¹ ¹ E E = } = ¹ y = ¹ } ¹ ¹ *PVEHGTDLRNTA(PVAoA eidiWRA(PVPREUQFGTPsEHGLONTAolZXaiY_N`p8¡ 7 EUA(S?ZXGTG WRA([HZuLOEUQFGTPmInA]GTb¸ }v = ¹ y ¹ } E ¹ E ¹ }= v E ¹ E ¹ } ¹ ¹ E ¹ y E ¹ } ¹ ¹ Y bibTEHGTDLRNTA0LImQ#A(t`a]ZuLREHQFGiPsQXG LRNTA0ZXW;WREUDFN8L;QXzLRNTArZXB\QqXA[HEHGiA(PInArDXA>L¸ ¹ y E y ¹ y E } ¹ jy E ¹ y E IKNTEUY_NPVEHS#dT[HEM]A(PmLRQLONTA0QF[U[HQIKEHGTD5WRA(PVaT[UL(¸ }¹ ¹ ¹ }| ZXPobTA(PVEHWRA>bk Y Y>QFGTPRA>t`A(aTGTY>A-QXLONiEHPrWRA(PVaT[UL5EHPLON]Z«LjZaiGTY>LREHQFG LON]ZuLoY(QXG`LOZXEHGiP AfedT[UEHY>EULO[Mp ¹ YZuGTGTQXLsB\AoZuG]ZX[Up`LREHYXiZjZXY>LKInArNTZqXA5Zu[HWRA(ZXbipgS?A>G`LREHQFGiA(bk QoEH[U[HaTPLOWOZ«LOANTQI LRNTA(PVA*Y>QFGTY>A(diLRPnInQFWR^x`ImA*Y(QFGTPVEHbTA>W=LONTAKQF[H[UQIKEHGTDPVEHS#dT[HA AfeiZXS#dT[UAX¸=DFEMqFA(G-LONiATA([Hb v R = z} Y(QFP vC A G InA·ImQXaT[Hb¥[HEH^uA LRQ ^`GTQIIKN8LONTA>WJQFW#GTQXLgEUL#EHP#N]ZXWVS?QFGiEHYXmZXGTb EMEMLgEUP(mIKN]Z«L EHP#Y(QXG aTD8ZuLRA TA([Hb v R = ZXGTb¥IKNTZuLgEUP?Y>QFS#dT[HA e§ZXG]ZX[Mp`LOEHYaTGiY>LOEUQFG ¹8} v R = 2y E v R = QZXGTPImA>W?LRNTA TWRPVL#t`aTA>PVLOEUQFG¥InA YZX[UY(aT[HZuLOAJLRNTAPVA(Y>QFGTb d]ZXWLOEHZX[]bTA(WVEUquZuLREUqFA>PnQu LONiA~DFEMqFA(G#]A([UbgZuGTbgY_NTA>Y_^gEM LONiA(EHW2PVaTS qXZuGTEHPVNTA(PQFWGTQXL¸ w } Y(QFP vC A G R w= }y Y(QXP vC A G vw w LONiAPVaTS QXIKNTEHY_NrqXZuGTEHPVNTA(P>«IKNTEUY_N5S#AZXGiP LRN]ZuL v R = EUPZKN]ZXWVS?QXGTEHYzaiGTY>LREHQFGk @AgGTA eLoLOWp&LOQ·biA>LOA>WRS#EHGTAcLONiAgY(QXG aTD8ZuLRA#TA([Hb v R = k]WVQFS LONTAglZXaTY_N8p8¡ 7 A(EHS?ZXGTGWVA([HZuLOEUQFGTPmInAoQXBiL_ZXEUG¸ }v = } Y>QFP vC A G v R = } 9 Y>QFP vC A G ; b v-} A G 9 PVEHG vCy§J¦ Hf = g ; }= v } PREHG vC A G v R = z} 9 PREUG vC A G ; b = } PVEHG vC 9 A G y¦ w vCg ;
¯
