arabic
SIMON & SCHUSTER’S
PIMSLEUR
®
eastern
ARABIC 2 level
READING BOOKLET
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Travelers should always check with their nation's State Department for current advisories on local conditions before traveling abroad.
Booklet Design: Maia Kennedy © and ‰ Recorded Program 2006 Simon & Schuster, Inc. © Reading Booklet 2006 Simon & Schuster, Inc. Pimsleur® is an imprint of Simon & Schuster Audio, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Mfg. in USA. All rights reserved.
ii
EASTERN ARABIC 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Voices English-Speaking Instructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ray Brown Arabic-Speaking Instructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baraa Zuhaili Female Arabic Speaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dima Orsho Male Arabic Speaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khalil Younes Course Writers Dr. Mahdi Alosh ♦ Mary E. Green Editors Elisabeth B. Heinle ♦ Beverly D. Heinle Executive Producer Beverly D. Heinle Reviewer Zuheir Alidib Producer & Director Sarah H. McInnis Recording Engineers Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux
Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA iii
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Table of Contents Arabic Dialects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Written System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Arabic Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction to Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Arabic Alphabet Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Diacritical Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Five . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Nine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Eleven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Twelve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Fourteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Fifteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Sixteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Seventeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Eighteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Nineteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 31
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Arabic Dialects There are many varieties of Arabic spoken throughout the Arab world, including North Africa. Of the hundreds of known dialects, the spoken varieties with the largest number of speakers are grouped, on the basis of similarity in vocabulary and syntax, into the following: • Syrian Arabic - (as taught in this course) spoken in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan • Egyptian Arabic - spoken in urban Egypt • Gulf Arabic - spoken in Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, the Emirates (Qatar), Oman, Bahrain, and Eastern Saudi Arabia • Iraqi Arabic - spoken in Iraq • North African Arabic - spoken in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco • Saudi Arabic - spoken in Central and Western Arabia • Yemeni Arabic - spoken in Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia
EASTERN ARABIC 2 The Written System The written form of the Arabic language, which dates back to pre-Islamic periods, is called “Standard” or “Literary Arabic” and is used and understood throughout the Arab world. It is the form of the language taught in schools and is the default for educated Arabs of any nationality. The written system has also been adopted by neighboring countries whose language is not Arabic, such as Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Colloquial or “spoken” Arabic, including Syrian Arabic, varies widely by region, sometimes differing enough to be mutually unintelligible. It is considered to be a “dialect,” and is almost never written down. Most educated Arabic speakers are able to easily jump back and forth between standard and dialect, even within the same sentence, with no loss of understanding. The Arabic writing system is easy to learn and master because the Arabic alphabet has a high correspondence between sound and symbol. This means that a letter is pronounced almost the same in every word position.
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 The Arabic Alphabet The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters in addition to the hamza (glottal stop) and two variants of existing letters (alif and taa). A number of diacritical marks complement the alphabet. These are signs written above or below the letters; they are listed on page 10, after the alphabet chart. There are two categories of Arabic letters. The first category contains six letters only, which are called “one-way connectors” because they connect only to the “preceding letters” or letters to the right. They do not connect to “following letters” or letters to the left. These are:
ا
د
ز
ر
ذ
و
The other 25 letters of the alphabet constitute the letters of the second category. They connect to both preceding letters (to the right) and following letters (to the left), hence the term “two-way connectors.” The alphabet contains three long vowels: alif (aa), waw (uu), and ya (ii). The latter two function also as consonants, as in “wet” and “yes.” There are three short counterparts of these vowels represented by diacritical marks: the fatHa (a), the damma (u), and the kasra (i). They are about half as long. A tiny circle written above a consonant is called a sukuun and represents the absence of a vowel.
