Bearing, azimuth and drainage (bAd) calculator A ... - Semantic Scholar
Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Computers & Geosciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cageo
Short note
Bearing, azimuth and drainage (bAd) calculator: A new GIS supported tool for quantitative analyses of drainage networks and watershed parameters A.C. Dinesh a,n, Vipin Joseph Markose b,1, K.S. Jayappa b a b
Marine and Coastal Survey Division, Geological Survey of India, Mangalore, Karnataka 575 001, India Dept. of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka 574 199, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
abstract
Article history: Received 17 January 2012 Received in revised form 9 May 2012 Accepted 14 May 2012 Available online 24 May 2012
We present ‘bAd Calculator’, a new software developed in Visual Basic programme which can be applied for analyses of various drainage basin parameters, directional aspects, etc. The graphical user interface of bAd Calculator can be used for several applications such as determination of bearing and azimuth of linear features and their representation in rose diagram. Various drainage basin parameters such as drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), bifurcation ratio (Rb), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm), steam length ratio (Rl) , drainage texture (T), texture ratio (Rt), dissection index (DI), length of overland flow (Lg), RHO coefficient, circulatory ratio (Rc), hypsometric integral (HI), etc. can be easily calculated by using the software. The software provides a point-and-click technique for rapid acquisition of watershed parameters with user-specified grids/sub-basins. & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Rose diagram Shapefile DEM Bifurcation ratio Drainage density Spatial maps
1. Introduction The measurement of azimuth data of large number of linear features such as drainage, lineaments, bedding plains, fault surface, joints etc., is difficult by using the conventional method. Recent improvements in geographical information system (GIS) technology have allowed the development of new methods of data analyses, organization, manipulation and visualization of linear data. Drainage characteristics of many river basins and subbasins in different parts of the globe have been studied using conventional methods like drainage networks delineation by stereoscopic vision of aerial photographs, tracing the drainage system from topo maps and calculation of basin parameters using planimeter (Horton, 1945; Strahler, 1957). These methods were time-consuming, costly and errors depend on the scale of aerial photograph, geomorphology of the area and subjectivity of the interpreter. Morphometric parameters such as drainage density, lineament density, bifurcation ratio, drainage frequency etc., are used in hydrological investigations involving the assessment of groundwater potential (Sreedevi, et al., 2005), watershed prioritization (Nookaratnam, et al., 2005) and flash flood risk estimation (Youssef, et al., 2011). The n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 944 862 7275; fax: þ 08 24 2425 087. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.C. Dinesh), [email protected] (V. Joseph Markose). 1 Tel.: þ91 9632 275 734. 0098-3004/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.016
sub-basin-wise computation of morphometric parameters is widely used to study the hydrological characters of a watershed. This method does not provide the spatial variations within the sub-basin and as per our knowledge, no software is available for calculation of all the drainage basin parameters. In order to overcome these limitations, a vector module software named bearing, azimuth and drainage (bAd) calculator, is developed in Visual Basic 6 which calculates morphometric parameters in user defined grids and sub-basins as well as bearing and azimuth of any line dataset. Software specifically designed for calculating morphometric parameters will be more productive than using a general purpose GIS application or creating programs for each parameter. The software is provided with the user guide and sample data of two 3rd order tributaries of Kuppam river basin of Kerala, India, which we have used for demonstration in this paper.
2. Bearing and azimuth calculation The bAd calculator is designed to calculate the bearing and azimuth of linear data such as streams, lineaments, joints etc and the result can be represented in rose diagram. The azimuth system calculates direction in a full circle of 01–3601 whereas, bearing divides the direction into four quadrants of 901. The software calculates bearing/azimuth in two methods via end point azimuth and weighted average azimuth. End point azimuth
68
A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
Fig. 1. Methodology for calculation of bearing and azimuth. (See text for explanation).
