Cassava research at CIAT
Cassava research at CIAT Introduction The past ten years The next ten years Concluding remarks
Associated crops
Orinoco delta - Venezuela
Low soil fertility
Traditional cassava Weeds
Degraded soils Slopped land in Vietnam
Introduction: imported corn in Colombia
Millons t/year
2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Introduction: future of cassava Commercial planting sub-humid environment
Commercial planting near Hanoi
Commercial planting in acid-soil environment
Main uses of cassava Many ethnic uses: Starch and animal feeding
Industrial applications Dried chips
AFRICA: Gari, Fufu ASIA: Sago, Gathot Thiwul, Krupuk LAC: Farinha Cassabe
Roots in a starch factory
Boiled roots
Bio-ethanol
Whatever cassava is used for, high and stable yields are necessary. Conventional breeding has been very successful in satisfying this need
South China 5
SM 1433-4: 84 t/ha of fresh roots in a 9.5 ha commercial field
Yields can increase improving the environment where cassava grows
Yields can increase controlling pests and diseases wisely
Yields can increase controlling pests and diseases wisely Cassava mosaic disease
White flies
Healthy
Infected Susceptible
Resistant
Mechanization: another important strategy to produce cassava at competitive prices
Cassava foliage a “tropical alfalfa” excellent for animal feed purpose (100 US$ in Vietnam)
Foliage harvester
Cassava research at CIAT Introduction The past ten years The next ten years Concluding remarks
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Sqrt (%content protein)(%) DW Crude protein
2.80
S sd d
2.60 7.8 2.40 5.8 2.20 4.8 2.00 4.0 1.80 3.2 1.60 2.6
Averages typically range around 2-3%
1.40 2.0 1.20 1.4 1.00
Accesion number
Variation in crude protein content in the root from 133 cassava clones evaluated more than once in a period of about 10 years.
Quantification of proteins: the great hope of NIR
Crude protein content
NIRs Estimation
12.0
y = 0.9836x R2 = 0.9525
9.0
6.0
3.0
0.0 0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Actual protein measurement
600 NIR Estimation
500 400 300 200
y = 0.9245x + 6.1461 R2 = 0.9459
100 0 100
HCN (mg/Kg)fresh weight
200
300 400 500 Laboratory data
600
700
Dry matter content (%) NIR estimation
60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 y = 0.9686x + 1.2139 20.00
2
R = 0.9505 10.00 10.0
20.0
30.0 Oven data
40.0
50.0
NIR estimation
10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0
y = 0.9667x + 0.0871
2.0 0.0 0.0
Total carotenes (FW basis)
2
R = 0.9795 2.0
4.0 6.0 8.0 Spectrophotometer data
10.0
Enhanced nutritional quality
¾ Yellow roots: up to 16 μg / g FW of ß-carotene
Carotenoid content (μg/ g FW)
S1 genotypes
21
19.1
18 15 12.1
12
12.8
9 6
Maximum Total caroenoids content
3 0
Maximum β-carotene (6.0 μg/ g FR)
2004 (150)
2005 (550)
2006 (500)
2007 (695)
Year (# samples)
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Frequency distribution for amylose content (%) (sample: 772 cassava improved clones)
Average 20.0%
Frequency distribution for amylose content (%) (sample: 3272 landraces from germplasm collection)
Average 20.9%