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 The Arabic Alphabet The mark that resembles a tiny “w” is called shadda. It signifies a doubled consonant. For example, this mark over the letter “t” makes the word pronounced /sit-tah/ rather than /sitah/. A complete listing of the Arabic alphabet has been included for your reference, beginning on page 8. It is shown in two 2-page spreads, reading right to left. Each letter has four different representations, depending on its position within a word and includes the forms that the connectors assume in different word positions. There is an independent form, as well as a beginning, a middle, and an end form. The term “initial” means the first letter of the word starting from the right, “medial” means all the letters in the middle, and “final” refers to the last letter of the word, on the left. This is to be used only as a guide since all of the necessary information for beginning to read in Arabic will be given in the audio portion of the Reading Lessons. In the Readings for this course, you will practice recognition and pronunciation of Arabic letters and combinations of letters, as well as their use in different words and contexts. If you are not familiar with the Arabic alphabet, you may at first find that it takes some time to assoc-iate the appropriate sounds with each letter and/or group of letters. Therefore, we recommend that you take the Reading Lessons at your own pace, repeating each until you feel comfortable proceeding to the next. With a little effort, you will be astonished at how quickly you are reading Arabic. 4
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Introduction to Readings There are nineteen Reading Lessons. The first sixteen Reading Lessons that follow are a review from Level 1. They’ll give you a solid introduction to reading Standard Arabic. In the final three Lessons, you’ll have a chance to try “reading” a transcription of three telephone calls. These are written in the Syrian dialect, so you will be able to understand what you are reading. Normally, writing is done only in Standard Arabic, and experienced readers look at the words written in Standard and translate them “on the fly” into dialect. The recorded portion of the reading materials for Eastern Arabic 2 will be found at the end of the program. You can do the Readings when it is most convenient for you, either with the lessons, or entirely after completing the full 30 lessons. Full instructions on how to proceed are in the recording.
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Symbol in Transliteration aa b t th j H kh d dh r z s sh S D
Final Position
Medial Position
Initial Position
ـ ا ـب ـت ـث ـج ـح ـخ ـد ـذ ـر ـز ـس ـش ـص ـض
ـ ا ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـجـ ـحـ ـخـ ـد ـذ ـر ـز ـسـ ـشـ ـصـ ـضـ
ا بـ تـ ثـ جـ حـ خـ د ذ ر ز سـ شـ صـ ضـ
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Name Name in Transliteration
أ ِلف باء تاء ثاء جيم حاء خاء دال ذال راء زاي سني شني صاد ضاد
alif baa taa thaa jiim H aa k haa daal dhaal raa zay
siin s hiin S aad Daad 7
Letter
ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Symbol in Transliteration T
Dh
` gh f q k l m n h uu/w ee/y aa t
٫
Final Position
Medial Position
Initial Position
ـ ط ـظ ـع ـغ ـف ـق ـك ـل ـم ـن ـه ـو ـي ـى ـة ـأ ـؤ ـئ
ـ ط ـظ ـعـ ـغـ ـفـ ـقـ ـكـ ـلـ ـمـ ـنـ ـهـ ـو ـيـ ـئـ
ط ظ عـ غـ فـ قـ كـ لـ مـ نـ هـ و يـ أإ
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Name Name in Transliteration
طاء ظاء َع ْي غ َْي فاء قاف كاف الم ميم نون هاء واو ياء
أ ِلف َمقصور ة تاء َمربوطة
َهمزة
T aa
D haa
çayn ghayn f aa qaaf kaaf l aam m iim nuun h aa w aaw y aa
a lif maqSuura t aa marbuuTa h amza 9
Letter
ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي ى ة ء
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Diacritical Marks (read from right to left) Name in Transliteration sukuun
Name
Sound
Letter
سكون ُ
none
ْ
no vowel follows, above the letter fatHa
َفتْحة
a
short vowel, above the letter Damma
ض ّمة َ
u
َ
short vowel, above the letter
ِ
ُ
kasra
َك ْسرة
i
short vowel, below the letter shadda
َ ش ّدة
none
indicates a double consonant, above the letter
10
ّ
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson One 1.
ا
11.
را
2.
دا
12.
دار
3.
داد
13.
راد
4.
دادا
14.
راذ
5.
ذا
15.
دارا
6.
داذ
16.
رادا
7.
ذاد
17.
رادار
8.
داذا
18.
زا
9.
ذادا
19.
زار
10.
ذاذا
20.
زاد
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Two 1.
زادا
11.
بار
2.
زادار
12.
