Behavior of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Unbound Road Base
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Behavior of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Unbound Road Base Tuncer B. Edil Recycled Materials Resource Center Geological Engineering Program University of Wisconsin-Madison October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 1/43
Objective of Pool Fund Project •
•
•
Characterize properties of recycled concrete aggregate (and also recycled asphalt pavement) as unbound base Determine how RCA behaves in the field and how to design pavements using these materials Both lab and field scale tests • variability in material properties •purity of materials •control of material quality and best construction practices •climatic effects and durability •Environemntal suitability
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 2/43
Project Tasks Task I Task IA Task IB Task IC Task ID
Task II Task IIA Task IIB
Structural capacity, long-term stability, design properties Literature Review Relationship between Mr and Composition of RCA or RAP Scaling and Equivalency: Specimen Tests to Field-Scale Conditions Climate Effects
Construction & Maintenance Compaction Level and Assessment Field Performance and Maintenance
Task III
Materials Control
Task IV
Leaching Characteristics
Task V
Extended Monitoring
Task VI/VII
Final Report & Dissemination
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 3/43
Recycled Materials Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 4/43
Objective of Today’s Presentation o
To characterize the engineering properties of RCA as unbound road base without being treated or stabilized
o
To assess the influence of
• compaction effort • compaction moisture content • freeze-thaw cycling on the stiffness of RCA as unbound road base o
To determine the effect of varying RCA content on the stiffness of natural aggregates used as unbound road base
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 5/43
LITERATURE SURVEY
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 6/43
Typical RCA Properties Physical Properties 2.2 to 2.5 (Coarse Particles) Specific Gravity 2.0 to 2.3 (Fine Particles) 2% to 6% (Coarse Particles) Absorption 4% to 8% (Fine Particles) Mechanical Properties LA Abrasion Loss
20% to 45% (Coarse Particles) 4% or Less (Coarse Particles)
Magnesium Sulfate Soundness Loss Less than 9% (Fine Particles) California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
FHWA Report FHWA-RD-97-148
Unbound Recycled Material
94% to 148% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 7/43
Gradation % Finer Material
Fine (#200)
Coarse (19.1 mm)
Conventional Crushed Aggregate (MnDOT Class 5)
3 to 10%
90 to 100%
RAP
1 to 8% (Mean: 2.3%)
92 to 100% (Mean: 95.0%)
RPM
3 to 16 % (Mean: 8.0%)
93 to 96% (Mean: 95.8%)
RCA
3 to 8% (Mean: 5.1%)
50 to 100% (Mean:82.4 %)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 8/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
RESULTS OF SURVEY BY RMRC 2009
The Usage, Storage and Testing of Recycled Materials
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 9/43
Material Use and Storage
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 10/43
Which of the following recycled materials do you use as a granular base course? 40
Number of Responses
30
34 Total responses • RAP: 18 (53%)* • RCA: 30 (88%)* • RPM: 17 (50%)*
20
* More than one response possible
10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 11/43
When are the recycled materials used? Used in place immediately Stockpiled and used later
Number of responses
30
Both
20
Total response: 36 agencies 10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 12/43
In a given year, how much of the recycled material do you use? Less than 1,000 tons 1,000 to 5,000 tons 5,000 to 10,000 tons 10,0000 to 25,000 tons 25,000 to 50,000 tons 50,000 to 75,000 tons More than 75,000 tons
Number of responses
30
20
Total response: 33 agencies 10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 13/43
Are any of the following tests used in specifications for the material? 60 Grain size analysis: Wet sieve and hydrometer Liquid limit Plastic limit and plasticity index Grain size analysis: Dry sieve
Number of responses
50
40
Total response:
30
32 agencies 20
10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 14/43
Which of the following aggregate quality tests for toughness do you perform on the material prior to placement? 25 Aggregate abrasion value Gyratory Sulfate soundness Texas wet-mill Micro deval L.A. abrasion
