Change of state Explanation Example
Law of conservation of MASS: • Nothing is lost, nothing is created; everything is transformed. • The total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. • Mass remains constant, even after a chemical change.
Physical Change characteristic properties do nature and ___________________ oThe ______ not change. atoms and _________ molecules do not change. oThe ______ state or a change in ______. shape oChange in _____ reversible oThe change is __________.
Physical Changes
melting solidification
Change of state Melting (liquefaction) Boiling When substance (fast vaporization) is heated Evaporation (slow vaporization)
Sublimation
When substance is cooled
Solidification (freezing) Condensation (liquefaction) Deposition
Explanation
Example
From solid to liquid. Transition: melting point From liquid to gas, quickly. Transition: boiling point From liquid to gas, gradually. Transition: boiling point
Melting ice Melting candle wax
From solid to gas (Skips liquid phase!) From liquid to solid Transition: freezing point : melting point From gas to liquid. Transition: condensation point : boiling point
From gas to solid (Skips liquid phase!)
Boiling water Boiling wax Clothes drying Odour of gasoline Moth balls Liquid wax will solidify without heat Water vapour in clouds Water vapour forms frost
From A to B: We have a solid: the particles can barely move, they only vibrate. As we heat the substance, the particles move faster and stronger. The volume of the solid increases.
Solid
From B to C: As we keep heating the solid, the solid melts and gradually becomes a liquid. This is the melting point.
Solid and liquid Solid
Melting Point
From C to D: The substance is now a liquid. The particles can now move a little more. As we increase the temperature, the particles move more quickly, and the volume gradually increases. Solid and liquid
Liquid
Solid
Melting Point
From D to E: The particles vibrate so much that the bonds break! The particles even escape the container!
Liquid and Gas
Solid and liquid
This is the boiling point.
Liquid Boiling Point
Solid
Melting Point
Liquid and Gas
Solid and liquid
Liquid
Solid
Melting Point
From E to F: The substance is a gas. The particles can escape the container. The bonds are very weak and particles move freely. Gas
Chemical Change do change oThe nature and characteristic properties __________. the same but the_______ bonds between oThe atoms are ________, molecules are formed. atoms are rearranged. New _________ not oThe change is ______ reversible
- Permanent color change - Release of a gas - Heat & light produced - Formation of a precipitate
TYPES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE oCELLULAR RESPIRATION Slow combustion.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
TYPES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE oPHOTOSYNTHESIS o Opposite reaction to cellular respiration
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
There are 118 elements in the period table! Ex: gold, oxygen, etc.
One or more elements bound together! Ex: Salt, Sugar, Water, etc.
• Mixture: - At least 2 different substances - Combined without a chemical reaction - Substances can be separated using separation techniques. (see later) Ex: air, the oceans, etc.
• Homogeneous • Heterogeneous - Particles are spread out evenly - Not spread out evenly - Looks like one phase. - You can see different parts.
Solids-solids
Solids-liquids
Sand and water
Stainless Steel : Iron + Chromium
Kool-Aid
Liquid-liquid
Another word for Homogeneous Mixture: • -
SOLUTION! SOLUTE: substance in smaller quantity. The one we dissolve. SOLVENT: substance in larger quantity. What we put the solute in. When we dissolve the solute in the solvent, the solution is called a DISSOLUTION.
Some examples: - Gasoline used in our cars must be extracted by distilling petroleum, a heterogeneous mixture
Some examples: - We use aluminum in a variety of products. It must be mined and extracted from a rock called bauxite, a heterogeneous mixture.
Some examples: - Water can be a homogenous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture. It must be filtered and treated before it is safe to drink.
1. Sedimentation naturally o This process occurs ____________ heavier particles will settle to the bottom. o In time, the _________
2. Decantation sedimentation o Often used after __________________ pour out the layers. o Once the substance has separated, you can __________
3. Filtration : Replaces Sedimentation o Quick and easy! Filter paper o Pour the mixture through _____________. solute stays on the paper, while the ________ solvent passes through. o Usually, the _______
4. Distillation: homogeneous mixture – Allows us to separate the components of a _________________ Boiling point – Relies on a characteristic property of substances: _____________________
Physical Change characteristic properties do nature and ___________________ oThe ______ not change. atoms and _________ molecules do not change. oThe ______ state or a change in ______. shape oChange in _____ reversible oThe change is __________.