بود
3.
زود
13.
بادو
4.
رادو
14.
دابو
5.
رود
6.
روز
7.
دو
8.
دوب
9.
داب
10.
باد 12
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Three 1.
دور
11.
بير
2.
ذور
12.
ياد
3.
زور
13.
بادي
4.
باب
14.
رودي
5.
زادو
6.
دي
7.
ديد
8.
ري
9.
دابي
10.
ديب 13
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Four 1.
ذوبي
11.
ثا ِبت
2.
رازي
12.
َثريد
13.
َيثوب
14.
داري
3.
بوري
4.
دادي
5.
بابا
6.
بات
7.
توب
8.
َبتيد
9.
َربيت
10.
روث 14
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Five 1.
تور
11.
َدليل
2.
روبي
12.
َبليد
3.
تاب
13.
ال
4.
ثابو
14.
ِبالد
5.
زول
6.
بيل
7.
لَبيب
8.
الري
9.
ِبالل
10.
لودي 15
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Six 1.
ليزا
11.
نان
2.
لودي
12.
نَبي
3.
ليرا
13.
ِبنْت
4.
لوز
14.
نَبيل
5.
ثول
15.
َبنات
6.
الذا
16.
َب ْين
7.
ِتالل
17.
نار
8.
َوليد
18.
َبريد
9.
بان
19.
نَوال
10.
تان
20.
ذيب
16
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Seven 1.
داوي
11.
إ ْبني
2.
باري
12.
إذا
3.
َبيان
13.
راء
4.
َب ْيت
14.
َدواء
5.
َولَد
15.
َبراء
6.
تين
16.
تاء
7.
َأبي
17.
نَبات
8.
َأديب
18.
تيل
9.
َأب
10.
أ َدب 17
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eight 1.
أنا
11.
الف
2.
إن
12.
َب ْرق
3.
داء
13.
َبريق
4.
نَوال
14.
َقريب
5.
ُبؤري
15.
َيقين
6.
نُؤذي
16.
راقي
7.
في
17.
دافي
8.
َفن
18.
َفريد
9.
نَفير
19.
َقرار
10.
ريف
20.
َقليل
18
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Nine 1.
لَ َبن
11.
ضرير َ
2.
نور
12.
نَضير
3.
لَن
13.
ُيضير
4.
فيل
14.
َقدير
5.
َثقيل
15.
نُدير
6.
َفريق
16.
َق ْرض
7.
ال َفريق
17.
َبريق
8.
نيل
18.
َب ْرد
9.
النيل
19.
بارِ د
10.
َأرض
20.
دافي
19
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Ten
1.
َثري
11.
َسفير
2.
لَدود
12.
بوش
3.
َأراضي
13.
َش َفق
4.
راس
14.
َشفيق
5.
َسرير
15.
َب َشر
6.
ساري
16.
ريش
7.
سوري
17.
روسي
8.
ن ََسب
18.
ن ََشر
9.
نَسيب
19.
شوف
10.
َس َفر
20.
َألْف
20
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eleven 1.
َبشير
11.
نَصير
2.
َرف
12.
َقصير
3.
َزفير
13.
شام
4.
َفقير
14.
مين
5.
ض َرب َ
15.
مير
6.
سيب
16.
َسمير
7.
باص
17.
ريم
8.
صابون
18.
َمساء
9.
َبصير
19.
ميل
10.
ِ ناصر
20.
َسالم
21
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Twelve 1.
َرشيد
11.
ُكتُب
2.
َشديد
12.
َرفاه
3.
َرئيس
13.
َبهاء
4.
أمين
14.
َهناء
5.
سوق
15.
هادي
6.
دينار
16.
ِهالل
7.
ناس
17.
ِكتاب
8.
َمالك
18.
َشكيب
9.
َكري
19.
َسالم
10.
َمكان
20.
َرشيق
22
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Thirteen 1.
صافي
11.
داخ
2.
صديق َ
12.
َبليخ
3.
توم
13.
ُبخار
4.
صل َب َ
14.
َبخيل
5.
ُفؤاد
15.
خَ روف
6.
ُسؤال
16.
خَ ِشن
7.