Number of responses
20
15
Total response: 21 agencies
10
Offered but not selected:
5
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
• Aggregate impact value • Aggregate crushing value • Durability mill Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 15/43
Which of the following aggregate quality tests for durability do you perform on the material prior to placement? 12 Magnesium sulfate soundness Aggregate durability index Sulfate soundness
Number of responses
10
8
Total response:
6
12 agencies 4
Offered but not selected: 2
• Canadian freeze-thaw
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 16/43
Materials RAP
RCA, RAP
RCA: 7 RAP: 7 RPM: 2
Minnesota
Wisconsin
RCA, RPM Michigan
RCA, RAP, RPM New Jersey California Ohio
RCA, RAP Colorado
RCA, RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Texas
RCA, RAP
RCA, RAP Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 17/43
Representative Materials Gradation
RCA
Coarser
Texas
Medium
Michigan
Finer
California
o Class 5 (Natural Aggregate)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 18/43
Gradation: RCAs and Class 5 100 RCA (TX) RCA (MI) RCA (CA) Class 5 (MN)
90
Percent Finer (%)
80 70 60 50
RCA Upper Limit (Literature)
40 30 RCA Lower Limit (Literature)
20 10 0 100
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
10
1
Particle Size (mm) Unbound Recycled Material
0.1 Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 19/43
0.01
Test Method o
Resilient Modulus (Mr) Test Mr = σd /εr
where σd = deviator stress, εr = recoverable elastic strain October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 20/43
Resilient Modulus Power Function:
M r = k1θ log (resilient modulus)
Resilient Modulus (MPa)
1500
1000
500
0
0
100
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
200
k2
where θ = bulk stress k1 and k2 = fitting parameters σ1
S M r (θ = 2 0 8 k P a )
Resilient σSummary 3 σ Modulus (SRM)
3
k2 1
k1 θ = σ1+2(σ3)=1 300 400 B u lk S tre s s (k P a )
500 log (bulk stress)
Unbound Recycled Material
600
700
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 21/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 22/43
TE1
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
Specimens
• Prepared in the same manner as resilient modulus specimens
• Retained in the freezer for 24 hours • Thawed at room temperature for 24 hours After the last cycle, specimens were extruded frozen and thawed inside the resilient modulus cell Specimens were subjected to 5, 10, 20 cycles
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 23/43
Slide 23 TE1
Tuncer Edil, 10/1/2011
Temperature Records for RAPs and RCAs 30
RAP
20
10
0
-10
Thawing
RCA
Thawing
Temperature (Celsius)
Temperature (Celsius)
20
Freezing
30
Freezing
10
0
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30 0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Time (Hours) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
0
4
8
12
16
Time (Hours) Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 24/43
20
24
RCAs: SRM vs F-T Cycles 700
Internal SRM (MPa)
600 500 RCA (TX) RCA (MI) RCA (CA)
400
Class 5 (MN)
300 200 100 0
0
5
10
20
Freeze and Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 25/43
RCAs: Normalized SRM vs F-T Cycles RCA (TX)
1.6
RCA (MI) RCA (CA)
1.4
Class 5 (MN)
SRMN/SRM0
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
5
10
20
Freeze and Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 26/43
RAPs: Normalized SRM vs F-T Cycles RAP (TX)
1.2
1
RAP (CA)
AC=4% AC=5%
RAP (MN)
AC=7%
SRMN/SRM0
Class 5 (MN) 0.8
Coarser Medium
0.6
Finer
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
20
Freeze and Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 27/43
Verification of RCA Behavior with Seismic Modulus Test VP
Density, ρ
Length, L
P- Wave Velocity
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Constrained Modulus
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 28/43
RCAs: Constrained Modulus vs F-T Cycles RCA (TX)
Constrained Modulus, (MPa)
800
RCA (MI)
700
RCA (CA)
600
Class 5 (MN)
500 400 300 200 100 0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Freeze Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 29/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Compaction Conditions Effect of Density (Compaction Effort) and Compaction Moisture on Modulus
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 30/43
Density (Relative Compaction) Effect
Dry Unit Weight, (kN/m3)
22
95 % of MDU
21
90 % of MDU 85% of MDU 20
19 OMC 18 2
4
6
8
10
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 31/43