function calculates the azimuth of a straight line connected to the coordinates of the initial and final points of each line (Fig. 1). This function will give good result in lineation data such as lineaments, joints etc. The following equation is used for end point azimuth calculation2 :
y ¼ Atan 2ðSinðlong 2 long 1 Þ: CosðLat2 Þ, CosðLat1 Þ: SinðLat2 Þ 2SinðLat 1 Þ: CosðLat 2 Þ: Cosððlong 2 long 1 ÞÞ:
ð1Þ
where, Lat1, Long1 and Lat2, Long2 are latitude and longitude of starting and end point (Fig. 1). In an irregular feature like streams, instead of end point azimuth, it is better to calculate weighted average azimuth, i.e., average azimuth value of each segment separated by nodes (Fig. 1). The following equation is used for weighted average azimuth (WAA) calculation: WAA ¼ A1 ðL1 =SLÞ þ A2 ðL2 =SLÞ þ A3 ðL3 =SLÞ þ A4 ðL4 =SLÞ
ð2Þ
where, A1, A2, A3 and A4 are azimuths of each segment, L1, L2, L3 and L4 are lengths of each segment and SL is the total length of the segments (Fig. 1). First; the user converts the shape file into.txt format in ArcGIS and then imports to bAd calculator using ‘import’ option on the data window. The software will format the data and calculates the bearing and azimuth. In case of lineament data, the user can select ‘line data’ instead of ‘vector data’ option. After clicking the ‘calculate’ button, the user automatically obtains the azimuth/ bearing value of entire dataset. The user can represent these data in a rose diagram at required intervals by selecting ‘diagrams’ option from the top menu on the opening window. For preparing rose diagram, user can opt either ‘end points azimuth’ or ‘weighted average azimuth’. Apart from line diagram, two types of rose diagram options are available in the software viz; i) percentage of total measurements falls in each petal, and ii) numbers of measurements that fall in each petal (Fig. 2A, B and C).
3. Watershed parameters Watershed morphometric parameters are believed to be controlling the flow, precipitation and storage of water in an area and hence influencing the groundwater storage potential of an area. 2
http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html.
Watershed parameters such as length of streams, stream order, sinuosity index, delta azimuth, drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), bifurcation ratio (Rb), steam length ratio (Rl), drainage texture (T), form factor (Ff), dissection index (DI), texture ratio (Rt), length of overland flow (Lg), RHO coefficient, basin length (Lb), circulatory ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn), hypsometric integral (HI) and stream junctions are easily determined by using bAd calculator. The various formulae used for calculation of these parameters are shown in Table 1. The software calculates these parameters in user defined grids (e.g., 1 km2) or sub-basins. The methodology for calculation of drainage basin parameters is given in Fig. 3A, B and C. For performing the analysis; one can use digitized contours and drainage networks with the stream order of Strahler’s (1957) method or extracted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. In the case of DEM derived drainage networks; one particular order of the stream is split into different segments wherever a lower-order stream joins. Using ‘data correction’ option in the bAd calculator, the split lines will merge into a single line feature (Fig. 4). Digitized contours or contours extracted from DEM are prerequisites for the determination of hypsometric integral, basin relief and dissection index. Using ‘analyses’ option, user can create required grid over the area and click ‘values in grid options’. If the user needs the values in sub-basins, the text file of sub-basin boundary is imported using ‘import sub-basin boundaries’ sub-menu, then click on ‘values in sub-basin’ to obtain the morphometric parameters. The values can be saved in.txt format using ‘save’ button. The first column of the results contains the grid Id or subbasin Id; second and third columns consist of latitude and longitude of the centre point of each grid/sub-basin and the remaining columns consist of values of various drainage basin parameters (Fig. 5). Apart from watershed morphometric parameters one can use bAd calculator for calculation of density (total length per unit area) and frequency (total number per unit area) of any linear features such as lineaments, joints etc. Lineaments are linear features of tectonic origin that are long, narrow and relatively straight alignments represent a surface manifestation of structurally controlled features such as faults and/or joints. Lineament density of an area can indirectly reveal the groundwater potential, as the presence of lineaments usually denotes a permeable zone. The study of lineaments related to groundwater infiltration and flow is important, because it influences the secondary permeability and facilitates the recharge of ground water into a deeper part. For generating the spatial maps, the result obtained from bAd calculator is converted into ESRI point shapefile and spatial maps can be prepared using 3D analyst. Fig. 6 shows the spatial maps of eight morphometric parameters of two 3rd order basins of Kuppam river basin of Kerala, India prepared from the data generated by bAd calculator using Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods.