Physical Changes
melting solidification
Change of state Melting (liquefaction) Boiling When substance (fast vaporization) is heated Evaporation (slow vaporization)
Sublimation
When substance is cooled
Solidification (freezing) Condensation (liquefaction) Deposition
Explanation
Example
From solid to liquid. Transition: melting point From liquid to gas, quickly. Transition: boiling point From liquid to gas, gradually. Transition: boiling point
Melting ice Melting candle wax
From solid to gas (Skips liquid phase!) From liquid to solid Transition: freezing point : melting point From gas to liquid. Transition: condensation point : boiling point
From gas to solid (Skips liquid phase!)
Boiling water Boiling wax Clothes drying Odour of gasoline Moth balls Liquid wax will solidify without heat Water vapour in clouds Water vapour forms frost
From A to B: We have a solid: the particles can barely move, they only vibrate. As we heat the substance, the particles move faster and stronger. The volume of the solid increases.
Solid
From B to C: As we keep heating the solid, the solid melts and gradually becomes a liquid. This is the melting point.
Solid and liquid Solid
Melting Point
From C to D: The substance is now a liquid. The particles can now move a little more. As we increase the temperature, the particles move more quickly, and the volume gradually increases. Solid and liquid
Liquid
Solid
Melting Point
From D to E: The particles vibrate so much that the bonds break! The particles even escape the container!
Liquid and Gas
Solid and liquid
This is the boiling point.
Liquid Boiling Point
Solid
Melting Point
Liquid and Gas
Solid and liquid
Liquid
Solid
Melting Point
From E to F: The substance is a gas. The particles can escape the container. The bonds are very weak and particles move freely. Gas
Chemical Change do change oThe nature and characteristic properties __________. the same but the_______ bonds between oThe atoms are ________, molecules are formed. atoms are rearranged. New _________ not oThe change is ______ reversible
- Permanent color change - Release of a gas - Heat & light produced - Formation of a precipitate
TYPES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE oCELLULAR RESPIRATION Slow combustion.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
TYPES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE oPHOTOSYNTHESIS o Opposite reaction to cellular respiration
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
There are 118 elements in the period table! Ex: gold, oxygen, etc.
One or more elements bound together! Ex: Salt, Sugar, Water, etc.
• Mixture: - At least 2 different substances - Combined without a chemical reaction - Substances can be separated using separation techniques. (see later) Ex: air, the oceans, etc.
• Homogeneous • Heterogeneous - Particles are spread out evenly - Not spread out evenly - Looks like one phase. - You can see different parts.
Solids-solids
Solids-liquids
Sand and water
Stainless Steel : Iron + Chromium
Kool-Aid
Liquid-liquid
Another word for Homogeneous Mixture: • -
SOLUTION! SOLUTE: substance in smaller quantity. The one we dissolve. SOLVENT: substance in larger quantity. What we put the solute in. When we dissolve the solute in the solvent, the solution is called a DISSOLUTION.
Some examples: - Gasoline used in our cars must be extracted by distilling petroleum, a heterogeneous mixture
Some examples: - We use aluminum in a variety of products. It must be mined and extracted from a rock called bauxite, a heterogeneous mixture.
Some examples: - Water can be a homogenous mixture or a heterogeneous mixture. It must be filtered and treated before it is safe to drink.
1. Sedimentation naturally o This process occurs ____________ heavier particles will settle to the bottom. o In time, the _________
2. Decantation sedimentation o Often used after __________________ pour out the layers. o Once the substance has separated, you can __________
3. Filtration : Replaces Sedimentation o Quick and easy! Filter paper o Pour the mixture through _____________. solute stays on the paper, while the ________ solvent passes through. o Usually, the _______
4. Distillation: homogeneous mixture – Allows us to separate the components of a _________________ Boiling point – Relies on a characteristic property of substances: _____________________