سيرة
17.
خَ َشب
8.
قهوة أليسار
18.
َسماء
9.
َسفيرة
19.
صباح َ
10.
َفقيرة
20.
صالح َ
23
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Fourteen 1.
صا ِلح
11.
َجريدة
2.
صح َ
12.
راح
3.
َس َحر
13.
َحديث
4.
َحرير
14.
َحديثة
5.
َب ْحر
15.
ِبقاع
6.
َكريمة
16.
َربيع
7.
َبصيرة
17.
َبعيد
8.
ُسروج
18.
َع َسل
9.
نَسيج
19.
َجميل
10.
َس َجد
20.
َح َجر
24
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Fifteen 1.
ها ِتف
11.
َبغْداد
2.
َعلي
12.
غَريب
3.
ِ ماهر
13.
َبالغ
4.
َك َشف
14.
سوريا
5.
خَ بيرة
15.
َسلْوى
6.
َبخيل
16.
َم ْشفى
7.
َجميل
17.
َد ْعوى
8.
َعصير
18.
غالي
9.
َفراغ
19.
خَ َبر
10.
َبليغ
20.
َبليد
25
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Sixteen 1.
َبنْك
11.
َغلَط
2.
شاي
12.
باظ
3.
َد َفع
13.
غَليظ
4.
َم ِ دافع
14.
َفظيع
5.
ِ جامع
15.
َظريف
6.
َبالط
16.
ظا ِلم
7.
َر َبط
17.
غار
8.
لَطيفة
18.
ِ حافظ
9.
َطبيب
19.
ص ْخر َ
10.
َم َطر
20.
َب َطل
26
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Seventeen 1.
ألو! مروان؟
2.
إيه ،مني عم يحكي؟
3.
أنا آلن ...
4.
من نيويورك.
5.
آلن! مرحبا آلن!
6.
كيفك؟
7.
منيح كتير ،شكرا.
8.
أنا مسافر ...
9.
لسوريا ...
10.
بعشرة شباط. 27
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Seventeen 11.
عن جد؟
12.
عظيم!
13. 14.
حإبقى ... بالشام ...
15.
كم أسبوع.
16.
منيح كتير .منيح كتير.
17.
بدي تزورني ...
18.
و حتبقى عندي؟
19.
إيه ،إيه ،على عيني!
20.
شكرا جزيال. 28
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eighteen 1.
ألو آلن؟ أنا مروان.
2.
مروان ،إنت هون بالشام؟
3.
إيه ،وصلت الصبح.
4.
ممكن اخد تكسي...
5.
لعندك؟
6.
إيه ،طبعا،
7.
أو ممكن تروح ...
8.
بالباص.
9.
وبعدين... ،
10.
شو رأ َيك نروح ... 29
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eighteen 11.
على مطعم أبو جورج؟
12.
األكل طيب كتير.
13.
أحيانا ...
14.
بروح لهنيك ...
15.
مع رفقاتي .
16.
عظيم! بكرة ...
17.
شو رأيك نروح حلفلة؟
18.
طيب ،في حفلة اخلميس بالليل.
19.
ممكن نروح لهنيك مشي .
20.
بحب الشام كتير! 30
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Nineteen 1.
ألو! مروان؟
2.
إيه؟ آلن؟ إنت لسة ِبحلب؟
3.
إيه ،حإرجع لنيويورك ...
4.
السبت الصبح.
5.
كانت رحلة منيحة .شكرا جزيال.
6.
عفوا.
7.
بحب كمان.
8.
آسف مو ممكن إبقى ...
9.
بحلب م َعك،
10.
بس كان عندي شغل كتير. 31
EASTERN ARABIC 2 )Lesson Nineteen (continued 11.
بتحكي عربي منيح كتير هلأل.
12.
شكرا .ما بحكي كتير.
13.
بس بحكي أحسن هلأل.
14.
إميتى حتجي ...
15.
تزورني بأميركا؟
16.
ممكن نروح ملطعم منيح ...
17.
بنيويورك.
18.
ممكن حسافر ...
19.
لنيويورك بكانون تاني.
20.