4. Conclusion In this attempt, GIS utility software bAd Calculator is developed that allows users to calculate the bearing and azimuth of the linear datasets and their representation in the form of rose diagrams. An experimental results show that, bAd calculator is effective in calculating drainage parameters such as drainage density, drainage frequency, bifurcation ratio etc., using the text file data of ESRI shape file as an input. The software can merge different segments of any stream order in the DEM derived data. The tool can handle a large number of line features at any scale
A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
69
Fig. 2. Types of diagram options available in bAd calculator. Line diagram (A), and two types of rose diagrams—percentage of total measurements fall in each interval (B), and numbers that fall in each interval (C).
Table 1 List of formulae used in bAd calculator for calculation of drainage basin parameters. Sl.No.
Parameters
Formulae
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Area (A) Perimeter (P) Basin length (Lb) Stream length (Lu) Mean stream length (Lsm) Stream length ratio (Rl) Bifurcation ratio (Rb) Mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm) Drainage density (Dd) Drainage texture (T) Texture ratio (Rt) Stream frequency (Fs) Elongation ratio (Re) Circularity ratio (Rc) Form factor (Ff) Length of overland flow (Lg) RHO coefficient (RHO) Ruggedness number (Rn) Basin relief (R) Relief ratio (Rh) Hypsometric integral (HI) Dissection index (DI)
Area of the watershed Perimeter of the watershed Maximum length of the basin Length of the stream Lsm ¼ Lu/Nu Rl¼ Lu/(Lu 1) Rb ¼Nu/Nu þ 1 Rbm ¼ avg. Rb of all orders D ¼ Lu/A T¼ Dd*Fs Rt ¼ Nu/P Fs ¼ Nu/A Re ¼2O(A/Pi)/Lb Rc ¼ 4pA/P2 Rf ¼A/Lb2 Lg ¼ 1/(D*2) RHO ¼RI/Rb Rn ¼R*Dd R¼ H h Rh ¼H/Lb Avg.elev. Min. elev./Max. elev. - Min. elev. Max. elev. Min. elev./Max. elev.
References
(Horton, 1945) (Strahler, 1964) (Horton, 1945) (Schumm, 1956) (Strahler, 1957) (Horton, 1945) (Smith, 1950) (Smith, 1950) (Horton, 1945) (Schumm, 1956) (Strahler, 1964) (Horton, 1945) (Horton, 1945) (Horton, 1945) (Hadley and Schumm, 1961) (Schumm, 1963) (Pike and Wilson, 1971) (Singh and Dubey, 1994)
Fig. 3. Drainage networks of two third order basins of Kuppam river extracted from DEM. Note that second and third order streams are split into different segments (A). After correcting the data using bAd calculator, each segment of the same order stream is merged into a single feature.
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A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
Fig. 4. Methodology for calculation of drainage basin parameters. Sample dataset showing drainage and contours (A), grid prepared over the data (B), and calculated values in each grid (C).
and present the results of an analysis quantitatively. Apart from morphometric parameters one can use the software for lineament density and frequency calculations which are useful for demarcation of groundwater potential zones. It is easy to generate the spatial maps from the calculated values obtained from the software. The bAd calculator is a software tool based on pointand-click technique with watershed analysis algorithms for rapid acquisition of watershed parameters in user-specified grids/sub-basins.
Acknowledgement We thank the reviewers for their useful suggestions and critical comments on the paper which have helped a lot to improve the manuscript. The first author expresses gratitude to
Fig. 5. Analyses window of bAd calculator showing calculated morphometric parameters in sub-basin.
A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
71
Fig. 6. Spatial maps of eight morphometric parameters prepared in ArcGIS 3D analyst by using the data calculated in grids covering 1 km2 area in bAd calculator. Drainage density (A), drainage frequency (B), mean bifurcation ratio (C), texture ratio (D), length of overland flow (E), hypsometric integral (F), dissection index (G) and relief (H).