Effect of Relative Compaction on Modulus RAP (TX) RAP (CA) RAP (MN)
800
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RCA (TX) RCA (MI) RCA (CA)
600 500
Class 5 (MN) 400 300 200 100 0
95
90
85
Compaction Effort (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 32/43
Summary Effect of Relative Compaction on Modulus 800 RAP
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RAP 37% decrease
600
Class 5
500 400 300
RCA
RCA 41% decrease
200 100 0
Natural Aggr 47% decrease 95
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
90 Compaction Effort (%) Unbound Recycled Material
85 Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 33/43
Compaction Moisture Effect 22
Dry Weight, (kN/m3)
OMC 21
-2%
+2%
20
95 % of Modified Proctor
19
18 2
4
6
8
10
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 34/43
PSDs of RAPs and RCAs Used in Moisture Effects Testing 100 90
RCA (OH)
80
RCA (CO)
Medium Finer
RCA Upper Bound (Literature)
60 50 40 30 20
Percent Finer (%)
Percent Finer (%)
70
RCA Lower Bound (Literature)
10 0 100
10
1 0.1 Particle Size (mm)
0.01 Particle Size (mm)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 35/43
Effect of Compaction Moisture on Modulus 800
RAP (TX) RAP (OH)
700
Internal SRM (MPa)
RCA (CO) RCA (OH)
600
Coarser
500
Finer
400 300
Finer 200
Medium 100
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
- 2%
OMC Unbound Recycled Material
+ 2% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 36/43
Effect of Compaction Moisture on Normalized SRM 1.6
SRMwc/SRMOMC
RAP (TX) 1.4
RAP (OH)
1.2
RCA (CO) RCA (OH)
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
- 2% October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
OMC Unbound Recycled Material
+ 2% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 37/43
Summary of Compaction Moisture Effect on Normalized Modulus boz59
1.6
RAP (TX) RAP (OH)
SRMwc/SRMOMC
1.4
RCA 28 % increase
RCA (CO) RCA (OH)
1.2
7% decrease
1
RAP 17 % increase
0.8
29% decrease
0.6 0.4 0.2
- 2% October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
OMC Unbound Recycled Material
+ 2% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 38/43
Slide 38 boz59
bu grafiklerin font sizelarini buyutmeye calis ve arial kullandinsa her yerde arial kullan ki consistency olsun bozyurt, 8/2/2011
Moisture Content Before and After Test 800 RAP (TX)-Before
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RAP (TX)-After
600
Coarser
500
Finer
400 RAP (OH)-Before
300
RAP (OH)-After 200 100 4
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
6
8
Water Content (%) Unbound Recycled Material
10
12 Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 39/43
RCA: Effect of Compaction Moisture on Modulus 600 RCA (CO)-Before RCA (CO)-After
Internal SRM (MPa)
500
RCA (OH)-Before 400
RCA (OH)-After
300
Finer
200
Medium
100 4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 40/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Effect of RAP or RCA Content on Stiffness of Natural Aggregate Blends
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 41/43
Materials Selected for Blends
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
Natural Aggregate
Minnesota
Minnesota (Class 5)
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 42/43
PSD of RCA (MN) and Class 5 Used in Blends 100 90
Class 5 (MN) RCA (MN)
80
Percent Finer (%)
70 60 RCA Upper Bound (Literature)
50 40 30 RCA Lower Bound (Literature)
20 10 0 100
10
1
0.1
0.01
Particle Size (mm) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 43/43
Compaction Curve: RCA (MN) Blend 22
Class 5 (MN) Blend (50-50)
Dry Weight, (kN/m3)
21
RCA (MN)
20
19
18 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 44/43
SRM vs 800 RAP (CA)
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RAP (CO) 600 RCA (MN) 500 400 300 200 100 0
50
100
RAP or RCA (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 45/43
Results
SRM Blend/SRM Class 5
2
RAP 68% increase
RAP (CA) RAP (CO) 1.5 RCA (MN)
RCA 30% increase
1
0.5
0
50
100
RAP or RCA (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 46/43
Quantitative Assessment of Environmental and Economic Benefits of Using Recycled Construction Materials in Highway Construction
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 47/43
Schematic of Two Pavement Designs: Reference-Conventional Materials vs. Alternative-Recycled Materials
Reference (Conventional materials) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Alternative (Recycled materials) Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 48/43