عظيم! 32
PIMSLEUR
®
eastern
ARABIC 2 level
READING BOOKLET
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Travelers should always check with their nation's State Department for current advisories on local conditions before traveling abroad.
Booklet Design: Maia Kennedy © and ‰ Recorded Program 2006 Simon & Schuster, Inc. © Reading Booklet 2006 Simon & Schuster, Inc. Pimsleur® is an imprint of Simon & Schuster Audio, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Mfg. in USA. All rights reserved.
ii
EASTERN ARABIC 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Voices English-Speaking Instructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ray Brown Arabic-Speaking Instructor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baraa Zuhaili Female Arabic Speaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dima Orsho Male Arabic Speaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khalil Younes Course Writers Dr. Mahdi Alosh ♦ Mary E. Green Editors Elisabeth B. Heinle ♦ Beverly D. Heinle Executive Producer Beverly D. Heinle Reviewer Zuheir Alidib Producer & Director Sarah H. McInnis Recording Engineers Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux
Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA iii
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Table of Contents Arabic Dialects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Written System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Arabic Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction to Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Arabic Alphabet Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Diacritical Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Five . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Nine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Eleven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Twelve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Fourteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Fifteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Sixteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Seventeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Eighteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesson Nineteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 31
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Arabic Dialects There are many varieties of Arabic spoken throughout the Arab world, including North Africa. Of the hundreds of known dialects, the spoken varieties with the largest number of speakers are grouped, on the basis of similarity in vocabulary and syntax, into the following: • Syrian Arabic - (as taught in this course) spoken in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan • Egyptian Arabic - spoken in urban Egypt • Gulf Arabic - spoken in Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, the Emirates (Qatar), Oman, Bahrain, and Eastern Saudi Arabia • Iraqi Arabic - spoken in Iraq • North African Arabic - spoken in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco • Saudi Arabic - spoken in Central and Western Arabia • Yemeni Arabic - spoken in Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia
EASTERN ARABIC 2 The Written System The written form of the Arabic language, which dates back to pre-Islamic periods, is called “Standard” or “Literary Arabic” and is used and understood throughout the Arab world. It is the form of the language taught in schools and is the default for educated Arabs of any nationality. The written system has also been adopted by neighboring countries whose language is not Arabic, such as Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Colloquial or “spoken” Arabic, including Syrian Arabic, varies widely by region, sometimes differing enough to be mutually unintelligible. It is considered to be a “dialect,” and is almost never written down. Most educated Arabic speakers are able to easily jump back and forth between standard and dialect, even within the same sentence, with no loss of understanding. The Arabic writing system is easy to learn and master because the Arabic alphabet has a high correspondence between sound and symbol. This means that a letter is pronounced almost the same in every word position.
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 The Arabic Alphabet The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters in addition to the hamza (glottal stop) and two variants of existing letters (alif and taa). A number of diacritical marks complement the alphabet. These are signs written above or below the letters; they are listed on page 10, after the alphabet chart. There are two categories of Arabic letters. The first category contains six letters only, which are called “one-way connectors” because they connect only to the “preceding letters” or letters to the right. They do not connect to “following letters” or letters to the left. These are:
ا
د
ز
ر
ذ
و
The other 25 letters of the alphabet constitute the letters of the second category. They connect to both preceding letters (to the right) and following letters (to the left), hence the term “two-way connectors.” The alphabet contains three long vowels: alif (aa), waw (uu), and ya (ii). The latter two function also as consonants, as in “wet” and “yes.” There are three short counterparts of these vowels represented by diacritical marks: the fatHa (a), the damma (u), and the kasra (i). They are about half as long. A tiny circle written above a consonant is called a sukuun and represents the absence of a vowel.
