aPersonality Psychology Chapter 9 Regulation and Motivation ...
aPersonality Psychology Chapter 9 Regulation and Motivation: SelfDetermination Theory • According to the Selfdetermination Theory (Of Edward Deci and Richard Ryan) there is a big difference between engaging in an activity because of extrinsic reasons and engaging in the same activity for intrinsic reasons. o Want to study in exam – extrincis – wana be successful in life , intrincis – my family wants me to be a teacher • When we are Extrinsically Motivated we engage in an activity due to reasons outside the activity itself. (For rewards or because punishment will follow if not complete, like doing homework.) • When we are Intrinsically Motivated we engage in an activity simply because we receive joy and pleasure from that activity. (Like painting, if you’re into art.) • According to the selfdetermination theory, the reasons why we do something are often more important than what we do. • 2 important predictions of SelfDetermination Theory: 1. The reasons why we do something (Intrinsic or extrinsic reasons) are important for effort, performance, and task persistence. 2. The way another person communicates his or her expectations and instructions to us also has a big impact on our effort, performance, and task persistence. • SelfDetermination theory is grounded in the Humanistic Tradition, which emphasizes responsibility, growth, and the actualizing tendency. • Actualizing Tendency: The motive to actualize or bring about growth and positive change. • Ex: think of a flower ,if the envioronement doesn’t interfere the person can do what they want to do • Carl rogers talks about the actualizing tendency • According to the SelfDetermination theory, there are 3 basic and universal psychological needs: Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness. • People need autonomy, because they must feel that hey can freely choose what to pursue, instead of being pushed around, forced to do things, or burdened with a lot of have to’s, from the people or situations around them. o A person can do something they want to do , not feeling pushed by other people o How much he wants to do it • People need competence, because they must feel competent at their pursuits, achieving mastery at tasks that are neither to easy nor too hard for them. o They have the skill and they can do it o How much skills you have • People need relatedness, because they must feel they have meaningful relationships with people around them, like peers or supervisors. The feeling of being connected to others, people to care for, and to receive. o Ex: school and work organization o How much related you are to your profs
• When these 3 needs are met, people will feel motivated and will happily participate in some activity. • For people to satisfy their need for autonomy they must feel they can act out of their own volition (I.e. from their own wishes, preferences, and desires.) • The opposite of autonomy is control. • An important part of satisfying the need for competence is working on tasks that are Optimally Challenging. (When an activity is neither to easy nor to hard.) • Flow: An experience marked by complete absorption, deep enjoyment, intense concentration, and almost an altered state, as people block out all irrelevant stimuli and focus completely on the task at hand. (Think of being vary into a video game, or how some athletes call it being in the “zone”) o You completely focus on one thing , everything around you is not relevant • When people are in a state of flow, they have no sense of time, reporting that minutes seem to pass in mere moments. • Overjustification Effect: When people lose interest in a formerly intrinsically interesting activity as a result of extrinsic control. o I like painting ,new friends , so you wont paint that day o I love biooo, but extrinsic factor chemistry making you loose bio interest • Locus of Control: Describes the connection between behavior and outcomes. o Those with an internal locus of control believe they can influence what happens to them through their own efforts, behavior, or characteristics. o I didn’t study much , that why my mark is bad o Those with an external locus of control believe that what happens to them is due to chance, luck, fate, or other people. o Bad mark , proff was really bad • Locus of Causality: Refers to the connection between choice and behavior. • A key difference is that, people may understand the contingency between their behavior and some outcome and are able to control their behaviors (Locus of Control), but they may not want to or feel free to engage in those behaviors (Locus of Causality) • Feeling of competence is very similar to a sense of SelfEfficacy. • SelfEfficacy: The belief that one can be competent and effective at some activity. Two parts to SelfEfficacy beliefs: 1. Outcome Expectation: The belief that behaving in a certain way will produce a certain outcome. a. EX: Him studying , will get him good marks in MCAT 2. Efficacy Expectation: The belief that one is capable of acting in a certain way; that is, the expectation about whether a person will succeed or fail at performing the required action. a. EX: studying for medicine , how much he believes he can do good in it