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Environmental Metric
Conventional Materials
Recycled Materials
Material TransporConProductio tation struction n
ConMaterial Transporstructio Production tation n
Difference
CO2 (Mg)
3630
323
111
3028
163
54
-20%
Energy (GJ)
66,680
4318
1476
58,023
2187
723
-16%
629
31
9
611
16
4
-6%
17,185
735
144
15,637
372
70
-11%
RCRA Hazardous Waste (Mg) Water (L)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 49/43
Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Categories
Reference
Alternative
Saving
Agency Cost ($)
9,044,570
7,107,230
1,937,340 (21%)
User Cost ($)
10,570
8,380
2,190 (21%)
Total ($)
9,055,140
7,115,610
1,939,530 (21%)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 50/43
Conclusions Extrapolated to a Nationwide Scale Point of Impact
Quantity
Equivalent to
368
• Annual energy use for 3.67 million householders (EIA 2005 survey) • 68% of annual wind power generation in 2008 (EIA 2009)
Water (million L)
63
• 1.4 million persons daily water use for shower (43.9 L/capita)
CO2e (million Mg)
26
• Equivalent to the removal of 5 million passenger cars per year from roadways
62
• Average annual salary for 1.5 million Americans ($39,500/yr)
Energy (PJ)
LCCA (billion $)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 51/43
* Based on an assumption of 150,000 km annual road construction (Carpenter et al 2007)
Environmental Concerns
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 52/43
pH of RCA Column test(From 7-7-2010 to 9-16-2010) The five kinds RCA are respectively: California RCA, Colorado RCA, Michigan RCA, Minnesota RCA and Texas RCA 14
pH of RCA from five sites 13
300
Eh of RCA from five sites
12
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
250
pH
11
10
Eh
200
CA RCA
9
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
8
150
100
7 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PVF 50 0
10 9
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
PVF
EC of RCA from 5 sites
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
8 7
EC(ms/cm)
5
6 5 4 3 2 1
October 4, 2011 0 0 10 15 20 University of5 Wisconsin-Madison PVF
Unbound Recycled Material 25
30
35
40
45
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 53/43
45
Take the 23 elements into consideration Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn(From 7-7-2010 to 8-18-2010) Elements MCL At lease once: Al, As*, Ba, Cr, Fe, Pb, Sb*, Se, Sr, Tl, 10000
10000 MCL (CA) 1000ppb 1000
100
Calibration range MCL(CO & TX) 50 ppb
Al-Aluminium
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
10
Concentration(ppb )
Concentration(ppb )
1000
100
Calibration range
10
CA RCA 1
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
Ba-Barium MDL
0.1
MDL 1 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.01
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
PVF
PVF
Note: Com pared with the lowest MCL
1000
10000
1000
Concentration(ppb )
MCL (USEPA) 300ppb
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
100
10
1
Cr-Chorumlum
CA RCA
MDL
100
Concentration(ppb )
Fe-Iron
MCL(CA) 50ppb
10
CA RCA 1
0.1
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
MDL
0.1
0.01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-MadisonPVF
Unbound Recycled Material
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 54/43
PVF
10000
1000
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
1000
Calibration range
100
Sr-Strontium 10
CA RCA
MCL(USEPA) 4ppb
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
1
Concentration(ppb )
Concentration(ppb )
100 MDL
MCL (MN) 30ppb 10
1
Se-Selenium
MDL 0.1
0.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
0
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
PVF
PVF
100
Pb-Palladium MCL(MI) 15ppb
Concentration(ppb )
10
MDL 1
CA RCA 0.1 Far below MDL
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
0.01 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
PVF
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison Note: ICP analysis slighty negative
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 55/43
Conclusions o
Freeze-thaw cycling reduces the SRM of RAP and natural aggregate.
• The modulus loss of RAP over 20 cycles is comparable to that of natural aggregate (i.e., 28% vs 21%).
• RAP with finer gradation experienced more modulus loss mostly in the first 5 cycles. o
RCA consistently displayed an unusual trend with freezethaw cycling first modulus decreasing up to 5 cycles followed with increasing up to 20 cycles
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 56/43
Questions?
