and Component-Dependent Degradation of Perovskite Photovoltaic
1
Temperature- and Component-Dependent Degradation of Perovskite Photovoltaic Materials under Concentrated Sunlight Ravi K. Misra,a Sigalit Aharon,b Baili Li,a Dmitri Mogilyanski,c Iris Visoly-Fisher,a,c Lioz Etgar,b and Eugene A. Katz*a,c a. Dept. of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research (BIDR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel b. Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, c. Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
Supporting Information
2
Figure S1. Schematic description of the Minidish dual-axis tracking solar concentrator (20 cm in diameter): (a) The outdoor set-up concentrates the solar radiation at the tip of a highly transmitting optical fiber, which guides the concentrated sunlight indoors onto the sample being tested, with (b) a uniform irradiation of the sample via a kaleidoscope [1-2].
3
10
Intensity (A.U)
1.0
20
30
40
50
60
MAPbBr3 as Grown
(a)
0.5 0.0 1.0
MAPbBr3 after Exposure
(b)
0.5 0.0 10
20
30
40
50
60
2 Theta (Degree)
Figure S2. XRD patterns of (a) as-grown MAPbBr3 film; (b) MAPbBr3 film after exposure to 100 suns at Test ~45-55oC. The intensities of the peaks were normalized by the intensity of the highest peak in each case. 3.0
Absorbance
2.5
t=0 min t=20 min t=40 min t=60 min
o Test~25 C
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 400
500
600
700
800
Wavelength (nm)
Figure S3. UV-Vis absorption spectra of an encapsulated MAPbBr3 film exposed to 100 suns for various times at Test ~25oC.
4 Calculation of the number of absorbed solar photons: To quantify the degradation in absorption, the number of absorbed solar photons (
) was
monitored versus ageing time. For each wavelength in the range 400-800 nm, the percentage of absorbed photons was calculated from the absorbance measurements, and multiplied by the number of incident photons. The resulting number of absorbed photons was summed over the wavelength range 400-800 nm providing the total number of absorbed solar photons
:
At(λ) - the measured absorbance at a given wavelength λ and after ageing for time t,
(λ) - the
incident photon flux, λ1=400 nm and λ2=800 nm. At(λ) was directly extracted from the UV–vis absorbance spectra of the sample after the corresponding ageing time, and the photonic flux was taken from the ASTMG173 standard, which was used as the AM1.5G reference spectrum [3]. To follow the evolution of the degradation of the perovskite,
was normalized by the number of
photons absorbed by the fresh sample Notot, to provide the ratio indicated as “absorption degradation state”. References [1] Katz, E. A.; Gordon, J. M.; Tassew, W.; Feuermann, D. Photovoltaic Characterization of Concentrator Solar Cells By Localized Irradiation. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 100, 044514 (1-8). [2] Tromholt, T.; Manceau, M.; Helgesen, M.; Carle, J.E.; Krebs, F.C. Degradation of Semiconducting Polymers by Concentrated Sunlight. Sol. Energy Mat. Sol. C. 2011, 95, 13081314. [3] NREL ASTM G173 reference AM1.5G solar spectrum. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/astmg173/astmg173.html
Temperature- and Component-Dependent Degradation of Perovskite Photovoltaic Materials under Concentrated Sunlight Ravi K. Misra,a Sigalit Aharon,b Baili Li,a Dmitri Mogilyanski,c Iris Visoly-Fisher,a,c Lioz Etgar,b and Eugene A. Katz*a,c a. Dept. of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research (BIDR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus 84990, Israel b. Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, c. Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
Supporting Information
2
Figure S1. Schematic description of the Minidish dual-axis tracking solar concentrator (20 cm in diameter): (a) The outdoor set-up concentrates the solar radiation at the tip of a highly transmitting optical fiber, which guides the concentrated sunlight indoors onto the sample being tested, with (b) a uniform irradiation of the sample via a kaleidoscope [1-2].
3
10
Intensity (A.U)
1.0
20
30
40
50
60
MAPbBr3 as Grown
(a)
0.5 0.0 1.0
MAPbBr3 after Exposure
(b)
0.5 0.0 10
20
30
40
50
60
2 Theta (Degree)
Figure S2. XRD patterns of (a) as-grown MAPbBr3 film; (b) MAPbBr3 film after exposure to 100 suns at Test ~45-55oC. The intensities of the peaks were normalized by the intensity of the highest peak in each case. 3.0
Absorbance
2.5
t=0 min t=20 min t=40 min t=60 min
o Test~25 C
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 400
500
600
700
800
Wavelength (nm)
Figure S3. UV-Vis absorption spectra of an encapsulated MAPbBr3 film exposed to 100 suns for various times at Test ~25oC.
4 Calculation of the number of absorbed solar photons: To quantify the degradation in absorption, the number of absorbed solar photons (
) was
monitored versus ageing time. For each wavelength in the range 400-800 nm, the percentage of absorbed photons was calculated from the absorbance measurements, and multiplied by the number of incident photons. The resulting number of absorbed photons was summed over the wavelength range 400-800 nm providing the total number of absorbed solar photons
:
At(λ) - the measured absorbance at a given wavelength λ and after ageing for time t,
(λ) - the
incident photon flux, λ1=400 nm and λ2=800 nm. At(λ) was directly extracted from the UV–vis absorbance spectra of the sample after the corresponding ageing time, and the photonic flux was taken from the ASTMG173 standard, which was used as the AM1.5G reference spectrum [3]. To follow the evolution of the degradation of the perovskite,
was normalized by the number of
photons absorbed by the fresh sample Notot, to provide the ratio indicated as “absorption degradation state”. References [1] Katz, E. A.; Gordon, J. M.; Tassew, W.; Feuermann, D. Photovoltaic Characterization of Concentrator Solar Cells By Localized Irradiation. J. Appl. Phys. 2006, 100, 044514 (1-8). [2] Tromholt, T.; Manceau, M.; Helgesen, M.; Carle, J.E.; Krebs, F.C. Degradation of Semiconducting Polymers by Concentrated Sunlight. Sol. Energy Mat. Sol. C. 2011, 95, 13081314. [3] NREL ASTM G173 reference AM1.5G solar spectrum. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/astmg173/astmg173.html