Shri. A. Sundaramoorthy, Director General, Geological Survey of India (GSI), Shri. Samit Bhattacharya, Dy. Director General & HOD, Southern Region, GSI and Shri. G.P. Mohapatra, Dy. Director General, M&CSD, GSI, Mangalore for their support and giving permission to publish this paper. Sincere thanks are due to our friends and family members for their support and encouragement during the development of the project. Mr. Vipin Joseph is thankful to Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India, New Delhi for providing the Senior Research Fellowship through Marine
Manpower Development Programme (MoES/11-MRDF/1/35/P/ 08-PC-III).
Appendix A. Supporting information Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.016.
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A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
Reference Hadley, R.F., Schumm, S.A., 1961. Sediment sources and drainage basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River basin. Washington DC: US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1531-B, 198. Horton, R.E., 1945. Erosional development of streams and their drainage density: hydro physical approach to quantitative geomorphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin 56, 275–370. Nookaratnam, K., Srivasthava, Y.K., Venkateswararao, V., Amminedu, E., Murthy, K.S.R., 2005. Check dam positioning by prioritization of micro-watershed using SYI model and morphometric analysis—remote sensing and GIS perspective. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing 33 (1), 25–38. Pike, R.J., Wilson, S.E., 1971. Elevation—relief ratio, hypsometric integral and geomorphic area-altitude analysis. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82, 1079–1084. Schumm, S.A., 1956. Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 67, 597–646.
Schumm, S.A., 1963. Sinuosity of alluvial rivers in the great plains. Bulletin of Geological Society of America 74, 1089–1100. Singh, S., Dubey, A., 1994. Geoenvironmental Planning of Watersheds in India. Chugh Publications, Allahabad, India 28-69. Smith, K.G., 1950. Standards for grading texture of erosional topography. American Journal of Science 248, 655–668. Sreedevi, P.D., Subrahmanyam, K., Shakeel Ahmed, 2005. The significance of morphometric analysis for obtaining groundwater potential zones in a structurally controlled terrain. Environmental Geology 47, 412-420. Strahler, A.N., 1957. Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 38, 913–920. Strahler, A.N., 1964. Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: Chow, V.T. (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 4–76. Youssef, A.M., Pradhan, B., Hassan, A.M., 2011. Flash flood risk estimation along the St. Katherine road, southern Sinai, Egypt using GIS based morphometry and satellite imagery. Environmental Earth Science 62, 611–623.
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Computers & Geosciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cageo
Short note
Bearing, azimuth and drainage (bAd) calculator: A new GIS supported tool for quantitative analyses of drainage networks and watershed parameters A.C. Dinesh a,n, Vipin Joseph Markose b,1, K.S. Jayappa b a b
Marine and Coastal Survey Division, Geological Survey of India, Mangalore, Karnataka 575 001, India Dept. of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka 574 199, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
abstract
Article history: Received 17 January 2012 Received in revised form 9 May 2012 Accepted 14 May 2012 Available online 24 May 2012
We present ‘bAd Calculator’, a new software developed in Visual Basic programme which can be applied for analyses of various drainage basin parameters, directional aspects, etc. The graphical user interface of bAd Calculator can be used for several applications such as determination of bearing and azimuth of linear features and their representation in rose diagram. Various drainage basin parameters such as drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), bifurcation ratio (Rb), mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm), steam length ratio (Rl) , drainage texture (T), texture ratio (Rt), dissection index (DI), length of overland flow (Lg), RHO coefficient, circulatory ratio (Rc), hypsometric integral (HI), etc. can be easily calculated by using the software. The software provides a point-and-click technique for rapid acquisition of watershed parameters with user-specified grids/sub-basins. & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Rose diagram Shapefile DEM Bifurcation ratio Drainage density Spatial maps