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 57/43
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Behavior of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Unbound Road Base Tuncer B. Edil Recycled Materials Resource Center Geological Engineering Program University of Wisconsin-Madison October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 1/43
Objective of Pool Fund Project •
•
•
Characterize properties of recycled concrete aggregate (and also recycled asphalt pavement) as unbound base Determine how RCA behaves in the field and how to design pavements using these materials Both lab and field scale tests • variability in material properties •purity of materials •control of material quality and best construction practices •climatic effects and durability •Environemntal suitability
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 2/43
Project Tasks Task I Task IA Task IB Task IC Task ID
Task II Task IIA Task IIB
Structural capacity, long-term stability, design properties Literature Review Relationship between Mr and Composition of RCA or RAP Scaling and Equivalency: Specimen Tests to Field-Scale Conditions Climate Effects
Construction & Maintenance Compaction Level and Assessment Field Performance and Maintenance
Task III
Materials Control
Task IV
Leaching Characteristics
Task V
Extended Monitoring
Task VI/VII
Final Report & Dissemination
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 3/43
Recycled Materials Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 4/43
Objective of Today’s Presentation o
To characterize the engineering properties of RCA as unbound road base without being treated or stabilized
o
To assess the influence of
• compaction effort • compaction moisture content • freeze-thaw cycling on the stiffness of RCA as unbound road base o
To determine the effect of varying RCA content on the stiffness of natural aggregates used as unbound road base
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 5/43
LITERATURE SURVEY
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 6/43
Typical RCA Properties Physical Properties 2.2 to 2.5 (Coarse Particles) Specific Gravity 2.0 to 2.3 (Fine Particles) 2% to 6% (Coarse Particles) Absorption 4% to 8% (Fine Particles) Mechanical Properties LA Abrasion Loss
20% to 45% (Coarse Particles) 4% or Less (Coarse Particles)
Magnesium Sulfate Soundness Loss Less than 9% (Fine Particles) California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
FHWA Report FHWA-RD-97-148
Unbound Recycled Material
94% to 148% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 7/43
Gradation % Finer Material
Fine (#200)
Coarse (19.1 mm)
Conventional Crushed Aggregate (MnDOT Class 5)
3 to 10%
90 to 100%
RAP
1 to 8% (Mean: 2.3%)
92 to 100% (Mean: 95.0%)
RPM
3 to 16 % (Mean: 8.0%)
93 to 96% (Mean: 95.8%)
RCA
3 to 8% (Mean: 5.1%)
50 to 100% (Mean:82.4 %)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 8/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
RESULTS OF SURVEY BY RMRC 2009
The Usage, Storage and Testing of Recycled Materials
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 9/43
Material Use and Storage
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 10/43
Which of the following recycled materials do you use as a granular base course? 40
Number of Responses
30
34 Total responses • RAP: 18 (53%)* • RCA: 30 (88%)* • RPM: 17 (50%)*
20
* More than one response possible
10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 11/43
When are the recycled materials used? Used in place immediately Stockpiled and used later
Number of responses
30
Both
20
Total response: 36 agencies 10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 12/43
In a given year, how much of the recycled material do you use? Less than 1,000 tons 1,000 to 5,000 tons 5,000 to 10,000 tons 10,0000 to 25,000 tons 25,000 to 50,000 tons 50,000 to 75,000 tons More than 75,000 tons
Number of responses
30
20
Total response: 33 agencies 10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 13/43
Are any of the following tests used in specifications for the material? 60 Grain size analysis: Wet sieve and hydrometer Liquid limit Plastic limit and plasticity index Grain size analysis: Dry sieve
Number of responses
50
40
Total response:
30
32 agencies 20
10
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 14/43
Which of the following aggregate quality tests for toughness do you perform on the material prior to placement? 25 Aggregate abrasion value Gyratory Sulfate soundness Texas wet-mill Micro deval L.A. abrasion
Number of responses
20
15
Total response: 21 agencies
10