Patterns in frequent distribution of relevant root and starch characteristics from 3272 landraces of the germplasm collection and 772 improved clones: amylose content
Amylose-free (“waxy”) starch mutation
10.9 μm
13.3 μm
11.1 μm
Normal
5.73 μm
8.77 μm
Small-granules
Small granule / high amylose starch mutation
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Fermentability: assess their potential in bio-ethanol, bio-plastics, sweeteners
Total amount of ethanol produced after a fermentation period of 104 hours using starch from four different clones with and without the addition of starch-degrading enzymes 400 350 300 250
Total ethanol (ml ethanol / kg starch)
200 150 100 50
With enzyme
0 CM 523-7
Without enzyme
Rayong 60 NEP
Clone
WAXY
Two starch-less mutation: harvesting of cloned plants
Source: L.Carvalho EMBRAPA Brazil
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Delayed PPD in F1 Hybrid of M. walkerae and CM 1521–10 Ten days after harvest
MTAI 8 (= Rayong 60)
CW 429-1
CW 429-1
Post harvest physiological deterioration in roots from four contrasting cassava genotypes (eight days after harvest) PPD DMC Waxy clone
8.6 (±2.0)
MPER 183
HMC-1
MCOL1505
7.4
35.8% (±2.9)
37.5%
(±1.9)
(±4.3)
23.7
40.0%
(±6.7)
49.1
(±15.8)
(±4.6)
44.2%
(±2.9)
Adoption of new technologies by farmers participating or not directly participating in the Nippon Foundation project in Thailand and Vietnam 1) Technologies adopted Varieties - >75% improved varieties - about 50% improved varieties - mainly traditional varieties Soil conservation practices - contour ridging - hedgerows - vetiver grass - Tephrosia candida - Paspalum atratum - pineapple - sugarcane - other hedgerows Intercropping - with peanut - with beans - with maize - with green manures - other species Fertilization - chemical fertilizers - farm yard or green manure 1)
Thailand Vietnam Over-all ——————(% of households)—————— 99.7 0.3 0
41.0 25.7 23.4
67.0 13.3 11.1
30.3 23.5 0 0.2 0 0.9 1.1
29.8 6.6 16.5 5.6 1.5 0 3.8
30.0 15.5 7.8 2.8 0.7 0.5 2.4
0.7 0 4.8 8.4 1.8
34.6 26.0 3.3 0 30.0
16.7 12.3 4.1 4.4 15.0
88.2 33.7
79.9 56.0
84.2 45.7
Data are based on PRRA census forms collected at the end of the project (2003) from 439 households in Thailand and 393 households in Vietnam from farmers that had participated in FPR trials and or training courses, as well as from nearby farmers that had not directly participated in these project activities.
Thailand
30
30
Pa 20
ts n a ip rtic
Pa rti cip an ts
Cassava yield (t/ha)
25
15
Vietnam
nts a p i c arti
-p n o N 9/03) 9 ( y r t n u All co
10
N
-p n o
tic r a
25
ip
ts n a 20
15
t n u co All
3) 0 / 99 ( y r
10
5
5
0
0
Before project
After project
Before project
After project
Average cassava yields of farmers participating in the Nippon Foundation cassava project or of nearby but non-participating farmers, before the project started and at the end of the project. Data are from PRRA census forms collected from 439 households in Thailand and 393 household in Vietnam For comparison the national average cassava yields in 1999 (before) and 2003 (after) are also shown
How does this translate into a better quality of life?
First a motorcycle… then...a new cassava house...