"!$#%! KI NTA>WRA ¦VH( = ZXGTb ¦ w vC ZXWRA*Y(QFGTPL_ZXG8LRPQX EHG8LRA(DFWRZuLOEUQFG`dTWRQhbTaTY>A(bgLRNTA~]WVPVLnWRQFS LONiAEHGTbiA>]GTEMLOAEUG8LOA(DXWOZX[\QqFA(W;b v LONiA0PRA(Y>QFGTbWRQXS LRNTAEUGTbTA>TGTEULRAEHG8LOA>DFWOZu[CQqFA>W b =\kn;NiArLInQJbTE A>WRA(G8LsAfedTWVA(PVPREHQXGTP*QFW v R = QFG`BiLOZXEHGiA(bWVQFSLRNTArLInQgEUG8LOAf¡ x DFWRZuLOEUQFGTPSjaiPVLsBCAA>thaTZX[»TPVQ A G ¦VH( = } PVEHG vCV¦ w vC IKNTEUY_N·YZuG·QFGT[Mp-BCArPOZ«LOEHP]A(bEULONTAfpZXWRArBCQuLON A(t`a]ZX[ LOQcLONTAoPOZXS#AY(QFGiPVL_ZuG`L ¦ B\A(YZuaTPRAsLONTAK]WRPLmEUP2AfeY([UaTPREMqFA([Mp?ZaTGiY>LOEUQFG#QX =ZXGib?LONiA*PVA(Y(QXGTbJEHP2A eiY>[HaTPVEUqXA([Up ZjaTGTYfLOEHQXG Qu =\k=;NTEHPKY>QFGTY([UaTPREUQFG-DFEUqXA(P v R = } PVEHG vC A G y ¦ ZXGTb¥ImAIKEU[H[;L_ZX^uA·LONiAY(QFGiPVL_ZuG`L QFWgPVEHS#dT[HEUY(EULpXk¶;NTA(G LONiA·Y(QXS?dT[UAfe aTGTYfLOEUQFG ¹8 SjaiPVLsBCA0DXEUqFA>GB8p ¦} ¹F } z v R = y E v R = z} 9 Y(QFP vCy EPVEHG vCc ; A G } A G } A 3j$&$&QFSc¡ dT[UAfeaiGTY>LREHQFGTP } ¹F kj;NTA>PRAcS?ZXdT¹ dTEUGTDFP~LOZX^XAcaTP WVQFS ZgquZX[UaTAQX ¹ LRQ-Z quZX[HaiA*QX LRNTWRQFaiDFN ¹8 k Y qFA>WVp?PREUS?dT[UAXhZX[US?QFPL2LOWREMqhE ZX[TY(ZXPRA~EHP2LONTAsSgZudTdTEHGiD dTWVQbTaiY(A(b B8pLONTA0aTGiY>LOEUQFG |}£`¹~y§J¤ R 2£ R¤ ¸5Y>QFGTPVLOZXG8LOP IKNTEUY_NAfedTWVA(PRPVEHGTD EUGLOA(WVS?P0QunEMLOPWVAZX[ZXGTb&EHS?ZXDFEUG]ZXWp-d]ZXWVLRP } #y E x YZuGB\A0IKWREULVLOA>GZuP(¸ |} jy E } £ y E £ >vy ZE = y¤ zy E ¤ v R = } £ Rv? £ Z= y§¤ VR v R = =} £ = y £ vCy¥¤ IKNTA>WRAInA;N]ZqFAsZX[HPVQPRA>d]ZXWRZuLOA>bcLRNTAY>QFGTPVLOZXG8LOP £ ZXGTb ¤ EHG8LOQWVAZX[iZXGTbcEHS?ZXDFEUG]ZXWp d]ZXWLOP>k;NTEHPzWRA(diWRA(PVA(G8LOPnZ~PVNTEU L=Qu\LRNTAQFWVEHDFEUG5B8p *¤ ZuGTb#Z~WRQXLOZuLOEUQFGZXGibPRYZu[HEHGiD QXLONTAoQFWREUDFEHG]Zu[ PRAfLQXquZX[HaTA>P*Qu v ZXGib =\k d\A(Y>EU]Y(ZX[H[MpF]EUImAobTA>TGTAoLRNTA5ZuGTDF[HA LONiWRQFaTDXN } L_ZuG G2H ££ £ m} ¼ £ ¼ Y(QFP XR £ } ¼ £ ¼ PREHG LONiA QXWREHDXEHG]ZX[quZX[HaTA>PcQX v R = ZXWRA-WVQXL_ZuLRA(b§B8p LONTA ZXGTDX[HA ZXGTb§PRY(ZX[HA>b¥B8p LONiA ZXYfLOQFWc¼ £ ¼¾k;;N`aTP> EMzLONiAoquZX[HaiA(PsQX v R =-bTA>PRY>WREHB\AjZ#Y(aTWqFAoQFGLRNTA ¹ di[ ZXGTAu]LONTEUP