Offered but not selected:
5
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
• Aggregate impact value • Aggregate crushing value • Durability mill Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 15/43
Which of the following aggregate quality tests for durability do you perform on the material prior to placement? 12 Magnesium sulfate soundness Aggregate durability index Sulfate soundness
Number of responses
10
8
Total response:
6
12 agencies 4
Offered but not selected: 2
• Canadian freeze-thaw
0 RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
RPM
Unbound Recycled Material
Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 16/43
Materials RAP
RCA, RAP
RCA: 7 RAP: 7 RPM: 2
Minnesota
Wisconsin
RCA, RPM Michigan
RCA, RAP, RPM New Jersey California Ohio
RCA, RAP Colorado
RCA, RAP October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Texas
RCA, RAP
RCA, RAP Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 17/43
Representative Materials Gradation
RCA
Coarser
Texas
Medium
Michigan
Finer
California
o Class 5 (Natural Aggregate)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 18/43
Gradation: RCAs and Class 5 100 RCA (TX) RCA (MI) RCA (CA) Class 5 (MN)
90
Percent Finer (%)
80 70 60 50
RCA Upper Limit (Literature)
40 30 RCA Lower Limit (Literature)
20 10 0 100
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
10
1
Particle Size (mm) Unbound Recycled Material
0.1 Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 19/43
0.01
Test Method o
Resilient Modulus (Mr) Test Mr = σd /εr
where σd = deviator stress, εr = recoverable elastic strain October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 20/43
Resilient Modulus Power Function:
M r = k1θ log (resilient modulus)
Resilient Modulus (MPa)
1500
1000
500
0
0
100
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
200
k2
where θ = bulk stress k1 and k2 = fitting parameters σ1
S M r (θ = 2 0 8 k P a )
Resilient σSummary 3 σ Modulus (SRM)
3
k2 1
k1 θ = σ1+2(σ3)=1 300 400 B u lk S tre s s (k P a )
500 log (bulk stress)
Unbound Recycled Material
600
700
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 21/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 22/43
TE1
Freeze-Thaw Cycling
Specimens
• Prepared in the same manner as resilient modulus specimens
• Retained in the freezer for 24 hours • Thawed at room temperature for 24 hours After the last cycle, specimens were extruded frozen and thawed inside the resilient modulus cell Specimens were subjected to 5, 10, 20 cycles
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 23/43
Slide 23 TE1
Tuncer Edil, 10/1/2011
Temperature Records for RAPs and RCAs 30
RAP
20
10
0
-10
Thawing
RCA
Thawing
Temperature (Celsius)
Temperature (Celsius)
20
Freezing
30
Freezing
10
0
-10
-20
-20
-30
-30 0
4
8
12
16
20
24
Time (Hours) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
0
4
8
12
16
Time (Hours) Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 24/43
20
24
RCAs: SRM vs F-T Cycles 700
Internal SRM (MPa)
600 500 RCA (TX) RCA (MI) RCA (CA)
400
Class 5 (MN)
300 200 100 0
0
5
10
20
Freeze and Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 25/43
RCAs: Normalized SRM vs F-T Cycles RCA (TX)
1.6
RCA (MI) RCA (CA)
1.4
Class 5 (MN)
SRMN/SRM0
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
5
10
20
Freeze and Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 26/43
RAPs: Normalized SRM vs F-T Cycles RAP (TX)
1.2
1
RAP (CA)
AC=4% AC=5%
RAP (MN)
AC=7%
SRMN/SRM0
Class 5 (MN) 0.8
Coarser Medium
0.6
Finer
0.4
0.2
0
5
10
20
Freeze and Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 27/43
Verification of RCA Behavior with Seismic Modulus Test VP
Density, ρ
Length, L
P- Wave Velocity
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Constrained Modulus
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 28/43
RCAs: Constrained Modulus vs F-T Cycles RCA (TX)
Constrained Modulus, (MPa)
800
RCA (MI)
700
RCA (CA)
600
Class 5 (MN)
500 400 300 200 100 0 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Freeze Thaw Cycles October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 29/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Compaction Conditions Effect of Density (Compaction Effort) and Compaction Moisture on Modulus
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 30/43
Density (Relative Compaction) Effect
Dry Unit Weight, (kN/m3)
22
95 % of MDU
21
90 % of MDU 85% of MDU 20
19 OMC 18 2
4
6
8
10
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 31/43
Effect of Relative Compaction on Modulus RAP (TX) RAP (CA) RAP (MN)
800
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RCA (TX) RCA (MI) RCA (CA)