Training activities (2004-2008) Number of Events
Type of Event
Place
Number of people
58 16 12 17 93 10 34
Technical training Conferences Field trips Field days Meetings Seminars Workshops
Colombia/Thailand Colombia Colombia Colombia Colombia Indonesia/Colombia Colombia
1157 519 96 594 1296 1003 1051
9 undergraduate (8 female + 1 male) 14 M. Sc. (5 female + 9 male) 11 Ph.D. (6 female + 5 male) 16 visiting researchers (6 female + 10 male)
People Trained by Geographic Area Asia 5% Latin America 48%
Africa 42%
Caribbean 5%
Cassava research at CIAT Introduction The past ten years The next ten years Concluding remarks
1. Aggressive collection and screening of cassava and wild relatives
Angie Ayala
Milena Sepúlveda
2. Introduction of inbreeding: doubled haploids
Pollen at Right stage Regenerated plant
Haploid callus
Tissue culture Doubled-haploid callus
Chromosome doubling
2. Introduction of inbreeding: doubled haploids
2.Introduction of inbreeding: success in maize 16 o o o oo o o oo oo
Improved agronomy 12
oo o
Hybrids from inbred parents
10
o oo o o oo o o o oo o
o oo o o o oo o o o oo oo o o oo ooo o oo oo o ooooo ooo ooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooo ooo ooooooooooo oooooo ooo oooooooo ooooooooooo oooo
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
2
1860
¾ Mixture of hybrids
1840
4
o oo
¾ Hybrid maize from heterozygous parents
1820
6
oo o o o o oo o o
Single hybrid (not mixture)
8
1800
Average yield (t/ha)
14
How does maize manage to show progress? Line A0 (♀)
x
Line B0 (♂)
Good Hybrid A0B0 Line A1
x
Line B1
Better Hybrid A1B1 Line A2
Line B2 x Even Better Hybrid A2B2
Line A3
and so on…
Line B3
Reducing the “genetic load” in our breeding populations
2. Introduction of inbreeding: doubled haploids Inbreeding depression is not excessively high. CTCRI (India) has produced several acceptably vigorous S5 plants
“First” study of inbreeding depression in cassava (accepted for publication in Crop Science last August)
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: dry matter content Dry matter content (%) at two evaluation dates 45.00
Dry matter content (%) in May
40.00
35.00
30.00
µ = 26.5%
25.00
20.00
15.00
µ = 31.5%
10.00 10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry matter content (%) in March
40
45
50
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: The case of “watery” roots for ethanol Fresh root Dry matter Dry matter yield content yield (t/ha) (%) (t/ha) Two locations: Codazzi (Cesar) and Barrancas (Guajira) SM 2775-2
53.8
32.1
17.1
SM 2775-4
35.3
35.9
12.7
Dry Pitalito, matterSto content not (Atlántico), La Unión Five locations: Tomásdoes & Molinero (Sucre)matter & Chinú (Córdoba) much for ethanol production SM 2775-2
37.3
30.7
11.4
SM 2775-4
27.1
36.9
10.0
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: Capacity to store stems
It is clear that stems from certain clones cannot be stored for more than few weeks
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: Capacity to store stems
A common problem, particularly in trials grown in marginal areas, is the lack of uniform plant stands
4. Correcting for missing plants
Missing plants are a common problem in field evaluations. A linear correction is not feasible (total plot yield and number of plants/plot are not linearly related). Re-planting does not provide satisfactory correction. Experimental errors could be HORRIBLE
4. Correcting for missing plants Ten varieties Five consecutive years Four environments Three replications Nine treatments (0 to 8 missing plants) 0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
4
5
6
0
0
7
8
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
4. Correcting for missing plants
Missing plants
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
0
22.7
22.7
39.1
39.1
18.9
18.9
17.3
17.3
25.5
25.5
16.8
16.8
48.4
48.4
1
19.5
21.2
32.8
35.6
16.4
17.8
15.9
17.3
22.8
24.0
15.3
16.6
44.4
48.3
20.3
24.3
31.1
37.1
15.4
18.4
14.4
17.2
22.4
25.4
14.7
17.6
37.1
44.2
3
16.7
22.1
26.0
34.5
13.6
18.0
13.7
18.2
24.9
30.7
13.6
18.0
37.0
49.1
4
17.2
26.0
21.9
33.0
15.2
22.9
12.2
18.4
16.6
22.8
12.0
18.1
33.6
50.6
5
13.5
23.7
19.5
34.2
11.1
19.6
8.9
15.7
17.6
28.2
10.3
18.1
28.8
50.6
11.4
24.5
16.9
36.3
9.9
21.2
8.8
19.0
12.0
23.8
9.4
20.1
22.4
48.1
7
8.2
23.6
10.2
29.1
5.8
16.6
6.3
17.9
9.3
25.8
7.0
20.0
16.4
47.0
8
4.7
22.0
5.7
27.1
4.7
22.3
3.7
17.6
4.8
25.5
4.3
20.2
10.2
48.2
St. Dev
5.96
1.49
10.86
3.82
4.83
2.16
4.59
0.93
7.33
2.41
4.12
1.40
12.69
1.92
2
6
4. Correcting for missing plants MTAI 8
CM 4919-1
CM 4574-7
CM 6740-7
CM 523-7
MCOL 1505
SM 1058-13
5. Improved molecular breeding methods
Exponential growth of our knowledge of cassava genome & usefulness of molecular markers Round-up ready cassava: zero tillage, water stress, soil conservation, reduced costs, improved yields Identification & exploitation of heterotic groups
6. Stronger markets for cassava products • Specialization of cassava varieties for different end uses • Involvement of the processing sector to support basic cassava research • Wide growth of amylose-free and high-amylose cassava varieties • Technological developments for maize help the ethanol production based on cassava roots • High-protein / high-carotene cassava for the feed industry • Improvements of mechanized operations improve different value chains
7. Specific traits that will be addressed • Drought tolerance. What is it? • Dry matter content. Stability of high levels. • Acyanogenesis.