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 The Arabic Alphabet The mark that resembles a tiny “w” is called shadda. It signifies a doubled consonant. For example, this mark over the letter “t” makes the word pronounced /sit-tah/ rather than /sitah/. A complete listing of the Arabic alphabet has been included for your reference, beginning on page 8. It is shown in two 2-page spreads, reading right to left. Each letter has four different representations, depending on its position within a word and includes the forms that the connectors assume in different word positions. There is an independent form, as well as a beginning, a middle, and an end form. The term “initial” means the first letter of the word starting from the right, “medial” means all the letters in the middle, and “final” refers to the last letter of the word, on the left. This is to be used only as a guide since all of the necessary information for beginning to read in Arabic will be given in the audio portion of the Reading Lessons. In the Readings for this course, you will practice recognition and pronunciation of Arabic letters and combinations of letters, as well as their use in different words and contexts. If you are not familiar with the Arabic alphabet, you may at first find that it takes some time to assoc-iate the appropriate sounds with each letter and/or group of letters. Therefore, we recommend that you take the Reading Lessons at your own pace, repeating each until you feel comfortable proceeding to the next. With a little effort, you will be astonished at how quickly you are reading Arabic. 4
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Introduction to Readings There are nineteen Reading Lessons. The first sixteen Reading Lessons that follow are a review from Level 1. They’ll give you a solid introduction to reading Standard Arabic. In the final three Lessons, you’ll have a chance to try “reading” a transcription of three telephone calls. These are written in the Syrian dialect, so you will be able to understand what you are reading. Normally, writing is done only in Standard Arabic, and experienced readers look at the words written in Standard and translate them “on the fly” into dialect. The recorded portion of the reading materials for Eastern Arabic 2 will be found at the end of the program. You can do the Readings when it is most convenient for you, either with the lessons, or entirely after completing the full 30 lessons. Full instructions on how to proceed are in the recording.
5
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Symbol in Transliteration aa b t th j H kh d dh r z s sh S D
Final Position
Medial Position
Initial Position
ـ ا ـب ـت ـث ـج ـح ـخ ـد ـذ ـر ـز ـس ـش ـص ـض
ـ ا ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـجـ ـحـ ـخـ ـد ـذ ـر ـز ـسـ ـشـ ـصـ ـضـ
ا بـ تـ ثـ جـ حـ خـ د ذ ر ز سـ شـ صـ ضـ
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Name Name in Transliteration
أ ِلف باء تاء ثاء جيم حاء خاء دال ذال راء زاي سني شني صاد ضاد
alif baa taa thaa jiim H aa k haa daal dhaal raa zay
siin s hiin S aad Daad 7
Letter
ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Symbol in Transliteration T
Dh
` gh f q k l m n h uu/w ee/y aa t
٫
Final Position
Medial Position
Initial Position
ـ ط ـظ ـع ـغ ـف ـق ـك ـل ـم ـن ـه ـو ـي ـى ـة ـأ ـؤ ـئ
ـ ط ـظ ـعـ ـغـ ـفـ ـقـ ـكـ ـلـ ـمـ ـنـ ـهـ ـو ـيـ ـئـ
ط ظ عـ غـ فـ قـ كـ لـ مـ نـ هـ و يـ أإ
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left)
Name Name in Transliteration
طاء ظاء َع ْي غ َْي فاء قاف كاف الم ميم نون هاء واو ياء
أ ِلف َمقصور ة تاء َمربوطة
َهمزة
T aa
D haa
çayn ghayn f aa qaaf kaaf l aam m iim nuun h aa w aaw y aa
a lif maqSuura t aa marbuuTa h amza 9
Letter
ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي ى ة ء
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Diacritical Marks (read from right to left) Name in Transliteration sukuun
Name
Sound
Letter
سكون ُ
none
ْ
no vowel follows, above the letter fatHa
َفتْحة
a
short vowel, above the letter Damma
ض ّمة َ
u
َ
short vowel, above the letter
ِ
ُ
kasra
َك ْسرة
i
short vowel, below the letter shadda
َ ش ّدة
none
indicates a double consonant, above the letter
10
ّ
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson One 1.
ا
11.
را
2.
دا
12.
دار
3.
داد
13.
راد
4.
دادا
14.
راذ
5.
ذا
15.
دارا
6.
داذ
16.
رادا
7.
ذاد
17.
رادار
8.
داذا
18.
زا
9.
ذادا
19.
زار
10.
ذاذا
20.
زاد
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Two 1.
زادا
11.
بار
2.
زادار
12.
بود
3.
زود
13.
بادو
4.