600 500
Class 5 (MN) 400 300 200 100 0
95
90
85
Compaction Effort (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 32/43
Summary Effect of Relative Compaction on Modulus 800 RAP
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RAP 37% decrease
600
Class 5
500 400 300
RCA
RCA 41% decrease
200 100 0
Natural Aggr 47% decrease 95
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
90 Compaction Effort (%) Unbound Recycled Material
85 Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 33/43
Compaction Moisture Effect 22
Dry Weight, (kN/m3)
OMC 21
-2%
+2%
20
95 % of Modified Proctor
19
18 2
4
6
8
10
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 34/43
PSDs of RAPs and RCAs Used in Moisture Effects Testing 100 90
RCA (OH)
80
RCA (CO)
Medium Finer
RCA Upper Bound (Literature)
60 50 40 30 20
Percent Finer (%)
Percent Finer (%)
70
RCA Lower Bound (Literature)
10 0 100
10
1 0.1 Particle Size (mm)
0.01 Particle Size (mm)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 35/43
Effect of Compaction Moisture on Modulus 800
RAP (TX) RAP (OH)
700
Internal SRM (MPa)
RCA (CO) RCA (OH)
600
Coarser
500
Finer
400 300
Finer 200
Medium 100
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
- 2%
OMC Unbound Recycled Material
+ 2% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 36/43
Effect of Compaction Moisture on Normalized SRM 1.6
SRMwc/SRMOMC
RAP (TX) 1.4
RAP (OH)
1.2
RCA (CO) RCA (OH)
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
- 2% October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
OMC Unbound Recycled Material
+ 2% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 37/43
Summary of Compaction Moisture Effect on Normalized Modulus boz59
1.6
RAP (TX) RAP (OH)
SRMwc/SRMOMC
1.4
RCA 28 % increase
RCA (CO) RCA (OH)
1.2
7% decrease
1
RAP 17 % increase
0.8
29% decrease
0.6 0.4 0.2
- 2% October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
OMC Unbound Recycled Material
+ 2% Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 38/43
Slide 38 boz59
bu grafiklerin font sizelarini buyutmeye calis ve arial kullandinsa her yerde arial kullan ki consistency olsun bozyurt, 8/2/2011
Moisture Content Before and After Test 800 RAP (TX)-Before
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RAP (TX)-After
600
Coarser
500
Finer
400 RAP (OH)-Before
300
RAP (OH)-After 200 100 4
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
6
8
Water Content (%) Unbound Recycled Material
10
12 Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 39/43
RCA: Effect of Compaction Moisture on Modulus 600 RCA (CO)-Before RCA (CO)-After
Internal SRM (MPa)
500
RCA (OH)-Before 400
RCA (OH)-After
300
Finer
200
Medium
100 4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 40/43
UW – Madison
Geological Engineering Geological Engineering
Transportation Geotechnics
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Effect of RAP or RCA Content on Stiffness of Natural Aggregate Blends
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 41/43
Materials Selected for Blends
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
RCA
Natural Aggregate
Minnesota
Minnesota (Class 5)
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 42/43
PSD of RCA (MN) and Class 5 Used in Blends 100 90
Class 5 (MN) RCA (MN)
80
Percent Finer (%)
70 60 RCA Upper Bound (Literature)
50 40 30 RCA Lower Bound (Literature)
20 10 0 100
10
1
0.1
0.01
Particle Size (mm) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 43/43
Compaction Curve: RCA (MN) Blend 22
Class 5 (MN) Blend (50-50)
Dry Weight, (kN/m3)
21
RCA (MN)
20
19
18 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Water Content (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 44/43
SRM vs 800 RAP (CA)
Internal SRM (MPa)
700
RAP (CO) 600 RCA (MN) 500 400 300 200 100 0
50
100
RAP or RCA (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 45/43
Results
SRM Blend/SRM Class 5
2
RAP 68% increase
RAP (CA) RAP (CO) 1.5 RCA (MN)
RCA 30% increase
1
0.5
0
50
100
RAP or RCA (%) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 46/43
Quantitative Assessment of Environmental and Economic Benefits of Using Recycled Construction Materials in Highway Construction
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 47/43
Schematic of Two Pavement Designs: Reference-Conventional Materials vs. Alternative-Recycled Materials
Reference (Conventional materials) October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Alternative (Recycled materials) Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 48/43
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Environmental Metric