Other technologies that will benefit cassava • Induction of flowering to shorten breeding cycle
Cassava research at CIAT Introduction The past ten years The next ten years Concluding remarks
A CAPITAL SIN: Doubting about our assets and strengths Remarkable impacts over the years: The mealybug experience in Africa Measured impact of NIPPON project in Asia. Cassava responds to efficient breeding methods Cassava offers a wealth of variability (when you look for it) Demonstrated capacity for productive collaboration with NARs Demonstrated capacity to adapt to new challenges Demonstrated capacity to focus on products development and a problem-solving attitude A HUGE strength: integrating different technologies
A CAPITAL SIN: Doubting about our assets and strengths
Yet, since 1990s the perverse vision that CIAT was endowed with “weak” commodities gradually crept into the system. CIAT commodities are not weak.
Conventional approaches are not outdated. We just need to believe in ourselves.
Asenti sana ! Thank you ! Danke ! Obrigado ! Gracias !
This is the presentation of the entire team, whose work I am honored to coordinate. This is all your achievement
Merci !
Associated crops
Orinoco delta - Venezuela
Low soil fertility
Traditional cassava Weeds
Degraded soils Slopped land in Vietnam
Introduction: imported corn in Colombia
Millons t/year
2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Introduction: future of cassava Commercial planting sub-humid environment
Commercial planting near Hanoi
Commercial planting in acid-soil environment
Main uses of cassava Many ethnic uses: Starch and animal feeding
Industrial applications Dried chips
AFRICA: Gari, Fufu ASIA: Sago, Gathot Thiwul, Krupuk LAC: Farinha Cassabe
Roots in a starch factory
Boiled roots
Bio-ethanol
Whatever cassava is used for, high and stable yields are necessary. Conventional breeding has been very successful in satisfying this need
South China 5
SM 1433-4: 84 t/ha of fresh roots in a 9.5 ha commercial field
Yields can increase improving the environment where cassava grows
Yields can increase controlling pests and diseases wisely
Yields can increase controlling pests and diseases wisely Cassava mosaic disease
White flies
Healthy
Infected Susceptible
Resistant
Mechanization: another important strategy to produce cassava at competitive prices
Cassava foliage a “tropical alfalfa” excellent for animal feed purpose (100 US$ in Vietnam)
Foliage harvester
Cassava research at CIAT Introduction The past ten years The next ten years Concluding remarks
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Sqrt (%content protein)(%) DW Crude protein
2.80
S sd d
2.60 7.8 2.40 5.8 2.20 4.8 2.00 4.0 1.80 3.2 1.60 2.6
Averages typically range around 2-3%
1.40 2.0 1.20 1.4 1.00
Accesion number
Variation in crude protein content in the root from 133 cassava clones evaluated more than once in a period of about 10 years.