1. Introduction The measurement of azimuth data of large number of linear features such as drainage, lineaments, bedding plains, fault surface, joints etc., is difficult by using the conventional method. Recent improvements in geographical information system (GIS) technology have allowed the development of new methods of data analyses, organization, manipulation and visualization of linear data. Drainage characteristics of many river basins and subbasins in different parts of the globe have been studied using conventional methods like drainage networks delineation by stereoscopic vision of aerial photographs, tracing the drainage system from topo maps and calculation of basin parameters using planimeter (Horton, 1945; Strahler, 1957). These methods were time-consuming, costly and errors depend on the scale of aerial photograph, geomorphology of the area and subjectivity of the interpreter. Morphometric parameters such as drainage density, lineament density, bifurcation ratio, drainage frequency etc., are used in hydrological investigations involving the assessment of groundwater potential (Sreedevi, et al., 2005), watershed prioritization (Nookaratnam, et al., 2005) and flash flood risk estimation (Youssef, et al., 2011). The n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 944 862 7275; fax: þ 08 24 2425 087. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.C. Dinesh), [email protected] (V. Joseph Markose). 1 Tel.: þ91 9632 275 734. 0098-3004/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.016
sub-basin-wise computation of morphometric parameters is widely used to study the hydrological characters of a watershed. This method does not provide the spatial variations within the sub-basin and as per our knowledge, no software is available for calculation of all the drainage basin parameters. In order to overcome these limitations, a vector module software named bearing, azimuth and drainage (bAd) calculator, is developed in Visual Basic 6 which calculates morphometric parameters in user defined grids and sub-basins as well as bearing and azimuth of any line dataset. Software specifically designed for calculating morphometric parameters will be more productive than using a general purpose GIS application or creating programs for each parameter. The software is provided with the user guide and sample data of two 3rd order tributaries of Kuppam river basin of Kerala, India, which we have used for demonstration in this paper.
2. Bearing and azimuth calculation The bAd calculator is designed to calculate the bearing and azimuth of linear data such as streams, lineaments, joints etc and the result can be represented in rose diagram. The azimuth system calculates direction in a full circle of 01–3601 whereas, bearing divides the direction into four quadrants of 901. The software calculates bearing/azimuth in two methods via end point azimuth and weighted average azimuth. End point azimuth
68
A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
Fig. 1. Methodology for calculation of bearing and azimuth. (See text for explanation).
function calculates the azimuth of a straight line connected to the coordinates of the initial and final points of each line (Fig. 1). This function will give good result in lineation data such as lineaments, joints etc. The following equation is used for end point azimuth calculation2 :
y ¼ Atan 2ðSinðlong 2 long 1 Þ: CosðLat2 Þ, CosðLat1 Þ: SinðLat2 Þ 2SinðLat 1 Þ: CosðLat 2 Þ: Cosððlong 2 long 1 ÞÞ:
ð1Þ
where, Lat1, Long1 and Lat2, Long2 are latitude and longitude of starting and end point (Fig. 1). In an irregular feature like streams, instead of end point azimuth, it is better to calculate weighted average azimuth, i.e., average azimuth value of each segment separated by nodes (Fig. 1). The following equation is used for weighted average azimuth (WAA) calculation: WAA ¼ A1 ðL1 =SLÞ þ A2 ðL2 =SLÞ þ A3 ðL3 =SLÞ þ A4 ðL4 =SLÞ
ð2Þ
where, A1, A2, A3 and A4 are azimuths of each segment, L1, L2, L3 and L4 are lengths of each segment and SL is the total length of the segments (Fig. 1). First; the user converts the shape file into.txt format in ArcGIS and then imports to bAd calculator using ‘import’ option on the data window. The software will format the data and calculates the bearing and azimuth. In case of lineament data, the user can select ‘line data’ instead of ‘vector data’ option. After clicking the ‘calculate’ button, the user automatically obtains the azimuth/ bearing value of entire dataset. The user can represent these data in a rose diagram at required intervals by selecting ‘diagrams’ option from the top menu on the opening window. For preparing rose diagram, user can opt either ‘end points azimuth’ or ‘weighted average azimuth’. Apart from line diagram, two types of rose diagram options are available in the software viz; i) percentage of total measurements falls in each petal, and ii) numbers of measurements that fall in each petal (Fig. 2A, B and C).