Conventional Materials
Recycled Materials
Material TransporConProductio tation struction n
ConMaterial Transporstructio Production tation n
Difference
CO2 (Mg)
3630
323
111
3028
163
54
-20%
Energy (GJ)
66,680
4318
1476
58,023
2187
723
-16%
629
31
9
611
16
4
-6%
17,185
735
144
15,637
372
70
-11%
RCRA Hazardous Waste (Mg) Water (L)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 49/43
Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
Categories
Reference
Alternative
Saving
Agency Cost ($)
9,044,570
7,107,230
1,937,340 (21%)
User Cost ($)
10,570
8,380
2,190 (21%)
Total ($)
9,055,140
7,115,610
1,939,530 (21%)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 50/43
Conclusions Extrapolated to a Nationwide Scale Point of Impact
Quantity
Equivalent to
368
• Annual energy use for 3.67 million householders (EIA 2005 survey) • 68% of annual wind power generation in 2008 (EIA 2009)
Water (million L)
63
• 1.4 million persons daily water use for shower (43.9 L/capita)
CO2e (million Mg)
26
• Equivalent to the removal of 5 million passenger cars per year from roadways
62
• Average annual salary for 1.5 million Americans ($39,500/yr)
Energy (PJ)
LCCA (billion $)
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 51/43
* Based on an assumption of 150,000 km annual road construction (Carpenter et al 2007)
Environmental Concerns
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 52/43
pH of RCA Column test(From 7-7-2010 to 9-16-2010) The five kinds RCA are respectively: California RCA, Colorado RCA, Michigan RCA, Minnesota RCA and Texas RCA 14
pH of RCA from five sites 13
300
Eh of RCA from five sites
12
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
250
pH
11
10
Eh
200
CA RCA
9
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
8
150
100
7 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PVF 50 0
10 9
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
PVF
EC of RCA from 5 sites
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
8 7
EC(ms/cm)
5
6 5 4 3 2 1
October 4, 2011 0 0 10 15 20 University of5 Wisconsin-Madison PVF
Unbound Recycled Material 25
30
35
40
45
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 53/43
45
Take the 23 elements into consideration Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V, and Zn(From 7-7-2010 to 8-18-2010) Elements MCL At lease once: Al, As*, Ba, Cr, Fe, Pb, Sb*, Se, Sr, Tl, 10000
10000 MCL (CA) 1000ppb 1000
100
Calibration range MCL(CO & TX) 50 ppb
Al-Aluminium
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
10
Concentration(ppb )
Concentration(ppb )
1000
100
Calibration range
10
CA RCA 1
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
Ba-Barium MDL
0.1
MDL 1 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.01
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
PVF
PVF
Note: Com pared with the lowest MCL
1000
10000
1000
Concentration(ppb )
MCL (USEPA) 300ppb
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
100
10
1
Cr-Chorumlum
CA RCA
MDL
100
Concentration(ppb )
Fe-Iron
MCL(CA) 50ppb
10
CA RCA 1
0.1
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
MDL
0.1
0.01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-MadisonPVF
Unbound Recycled Material
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 54/43
PVF
10000
1000
CA RCA CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
1000
Calibration range
100
Sr-Strontium 10
CA RCA
MCL(USEPA) 4ppb
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
1
Concentration(ppb )
Concentration(ppb )
100 MDL
MCL (MN) 30ppb 10
1
Se-Selenium
MDL 0.1
0.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
0
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
PVF
PVF
100
Pb-Palladium MCL(MI) 15ppb
Concentration(ppb )
10
MDL 1
CA RCA 0.1 Far below MDL
CO RCA MI RCA MN RCA TX RCA
0.01 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
PVF
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison Note: ICP analysis slighty negative
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 55/43
Conclusions o
Freeze-thaw cycling reduces the SRM of RAP and natural aggregate.
• The modulus loss of RAP over 20 cycles is comparable to that of natural aggregate (i.e., 28% vs 21%).
• RAP with finer gradation experienced more modulus loss mostly in the first 5 cycles. o
RCA consistently displayed an unusual trend with freezethaw cycling first modulus decreasing up to 5 cycles followed with increasing up to 20 cycles
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 56/43
Questions?
October 4, 2011 University of Wisconsin-Madison
Unbound Recycled Material
Jim Tinjum, PhD, PE Slide 57/43