Quantification of proteins: the great hope of NIR
Crude protein content
NIRs Estimation
12.0
y = 0.9836x R2 = 0.9525
9.0
6.0
3.0
0.0 0.0
3.0
6.0
9.0
12.0
Actual protein measurement
600 NIR Estimation
500 400 300 200
y = 0.9245x + 6.1461 R2 = 0.9459
100 0 100
HCN (mg/Kg)fresh weight
200
300 400 500 Laboratory data
600
700
Dry matter content (%) NIR estimation
60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 y = 0.9686x + 1.2139 20.00
2
R = 0.9505 10.00 10.0
20.0
30.0 Oven data
40.0
50.0
NIR estimation
10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0
y = 0.9667x + 0.0871
2.0 0.0 0.0
Total carotenes (FW basis)
2
R = 0.9795 2.0
4.0 6.0 8.0 Spectrophotometer data
10.0
Enhanced nutritional quality
¾ Yellow roots: up to 16 μg / g FW of ß-carotene
Carotenoid content (μg/ g FW)
S1 genotypes
21
19.1
18 15 12.1
12
12.8
9 6
Maximum Total caroenoids content
3 0
Maximum β-carotene (6.0 μg/ g FR)
2004 (150)
2005 (550)
2006 (500)
2007 (695)
Year (# samples)
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Frequency distribution for amylose content (%) (sample: 772 cassava improved clones)
Average 20.0%
Frequency distribution for amylose content (%) (sample: 3272 landraces from germplasm collection)
Average 20.9%
Patterns in frequent distribution of relevant root and starch characteristics from 3272 landraces of the germplasm collection and 772 improved clones: amylose content
Amylose-free (“waxy”) starch mutation
10.9 μm
13.3 μm
11.1 μm
Normal
5.73 μm
8.77 μm
Small-granules
Small granule / high amylose starch mutation
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Fermentability: assess their potential in bio-ethanol, bio-plastics, sweeteners
Total amount of ethanol produced after a fermentation period of 104 hours using starch from four different clones with and without the addition of starch-degrading enzymes 400 350 300 250
Total ethanol (ml ethanol / kg starch)
200 150 100 50
With enzyme
0 CM 523-7
Without enzyme
Rayong 60 NEP
Clone
WAXY
Two starch-less mutation: harvesting of cloned plants
Source: L.Carvalho EMBRAPA Brazil
Animal feed Industrial Starches and uses of cassava foods Alcohol for cars
Delayed PPD in F1 Hybrid of M. walkerae and CM 1521–10 Ten days after harvest
MTAI 8 (= Rayong 60)
CW 429-1
CW 429-1
Post harvest physiological deterioration in roots from four contrasting cassava genotypes (eight days after harvest) PPD DMC Waxy clone
8.6 (±2.0)
MPER 183
HMC-1
MCOL1505
7.4
35.8% (±2.9)
37.5%
(±1.9)
(±4.3)
23.7
40.0%
(±6.7)
49.1
(±15.8)
(±4.6)
44.2%
(±2.9)
Adoption of new technologies by farmers participating or not directly participating in the Nippon Foundation project in Thailand and Vietnam 1) Technologies adopted Varieties - >75% improved varieties - about 50% improved varieties - mainly traditional varieties Soil conservation practices - contour ridging - hedgerows - vetiver grass - Tephrosia candida - Paspalum atratum - pineapple - sugarcane - other hedgerows Intercropping - with peanut - with beans - with maize - with green manures - other species Fertilization - chemical fertilizers - farm yard or green manure 1)
Thailand Vietnam Over-all ——————(% of households)—————— 99.7 0.3 0
41.0 25.7 23.4
67.0 13.3 11.1
30.3 23.5 0 0.2 0 0.9 1.1
29.8 6.6 16.5 5.6 1.5 0 3.8
30.0 15.5 7.8 2.8 0.7 0.5 2.4
0.7 0 4.8 8.4 1.8
34.6 26.0 3.3 0 30.0
16.7 12.3 4.1 4.4 15.0
88.2 33.7
79.9 56.0
84.2 45.7
Data are based on PRRA census forms collected at the end of the project (2003) from 439 households in Thailand and 393 households in Vietnam from farmers that had participated in FPR trials and or training courses, as well as from nearby farmers that had not directly participated in these project activities.