3. Watershed parameters Watershed morphometric parameters are believed to be controlling the flow, precipitation and storage of water in an area and hence influencing the groundwater storage potential of an area. 2
http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html.
Watershed parameters such as length of streams, stream order, sinuosity index, delta azimuth, drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fs), bifurcation ratio (Rb), steam length ratio (Rl), drainage texture (T), form factor (Ff), dissection index (DI), texture ratio (Rt), length of overland flow (Lg), RHO coefficient, basin length (Lb), circulatory ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Re), relief ratio (Rh), ruggedness number (Rn), hypsometric integral (HI) and stream junctions are easily determined by using bAd calculator. The various formulae used for calculation of these parameters are shown in Table 1. The software calculates these parameters in user defined grids (e.g., 1 km2) or sub-basins. The methodology for calculation of drainage basin parameters is given in Fig. 3A, B and C. For performing the analysis; one can use digitized contours and drainage networks with the stream order of Strahler’s (1957) method or extracted from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. In the case of DEM derived drainage networks; one particular order of the stream is split into different segments wherever a lower-order stream joins. Using ‘data correction’ option in the bAd calculator, the split lines will merge into a single line feature (Fig. 4). Digitized contours or contours extracted from DEM are prerequisites for the determination of hypsometric integral, basin relief and dissection index. Using ‘analyses’ option, user can create required grid over the area and click ‘values in grid options’. If the user needs the values in sub-basins, the text file of sub-basin boundary is imported using ‘import sub-basin boundaries’ sub-menu, then click on ‘values in sub-basin’ to obtain the morphometric parameters. The values can be saved in.txt format using ‘save’ button. The first column of the results contains the grid Id or subbasin Id; second and third columns consist of latitude and longitude of the centre point of each grid/sub-basin and the remaining columns consist of values of various drainage basin parameters (Fig. 5). Apart from watershed morphometric parameters one can use bAd calculator for calculation of density (total length per unit area) and frequency (total number per unit area) of any linear features such as lineaments, joints etc. Lineaments are linear features of tectonic origin that are long, narrow and relatively straight alignments represent a surface manifestation of structurally controlled features such as faults and/or joints. Lineament density of an area can indirectly reveal the groundwater potential, as the presence of lineaments usually denotes a permeable zone. The study of lineaments related to groundwater infiltration and flow is important, because it influences the secondary permeability and facilitates the recharge of ground water into a deeper part. For generating the spatial maps, the result obtained from bAd calculator is converted into ESRI point shapefile and spatial maps can be prepared using 3D analyst. Fig. 6 shows the spatial maps of eight morphometric parameters of two 3rd order basins of Kuppam river basin of Kerala, India prepared from the data generated by bAd calculator using Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods.
4. Conclusion In this attempt, GIS utility software bAd Calculator is developed that allows users to calculate the bearing and azimuth of the linear datasets and their representation in the form of rose diagrams. An experimental results show that, bAd calculator is effective in calculating drainage parameters such as drainage density, drainage frequency, bifurcation ratio etc., using the text file data of ESRI shape file as an input. The software can merge different segments of any stream order in the DEM derived data. The tool can handle a large number of line features at any scale
A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
69
Fig. 2. Types of diagram options available in bAd calculator. Line diagram (A), and two types of rose diagrams—percentage of total measurements fall in each interval (B), and numbers that fall in each interval (C).
Table 1 List of formulae used in bAd calculator for calculation of drainage basin parameters. Sl.No.
