AMLR program 1991-1992 field season activities. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue.
of an annual study of seals and penguins by the Antarctic Marine Living Resource (AMLR) program (Croll et al. this issue). The waters of the adjacent continental shelf and the Drake Passage are the primary study area of the AMLR program's fieldwork aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ship Surveyor. The University of Texas's program in physical oceanography is part of the AMLR multidisciplinary study of the distribution of krill (Euphausia superba). Our work has two major tasks: to study the hydrography of the upper water column as it relates to the observed distribution of the biological organisms (Helbling et al. in press; Amos and Lavender this issue) and to monitor the surface meteorological conditions that may affect the water structure (Amos this issue). To accomplish the second task, continuous measurements of winds, air temperature, humidity, pressure, solar radiation parameters, sea temperature, salinity, beam transmission, and chlorophyll fluorescence are made while the ship is under way. This year a Coastal Climate automatic weather station was installed on Seal Island and operated from mid-December 1991 to midMarch 1992. Weather data were of interest for the seal and
ANTARCTIC J
WEATHER. SEAL ISLAND FEB 1992 —i- 20 10
20 10 0 -10. -20
- -10 -20 29 WINO VECTORS (m/sec)
WINO VECTORS (m/sec)
1010 990 970 950
1010 990--970 1 950 171 181 191 201 211 22! 23! 24! 2s1 26! 27! 28! 29 3 I4 I 1 I2 I 5 I 7 I 8 I 9 I iol uI 121 131 141 is! 161 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB) BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB) 100 80
100 80 60 40
______
so
20! 21! 22! 23! 24! 25! 26! 27! 28! 29 io ii! 121 131 14! 15! 16! 17! IBj 19!1718 I l4I5I6 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) 10
I I a I 3 I4
15
29
Ia AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 1. Time series weather data, Seal Island, February 1992. Top trace: wind speed and wind vectors (m.sec'); north Is up. Second trace: barometric pressure, reduced to sea level (mb). Third trace: relative humidity (percent). Bottom trace: air temperature ('C). WEATHER, AMLR 92 FEB 1992 20 10 0 -10 -20 WINO VECTORS (m/sec) -
950 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 261 271 28! 29 u I 2 I 3 I 4 I n I 6 I 7 I 8 1 9 I 10! ui 121 131 141 iI 161 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB) BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (mB)
100 80 60 40
20 10
, -10 -20 WIND VECTORS (m/sec)
1010 990 970 950
--
I I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I 8 I RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
4
O
I id ii! 121 131 141 us! 161 171181 19! 201 21 22! 23! 24! 251 26! 271 28! 29 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
10 5 0 -5
29 AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE (C)
L5
AIR AND SEA TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 2. Time series weather data from AMLR underway equipment aboard Surveyor, February 1992. Traces as in figure 1, except bottom trace: air and sea temperature ( C C); gray shading: air temperature greater than sea temperature; solid shading: air temperature greater than sea temperature. Gap In trace is when Surveyor was in port (Punta Arenas, Chile). Noise on pressure and humidity traces on 21 and 22 February is due to electronic interference.
penguin studies and also provided a comparison between a stationary "island" station and Surveyor's traveling "oceanic" station. The Seal Island Zeno weather station is located at an altitude of 120 meters at 60'59.1'S 5523.1' Won an unobstructed hill above the encampment. The parameters measured were wind speed and direction, air temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. In the Zeno, data are recorded internally at 10-
1992 REVIEW
minute intervals using a microprocessor. The Seal Island crew downloaded data into a portable PC at approximately 2-week intervals. Aboard Surveyor, a Coastal Climate Weatherpak shipboard weather system provides wind and air temperature data. The sensors are located 35 meters above sea level. Data from the ship's Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) navigation system and
231
Mean and extreme conditions on Seal Island and Surveyor Air temperature (C) Humidity (%)
Barometer (mb)
Winds (m.sec")
Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean Max Min Mean SEAL I 9.1 -3.0 1.63 93 31 81.5 1016.1 973.6 991.9 19.6 0.0 3.1/060 * 2/09 (date) 2/09 3/06 3/03 2/07 2/02 * SURVEYOR 6.7 -4.0 2.21 100 68 94.4 1017.4 974.2 994.0 23.7 1.0 3.8/117 ** 2/10 (date) 1/18 2/10 3/02 2/07 Note: Reading was obtained on several dates; **occurred on many dates. Mean wind directions are those to which the wind is blowing.
WEATHER, SURVEYOR FEB 1992 20 10 0 -10 -20
—i- 20 10
—+ -10 -20
WIND VECTORS (rn/eec)
WIND VECTORS (rn/eec)
1010
1010
950
100 80 60 40
1
1
1
1
4 5 5 17 8 1 12 13 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE. (mB)
I9
j
ot III
121
iel
191 201 211 221 231 24 131 141 151 181 171 BAROMETRIC PRESSURE (MB)
---1970 251 27 1 281 29 950 100
IbfvI -
i
I
2 I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 I e I 9 I io!
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X)
iii
ia!