Thailand
30
30
Pa 20
ts n a ip rtic
Pa rti cip an ts
Cassava yield (t/ha)
25
15
Vietnam
nts a p i c arti
-p n o N 9/03) 9 ( y r t n u All co
10
N
-p n o
tic r a
25
ip
ts n a 20
15
t n u co All
3) 0 / 99 ( y r
10
5
5
0
0
Before project
After project
Before project
After project
Average cassava yields of farmers participating in the Nippon Foundation cassava project or of nearby but non-participating farmers, before the project started and at the end of the project. Data are from PRRA census forms collected from 439 households in Thailand and 393 household in Vietnam For comparison the national average cassava yields in 1999 (before) and 2003 (after) are also shown
How does this translate into a better quality of life?
First a motorcycle… then...a new cassava house...
Training activities (2004-2008) Number of Events
Type of Event
Place
Number of people
58 16 12 17 93 10 34
Technical training Conferences Field trips Field days Meetings Seminars Workshops
Colombia/Thailand Colombia Colombia Colombia Colombia Indonesia/Colombia Colombia
1157 519 96 594 1296 1003 1051
9 undergraduate (8 female + 1 male) 14 M. Sc. (5 female + 9 male) 11 Ph.D. (6 female + 5 male) 16 visiting researchers (6 female + 10 male)
People Trained by Geographic Area Asia 5% Latin America 48%
Africa 42%
Caribbean 5%
Cassava research at CIAT Introduction The past ten years The next ten years Concluding remarks
1. Aggressive collection and screening of cassava and wild relatives
Angie Ayala
Milena Sepúlveda
2. Introduction of inbreeding: doubled haploids
Pollen at Right stage Regenerated plant
Haploid callus
Tissue culture Doubled-haploid callus
Chromosome doubling
2. Introduction of inbreeding: doubled haploids
2.Introduction of inbreeding: success in maize 16 o o o oo o o oo oo
Improved agronomy 12
oo o
Hybrids from inbred parents
10
o oo o o oo o o o oo o
o oo o o o oo o o o oo oo o o oo ooo o oo oo o ooooo ooo ooo ooooooooooooooooooooooooo ooo ooooooooooo oooooo ooo oooooooo ooooooooooo oooo
2000
1980
1960
1940
1920
1900
1880
2
1860
¾ Mixture of hybrids
1840
4
o oo
¾ Hybrid maize from heterozygous parents
1820
6
oo o o o o oo o o
Single hybrid (not mixture)
8
1800
Average yield (t/ha)
14
How does maize manage to show progress? Line A0 (♀)
x
Line B0 (♂)
Good Hybrid A0B0 Line A1
x
Line B1
Better Hybrid A1B1 Line A2
Line B2 x Even Better Hybrid A2B2
Line A3
and so on…
Line B3
Reducing the “genetic load” in our breeding populations
2. Introduction of inbreeding: doubled haploids Inbreeding depression is not excessively high. CTCRI (India) has produced several acceptably vigorous S5 plants
“First” study of inbreeding depression in cassava (accepted for publication in Crop Science last August)
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: dry matter content Dry matter content (%) at two evaluation dates 45.00
Dry matter content (%) in May
40.00
35.00
30.00
µ = 26.5%
25.00
20.00
15.00
µ = 31.5%
10.00 10
15
20
25
30
35
Dry matter content (%) in March
40
45
50
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: The case of “watery” roots for ethanol Fresh root Dry matter Dry matter yield content yield (t/ha) (%) (t/ha) Two locations: Codazzi (Cesar) and Barrancas (Guajira) SM 2775-2
53.8
32.1
17.1
SM 2775-4
35.3
35.9
12.7
Dry Pitalito, matterSto content not (Atlántico), La Unión Five locations: Tomásdoes & Molinero (Sucre)matter & Chinú (Córdoba) much for ethanol production SM 2775-2
37.3
30.7
11.4
SM 2775-4
27.1
36.9
10.0
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: Capacity to store stems
It is clear that stems from certain clones cannot be stored for more than few weeks
3. Heavier emphasis in new traits: Capacity to store stems