رادو
14.
دابو
5.
رود
6.
روز
7.
دو
8.
دوب
9.
داب
10.
باد 12
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Three 1.
دور
11.
بير
2.
ذور
12.
ياد
3.
زور
13.
بادي
4.
باب
14.
رودي
5.
زادو
6.
دي
7.
ديد
8.
ري
9.
دابي
10.
ديب 13
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Four 1.
ذوبي
11.
ثا ِبت
2.
رازي
12.
َثريد
13.
َيثوب
14.
داري
3.
بوري
4.
دادي
5.
بابا
6.
بات
7.
توب
8.
َبتيد
9.
َربيت
10.
روث 14
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Five 1.
تور
11.
َدليل
2.
روبي
12.
َبليد
3.
تاب
13.
ال
4.
ثابو
14.
ِبالد
5.
زول
6.
بيل
7.
لَبيب
8.
الري
9.
ِبالل
10.
لودي 15
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Six 1.
ليزا
11.
نان
2.
لودي
12.
نَبي
3.
ليرا
13.
ِبنْت
4.
لوز
14.
نَبيل
5.
ثول
15.
َبنات
6.
الذا
16.
َب ْين
7.
ِتالل
17.
نار
8.
َوليد
18.
َبريد
9.
بان
19.
نَوال
10.
تان
20.
ذيب
16
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Seven 1.
داوي
11.
إ ْبني
2.
باري
12.
إذا
3.
َبيان
13.
راء
4.
َب ْيت
14.
َدواء
5.
َولَد
15.
َبراء
6.
تين
16.
تاء
7.
َأبي
17.
نَبات
8.
َأديب
18.
تيل
9.
َأب
10.
أ َدب 17
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eight 1.
أنا
11.
الف
2.
إن
12.
َب ْرق
3.
داء
13.
َبريق
4.
نَوال
14.
َقريب
5.
ُبؤري
15.
َيقين
6.
نُؤذي
16.
راقي
7.
في
17.
دافي
8.
َفن
18.
َفريد
9.
نَفير
19.
َقرار
10.
ريف
20.
َقليل
18
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Nine 1.
لَ َبن
11.
ضرير َ
2.
نور
12.
نَضير
3.
لَن
13.
ُيضير
4.
فيل
14.
َقدير
5.
َثقيل
15.
نُدير
6.
َفريق
16.
َق ْرض
7.
ال َفريق
17.
َبريق
8.
نيل
18.
َب ْرد
9.
النيل
19.
بارِ د
10.
َأرض
20.
دافي
19
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Ten
1.
َثري
11.
َسفير
2.
لَدود
12.
بوش
3.
َأراضي
13.
َش َفق
4.
راس
14.
َشفيق
5.
َسرير
15.
َب َشر
6.
ساري
16.
ريش
7.
سوري
17.
روسي
8.
ن ََسب
18.
ن ََشر
9.
نَسيب
19.
شوف
10.
َس َفر
20.
َألْف
20
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eleven 1.
َبشير
11.
نَصير
2.
َرف
12.
َقصير
3.
َزفير
13.
شام
4.
َفقير
14.
مين
5.
ض َرب َ
15.
مير
6.
سيب
16.
َسمير
7.
باص
17.
ريم
8.
صابون
18.
َمساء
9.
َبصير
19.
ميل
10.
ِ ناصر
20.
َسالم
21
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Twelve 1.
َرشيد
11.
ُكتُب
2.
َشديد
12.
َرفاه
3.
َرئيس
13.
َبهاء
4.
أمين
14.
َهناء
5.
سوق
15.
هادي
6.
دينار
16.
ِهالل
7.
ناس
17.
ِكتاب
8.
َمالك
18.
َشكيب
9.
َكري
19.
َسالم
10.
َمكان
20.
َرشيق
22
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Thirteen 1.
صافي
11.
داخ
2.
صديق َ
12.
َبليخ
3.
توم
13.
ُبخار
4.
صل َب َ
14.
َبخيل
5.
ُفؤاد
15.
خَ روف
6.
ُسؤال
16.
خَ ِشن
7.
سيرة
17.