• According to the SelfEfficacy Theory, the efficacy expectation is more important than the outcome expectation. • SelfEfficacy beliefs can also develop or change through social persuasion. • Relatedness how u need to be connected to be with ppl. • Feeling connected with others along with autonomy and competence gives the motivation to engage with the world. • Path Analysis: Used to test how variables affect each other. (Statistical technique) • Path Diagram: A PD is something that visually shows the significant effects of the variables on each other. What It Means to Be SelfRegulated • Motivation is best characterized on a continuum, ranging from extrinsic to intrinsic, vary in how much volition (desires and preference) or autonomy a person feels they have. • Amotivation: A state of having no motivation, where people are neither extrinsically nor intrinsically motivated, perhaps feeling apathetic or alienated. • Being selfregulated means adjusting our own behaviors and attitudes somewhere along this continuum of motivation depending on the situation and the activity at hand. Types of Motivation
Amotivation Regulation
External Integrated Regulation Regulation
Introjected Intrinsic Regulation
Identified Regulation
• Intrinsic Motivation occur when people engage in an activity due to reasons inherent in the activity itself, like satisfaction or pleasure. • Most activities we do throughout the day are typically intrinsically motivating. • Extrinsic Motivation: Occurs when an activity is undertaken fore reasons that are external or separable from the activity itself, like gaining a reward or avoiding a punishment. • 4 types of extrinsic motivations (Only covers those at the extremes): • External Regulation: Which is completely extrinsic and controlled by something or someone outside ourselves. • Introjected Regulation: In which the behavior is controlled by something within ourselves. • Identified Regulation: When we accept the activity as personally meaningful, perhaps for some greater goal which is more important than hassles involved in the task at hand.
• U know the task is very hard , you know there is a greater benefit for the future • You don’t wana do it but u have to do it • Integrated Regulation: People have internalized the goals and values of the enterprises (E.g. work environment, getting an education, keeping a healthy lifestyle) even though the particular activity (E.g. Preparing reports, quitting smoking) is not inherently interesting. • Exinternalized goal to get something done – reward you personally , you will get satisfaction • Intrinsic Regulation occur when people engage in an activity due to reasons inherent in the activity itself, like satisfaction or pleasure. • Causality Orientations • Causality Orientations: Peoples typical ways of selfregulating. 3 Causality Orientations: • Autonomous Orientation: Describes the degree to which people interpret a situation as autonomy supportive, providing information for their own self regulation. • People develop an autonomous orientation when all 3 basic needs are regularly met. • Controlled Orientation: Describes the degree to which people look for controls in the environment and let the environment or their own introjects determine and regulate their own behavior. • Impersonal Orientation: Describes the degree to which people feel they lack control over important outcomes. • This type of orientation develops from consistently having all 3 needs are not met. • In terms of our Pursuit of happiness, both what you choose to pursue and why you pursue it that is important for wellbeing and happiness. • Fame, fortune, or good looks, in and of themselves, do not lead to wellbeing and happiness but rather freely choosing what to pursue, feeling competent in ones endeavors, and being meaningfully related to others along the way does lead to happiness. • When people have full autonomy in something their satisfaction increases dramatically.