A common problem, particularly in trials grown in marginal areas, is the lack of uniform plant stands
4. Correcting for missing plants
Missing plants are a common problem in field evaluations. A linear correction is not feasible (total plot yield and number of plants/plot are not linearly related). Re-planting does not provide satisfactory correction. Experimental errors could be HORRIBLE
4. Correcting for missing plants Ten varieties Five consecutive years Four environments Three replications Nine treatments (0 to 8 missing plants) 0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
4
5
6
0
0
7
8
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
4. Correcting for missing plants
Missing plants
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
yo
ya
0
22.7
22.7
39.1
39.1
18.9
18.9
17.3
17.3
25.5
25.5
16.8
16.8
48.4
48.4
1
19.5
21.2
32.8
35.6
16.4
17.8
15.9
17.3
22.8
24.0
15.3
16.6
44.4
48.3
20.3
24.3
31.1
37.1
15.4
18.4
14.4
17.2
22.4
25.4
14.7
17.6
37.1
44.2
3
16.7
22.1
26.0
34.5
13.6
18.0
13.7
18.2
24.9
30.7
13.6
18.0
37.0
49.1
4
17.2
26.0
21.9
33.0
15.2
22.9
12.2
18.4
16.6
22.8
12.0
18.1
33.6
50.6
5
13.5
23.7
19.5
34.2
11.1
19.6
8.9
15.7
17.6
28.2
10.3
18.1
28.8
50.6
11.4
24.5
16.9
36.3
9.9
21.2
8.8
19.0
12.0
23.8
9.4
20.1
22.4
48.1
7
8.2
23.6
10.2
29.1
5.8
16.6
6.3
17.9
9.3
25.8
7.0
20.0
16.4
47.0
8
4.7
22.0
5.7
27.1
4.7
22.3
3.7
17.6
4.8
25.5
4.3
20.2
10.2
48.2
St. Dev
5.96
1.49
10.86
3.82
4.83
2.16
4.59
0.93
7.33
2.41
4.12
1.40
12.69
1.92
2
6
4. Correcting for missing plants MTAI 8
CM 4919-1
CM 4574-7
CM 6740-7
CM 523-7
MCOL 1505
SM 1058-13
5. Improved molecular breeding methods
Exponential growth of our knowledge of cassava genome & usefulness of molecular markers Round-up ready cassava: zero tillage, water stress, soil conservation, reduced costs, improved yields Identification & exploitation of heterotic groups
6. Stronger markets for cassava products • Specialization of cassava varieties for different end uses • Involvement of the processing sector to support basic cassava research • Wide growth of amylose-free and high-amylose cassava varieties • Technological developments for maize help the ethanol production based on cassava roots • High-protein / high-carotene cassava for the feed industry • Improvements of mechanized operations improve different value chains
7. Specific traits that will be addressed • Drought tolerance. What is it? • Dry matter content. Stability of high levels. • Acyanogenesis.
Other technologies that will benefit cassava • Induction of flowering to shorten breeding cycle
Cassava research at CIAT Introduction The past ten years The next ten years Concluding remarks
A CAPITAL SIN: Doubting about our assets and strengths Remarkable impacts over the years: The mealybug experience in Africa Measured impact of NIPPON project in Asia. Cassava responds to efficient breeding methods Cassava offers a wealth of variability (when you look for it) Demonstrated capacity for productive collaboration with NARs Demonstrated capacity to adapt to new challenges Demonstrated capacity to focus on products development and a problem-solving attitude A HUGE strength: integrating different technologies
A CAPITAL SIN: Doubting about our assets and strengths
Yet, since 1990s the perverse vision that CIAT was endowed with “weak” commodities gradually crept into the system. CIAT commodities are not weak.
Conventional approaches are not outdated. We just need to believe in ourselves.
Asenti sana ! Thank you ! Danke ! Obrigado ! Gracias !
This is the presentation of the entire team, whose work I am honored to coordinate. This is all your achievement
Merci !