Parameters
Formulae
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Area (A) Perimeter (P) Basin length (Lb) Stream length (Lu) Mean stream length (Lsm) Stream length ratio (Rl) Bifurcation ratio (Rb) Mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm) Drainage density (Dd) Drainage texture (T) Texture ratio (Rt) Stream frequency (Fs) Elongation ratio (Re) Circularity ratio (Rc) Form factor (Ff) Length of overland flow (Lg) RHO coefficient (RHO) Ruggedness number (Rn) Basin relief (R) Relief ratio (Rh) Hypsometric integral (HI) Dissection index (DI)
Area of the watershed Perimeter of the watershed Maximum length of the basin Length of the stream Lsm ¼ Lu/Nu Rl¼ Lu/(Lu 1) Rb ¼Nu/Nu þ 1 Rbm ¼ avg. Rb of all orders D ¼ Lu/A T¼ Dd*Fs Rt ¼ Nu/P Fs ¼ Nu/A Re ¼2O(A/Pi)/Lb Rc ¼ 4pA/P2 Rf ¼A/Lb2 Lg ¼ 1/(D*2) RHO ¼RI/Rb Rn ¼R*Dd R¼ H h Rh ¼H/Lb Avg.elev. Min. elev./Max. elev. - Min. elev. Max. elev. Min. elev./Max. elev.
References
(Horton, 1945) (Strahler, 1964) (Horton, 1945) (Schumm, 1956) (Strahler, 1957) (Horton, 1945) (Smith, 1950) (Smith, 1950) (Horton, 1945) (Schumm, 1956) (Strahler, 1964) (Horton, 1945) (Horton, 1945) (Horton, 1945) (Hadley and Schumm, 1961) (Schumm, 1963) (Pike and Wilson, 1971) (Singh and Dubey, 1994)
Fig. 3. Drainage networks of two third order basins of Kuppam river extracted from DEM. Note that second and third order streams are split into different segments (A). After correcting the data using bAd calculator, each segment of the same order stream is merged into a single feature.
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A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
Fig. 4. Methodology for calculation of drainage basin parameters. Sample dataset showing drainage and contours (A), grid prepared over the data (B), and calculated values in each grid (C).
and present the results of an analysis quantitatively. Apart from morphometric parameters one can use the software for lineament density and frequency calculations which are useful for demarcation of groundwater potential zones. It is easy to generate the spatial maps from the calculated values obtained from the software. The bAd calculator is a software tool based on pointand-click technique with watershed analysis algorithms for rapid acquisition of watershed parameters in user-specified grids/sub-basins.
Acknowledgement We thank the reviewers for their useful suggestions and critical comments on the paper which have helped a lot to improve the manuscript. The first author expresses gratitude to
Fig. 5. Analyses window of bAd calculator showing calculated morphometric parameters in sub-basin.
A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
71
Fig. 6. Spatial maps of eight morphometric parameters prepared in ArcGIS 3D analyst by using the data calculated in grids covering 1 km2 area in bAd calculator. Drainage density (A), drainage frequency (B), mean bifurcation ratio (C), texture ratio (D), length of overland flow (E), hypsometric integral (F), dissection index (G) and relief (H).
Shri. A. Sundaramoorthy, Director General, Geological Survey of India (GSI), Shri. Samit Bhattacharya, Dy. Director General & HOD, Southern Region, GSI and Shri. G.P. Mohapatra, Dy. Director General, M&CSD, GSI, Mangalore for their support and giving permission to publish this paper. Sincere thanks are due to our friends and family members for their support and encouragement during the development of the project. Mr. Vipin Joseph is thankful to Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India, New Delhi for providing the Senior Research Fellowship through Marine
Manpower Development Programme (MoES/11-MRDF/1/35/P/ 08-PC-III).
Appendix A. Supporting information Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.016.
72
A.C. Dinesh et al. / Computers & Geosciences 48 (2012) 67–72
Reference Hadley, R.F., Schumm, S.A., 1961. Sediment sources and drainage basin characteristics in upper Cheyenne River basin. Washington DC: US Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1531-B, 198. Horton, R.E., 1945. Erosional development of streams and their drainage density: hydro physical approach to quantitative geomorphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin 56, 275–370. Nookaratnam, K., Srivasthava, Y.K., Venkateswararao, V., Amminedu, E., Murthy, K.S.R., 2005. Check dam positioning by prioritization of micro-watershed using SYI model and morphometric analysis—remote sensing and GIS perspective. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing 33 (1), 25–38. Pike, R.J., Wilson, S.E., 1971. Elevation—relief ratio, hypsometric integral and geomorphic area-altitude analysis. Geological Society of America Bulletin 82, 1079–1084. Schumm, S.A., 1956. Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 67, 597–646.
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