خَ َشب
8.
قهوة أليسار
18.
َسماء
9.
َسفيرة
19.
صباح َ
10.
َفقيرة
20.
صالح َ
23
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Fourteen 1.
صا ِلح
11.
َجريدة
2.
صح َ
12.
راح
3.
َس َحر
13.
َحديث
4.
َحرير
14.
َحديثة
5.
َب ْحر
15.
ِبقاع
6.
َكريمة
16.
َربيع
7.
َبصيرة
17.
َبعيد
8.
ُسروج
18.
َع َسل
9.
نَسيج
19.
َجميل
10.
َس َجد
20.
َح َجر
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EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Fifteen 1.
ها ِتف
11.
َبغْداد
2.
َعلي
12.
غَريب
3.
ِ ماهر
13.
َبالغ
4.
َك َشف
14.
سوريا
5.
خَ بيرة
15.
َسلْوى
6.
َبخيل
16.
َم ْشفى
7.
َجميل
17.
َد ْعوى
8.
َعصير
18.
غالي
9.
َفراغ
19.
خَ َبر
10.
َبليغ
20.
َبليد
25
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Sixteen 1.
َبنْك
11.
َغلَط
2.
شاي
12.
باظ
3.
َد َفع
13.
غَليظ
4.
َم ِ دافع
14.
َفظيع
5.
ِ جامع
15.
َظريف
6.
َبالط
16.
ظا ِلم
7.
َر َبط
17.
غار
8.
لَطيفة
18.
ِ حافظ
9.
َطبيب
19.
ص ْخر َ
10.
َم َطر
20.
َب َطل
26
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Seventeen 1.
ألو! مروان؟
2.
إيه ،مني عم يحكي؟
3.
أنا آلن ...
4.
من نيويورك.
5.
آلن! مرحبا آلن!
6.
كيفك؟
7.
منيح كتير ،شكرا.
8.
أنا مسافر ...
9.
لسوريا ...
10.
بعشرة شباط. 27
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Seventeen 11.
عن جد؟
12.
عظيم!
13. 14.
حإبقى ... بالشام ...
15.
كم أسبوع.
16.
منيح كتير .منيح كتير.
17.
بدي تزورني ...
18.
و حتبقى عندي؟
19.
إيه ،إيه ،على عيني!
20.
شكرا جزيال. 28
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eighteen 1.
ألو آلن؟ أنا مروان.
2.
مروان ،إنت هون بالشام؟
3.
إيه ،وصلت الصبح.
4.
ممكن اخد تكسي...
5.
لعندك؟
6.
إيه ،طبعا،
7.
أو ممكن تروح ...
8.
بالباص.
9.
وبعدين... ،
10.
شو رأ َيك نروح ... 29
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Eighteen 11.
على مطعم أبو جورج؟
12.
األكل طيب كتير.
13.
أحيانا ...
14.
بروح لهنيك ...
15.
مع رفقاتي .
16.
عظيم! بكرة ...
17.
شو رأيك نروح حلفلة؟
18.
طيب ،في حفلة اخلميس بالليل.
19.
ممكن نروح لهنيك مشي .
20.
بحب الشام كتير! 30
EASTERN ARABIC 2 Lesson Nineteen 1.
ألو! مروان؟
2.
إيه؟ آلن؟ إنت لسة ِبحلب؟
3.
إيه ،حإرجع لنيويورك ...
4.
السبت الصبح.
5.
كانت رحلة منيحة .شكرا جزيال.
6.
عفوا.
7.
بحب كمان.
8.
آسف مو ممكن إبقى ...
9.
بحلب م َعك،
10.
بس كان عندي شغل كتير. 31
EASTERN ARABIC 2 )Lesson Nineteen (continued 11.
بتحكي عربي منيح كتير هلأل.
12.
شكرا .ما بحكي كتير.
13.
بس بحكي أحسن هلأل.
14.
إميتى حتجي ...
15.
تزورني بأميركا؟
16.
ممكن نروح ملطعم منيح ...
17.
بنيويورك.
18.
ممكن حسافر ...
19.
لنيويورك بكانون تاني.
20.
عظيم! 32