• When these 3 needs are met, people will feel motivated and will happily participate in some activity. • For people to satisfy their need for autonomy they must feel they can act out of their own volition (I.e. from their own wishes, preferences, and desires.) • The opposite of autonomy is control. • An important part of satisfying the need for competence is working on tasks that are Optimally Challenging. (When an activity is neither to easy nor to hard.) • Flow: An experience marked by complete absorption, deep enjoyment, intense concentration, and almost an altered state, as people block out all irrelevant stimuli and focus completely on the task at hand. (Think of being vary into a video game, or how some athletes call it being in the “zone”) o You completely focus on one thing , everything around you is not relevant • When people are in a state of flow, they have no sense of time, reporting that minutes seem to pass in mere moments. • Overjustification Effect: When people lose interest in a formerly intrinsically interesting activity as a result of extrinsic control. o I like painting ,new friends , so you wont paint that day o I love biooo, but extrinsic factor chemistry making you loose bio interest • Locus of Control: Describes the connection between behavior and outcomes. o Those with an internal locus of control believe they can influence what happens to them through their own efforts, behavior, or characteristics. o I didn’t study much , that why my mark is bad o Those with an external locus of control believe that what happens to them is due to chance, luck, fate, or other people. o Bad mark , proff was really bad • Locus of Causality: Refers to the connection between choice and behavior. • A key difference is that, people may understand the contingency between their behavior and some outcome and are able to control their behaviors (Locus of Control), but they may not want to or feel free to engage in those behaviors (Locus of Causality) • Feeling of competence is very similar to a sense of SelfEfficacy. • SelfEfficacy: The belief that one can be competent and effective at some activity. Two parts to SelfEfficacy beliefs: 1. Outcome Expectation: The belief that behaving in a certain way will produce a certain outcome. a. EX: Him studying , will get him good marks in MCAT 2. Efficacy Expectation: The belief that one is capable of acting in a certain way; that is, the expectation about whether a person will succeed or fail at performing the required action. a. EX: studying for medicine , how much he believes he can do good in it
• According to the SelfEfficacy Theory, the efficacy expectation is more important than the outcome expectation. • SelfEfficacy beliefs can also develop or change through social persuasion. • Relatedness how u need to be connected to be with ppl. • Feeling connected with others along with autonomy and competence gives the motivation to engage with the world. • Path Analysis: Used to test how variables affect each other. (Statistical technique) • Path Diagram: A PD is something that visually shows the significant effects of the variables on each other. What It Means to Be SelfRegulated • Motivation is best characterized on a continuum, ranging from extrinsic to intrinsic, vary in how much volition (desires and preference) or autonomy a person feels they have. • Amotivation: A state of having no motivation, where people are neither extrinsically nor intrinsically motivated, perhaps feeling apathetic or alienated. • Being selfregulated means adjusting our own behaviors and attitudes somewhere along this continuum of motivation depending on the situation and the activity at hand. Types of Motivation
Amotivation Regulation
External Integrated Regulation Regulation
Introjected Intrinsic Regulation
Identified Regulation
• Intrinsic Motivation occur when people engage in an activity due to reasons inherent in the activity itself, like satisfaction or pleasure. • Most activities we do throughout the day are typically intrinsically motivating. • Extrinsic Motivation: Occurs when an activity is undertaken fore reasons that are external or separable from the activity itself, like gaining a reward or avoiding a punishment. • 4 types of extrinsic motivations (Only covers those at the extremes): • External Regulation: Which is completely extrinsic and controlled by something or someone outside ourselves. • Introjected Regulation: In which the behavior is controlled by something within ourselves. • Identified Regulation: When we accept the activity as personally meaningful, perhaps for some greater goal which is more important than hassles involved in the task at hand.
• U know the task is very hard , you know there is a greater benefit for the future • You don’t wana do it but u have to do it • Integrated Regulation: People have internalized the goals and values of the enterprises (E.g. work environment, getting an education, keeping a healthy lifestyle) even though the particular activity (E.g. Preparing reports, quitting smoking) is not inherently interesting. • Exinternalized goal to get something done – reward you personally , you will get satisfaction • Intrinsic Regulation occur when people engage in an activity due to reasons inherent in the activity itself, like satisfaction or pleasure. • Causality Orientations • Causality Orientations: Peoples typical ways of selfregulating. 3 Causality Orientations: • Autonomous Orientation: Describes the degree to which people interpret a situation as autonomy supportive, providing information for their own self regulation. • People develop an autonomous orientation when all 3 basic needs are regularly met. • Controlled Orientation: Describes the degree to which people look for controls in the environment and let the environment or their own introjects determine and regulate their own behavior. • Impersonal Orientation: Describes the degree to which people feel they lack control over important outcomes. • This type of orientation develops from consistently having all 3 needs are not met. • In terms of our Pursuit of happiness, both what you choose to pursue and why you pursue it that is important for wellbeing and happiness. • Fame, fortune, or good looks, in and of themselves, do not lead to wellbeing and happiness but rather freely choosing what to pursue, feeling competent in ones endeavors, and being meaningfully related to others along the way does lead to happiness. • When people have full autonomy in something their satisfaction increases dramatically.