191 201 21! 221 231 241 251 261 271 281 29 121 131 141 151 161 17! RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X)
40
—p10
10
-H-i °
S 0 -5
29
AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
-5
AIR TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 3. Time-series weather data from deck watch observations aboard Surveyor, February 1992. Traces as figure 1. thermosalinograph are output to a shipwide local area network (LAN). Information is extracted from the LAN by a PC program developed by the author to integrate these data with data from several different environmental sensors for storage and real-time display and plotting. Surveyor's deck watch also manually records weather data on a standard deck log and daily weather observation sheet. Wind data are read from the Weatherpak display, but wet and dry bulb temperatures are obtained from a standard sling psychrometer and barometric pressure from the ship's aneroid barometer. I compare here the February 1992 weather data from the Seal Island (figure 1) with those from the AMLR underway system (figure 2) and also with the data collected by Surveyor's deck watch (figure 3). These data have not yet been fully corrected. During February, Surveyor returned to Chile between legs 1 and 2, so comparable data were collected in the vicinity of Seal Island only from 1 through 10 February and 21 through 29 February. The most obvious similarity is in the atmospheric pressures which, when reduced to sea level for all three barometers (altitudes: Seal Island, 120 meters; AMLR, 10 meters; Surveyor, 10 meters), are identical within a millibar or so, with occasional phase lags of about an hour between the pressure measured on the ship and the pressure measured on Seal Island. Differences
232
can be seen in air temperature—with a much greater diurnal range on Seal Island than over the Drake Passage—lower humidity and wind speed, and directional variability. The table lists the mean and extreme conditions on Seal Island and Surveyor during the time the ship was near Elephant Island. Surface humidity is important in remote satellite sensing, global climate (Liu et al. 1992), and ocean-atmosphere heat flux calculations (Hsu and Blanchard 1989). Over the southern ocean, few reliable humidity measurements have been made. One problem is the difficulty of measuring humidity in the near-freezing, near-saturation conditions encountered in antarctic seas. Our humidity sensor output on Surveyor frequently limited at 97.2 percent and stayed there for hours or even days. At first we believed that the sensor was malfunctioning, but comparisons between psychrometer readings that frequently showed both thermometers reading the same (i.e., 100 percent relative humidity) confirmed saturation (figures 2 and 3). Likewise, the humidity sensor atop the Seal Island hill appeared to limit at 93 percent (figure 1). These data will be used to explore ocean-atmosphere exchange processes, the effect of winds on the surface circulation, and the location of fronts that may bound krill populations. The Seal Island weather station was left in place, recording at 1-hour intervals. It will be recovered in December 1992.
ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
This work was supported by NOAA award NA27FRO01-10 to the UTMSI. I wish to thank the officers and crew of the NOAA ;hip Surveyor, the bridge watch who collected the data used in Figure 3, lead electronic technician Mark May, and electronic Lechnician Frank Gomes. Jam also grateful to Margaret Lavender legs 1 and 2) and Jeff Heimann (leg 1), who kept the still-capri:ious weather system going on their watches. Many thanks to Peter Boveng, Mike Goebel, and Don Croll, who climbed the ;lippery hill several times to download the Seal Island data. References mos, A. F. 1991. AMLR program: Meteorological conditions in the vicinity of Elephant Island. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 26:213-215. kmos, A. F. and M. K. Lavender. 1991. AMLR program: Water masses in the vicinity of Elephant Island. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 26:210-213. mos, A. F. and M. K. Lavender. 1992. AMLR program: Dynamics of the summer hydrographic regime at Elephant Island. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue.
1992 REVIEW
Croll, S. A., P. L. Boveng, M. E. Goebel, J . K. Jansen, S. C. Manley, H. D. Douglas, and J. L. Bengtson. 1992. AMLR program: Penguin and fur seal studies on Seal Island, South Shetland Islands. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue. Helbling, E. W., A. F. Amos, N. Silva, V. Villafañe, and 0. Holm-Hansen. In press. Phytoplankton distribution and abiotic measurements over a frontal system north of Elephant Island, Antarctica. Antarctic
Science. Hsu, S. S., and B. W. Blanchard. 1989. The relationship between total precipitable water and surface-level humidity over the sea surface: A further evaluation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94(C10):14,53914,545. Liu, W. T., W. Tang, and F. J . Wentz. 1992. Precipitable water and surface humidity over global oceans from Special Sensor Microwave Imager and European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecsts. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(C2):2,251-2,264. Rosenberg, Jane E., Roger P. Hewitt, and Rennie S. Holt. 1992. The U.S. AMLR program: 1991-1992 field season activities. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., this issue.
233