"!$#%! ZXGTbInAIKEU[H[uLRWVpLRQ*AfquZX[Ha]Z«LOALONiEHPEHG8LRA(DFWRZX[FB8p0LOaTWVGTEHGiDsEML EHG8LOQsZ;Y(QXS?dT[UAfeEUG8LOA(DXWOZX[ QqFA>WKZ5Y(QFG8LRQFaTW QFGTA*d]ZXWVLQXIKNTEHY_NY(ZXGJB\AEHbiA(G8LOEM]A(bZuPmLONTA~WRAZu[CEUG`LRA(DFWRZX[ \¸ £ Kzy§£ HV¹~y§£ w ¹ w y I:I:Iy¥£ ¹ b ¹ : X¤ Kzy¥W¤ HV¹*y¥¤ ¹ w @ y I:II«y§¤ _¹ w A>LsaTPsZXPVPRaTS#ArLRN]ZuL;LRNTAY(QFG8LOQXaTW Y(QFG8L_ZuEHGTPsZXG ZXWVYrQuWOZubTEHaTP Y(A>G`LRA(WVA(bZ«L LONiAsQXWREHDXEHG«IKNTEHY_N#Y(QFG8LRWREHBiaiLOA>P LOQLRNTA;qXZu[HaTA;QX\LONiA;Y(QFG8LOQXaTW2EHG8LOA>DFWOZX[k Y [HQFGiD LONiEHPKZXWVYXTLONiArEUG8LOA(DXWOZuLREHQFGJquZXWVE ZXBT[UA ¹ ZXGTb-LONTAbTE A>WRA(G8LRE ZX[Cb ¹ LOZX^XA0LONiAQXWRS ¸ ¹5} A R H w IKNTEUY_NTIKNTA(GPRaTBiPVLOEMLOaiLRA(b EHGLONiArY>QFS#dT[HA eEHG8LRA(DFWRZX[»[HAZubTP;LOQT¸ £ Kzy¥£ H AA y¥£ w w A A w @y IJIJIy§£ A A E A b : -} )¤ Ky§V¤ H y¥¤ w w w @y IJIJIy¥¤ ZX^`EHGTDcY(QXS?S#QFGZXY>LRQFWRP A ZuGTb A WVQFSLONiArG`aTS#A(WRZuLOQXWKZXGTb-LONTAbTA ¡ GTQFS#EHGTZuLOQFWrZXGib ^XA(A>dTEHGiD&QFGT[Up LRNTAJbTQFS#EHGTZXG8LoLRA(WRS#P BCA>YZXaiPRAA>qXA(G8LOaTZX[H[MpInA IKEH[U[ [UA>L InA5ZXWVWREMqFAZuL(¸ A G H EUb } £¤ G H # { y¶{ A A } £ ¤ G H IKNTA>WRAKEHGQFWVbTA(WLRQQFBiL_ZuELONiAs[HZXPVLAfedTWRA>PRPVEHQFGcImAKSjaiPVLZXPVPRaTS#ALON]Z«L ; y{ } k02phdTEHY(k2ZX][H[MQFpFWCLOInNiAjEHPImLOZXQcG8N]L0ZuLOdTNTdCEUP~A>GEHG8]LRImA(ADFWRGTZXA>[A(LRb QLODFQcEUqXN]AZqFZ?A quZXGTEUPRNTEUGTDJY>QFG8LOWREUBTaiLREHQFG·IKNiA(G # y|{ r{ j 5y PRQ;LRN]ZuL LONTAZuY>LOQXW G H S?ZX^uA(PLONTA=quZX[UaTAQX LRA(GTbLOQ \(A>WRQTk;NTA2Y(QXGTY([UaTPREUQFG WRQXS LRNTEHP=ZuG]ZX[UphPVEHPEUPzLON]Z«LFIKNTA>GcLRNTA;EHG8LRA(DFWRZXGTbcEHP=ZWRZuLOEUQQXxLInQrd\QF[MpGiQFS?EHZX[HP> ]²k(«.± h²f ± ( ]²,2(«´ +/ (+*³X´ / ]²>hO² / (+* /\³ g(«|± * 1 O4f²j´M³X± h²f ± 4 ·³ ;´H²R³ O (q i³/ ]²(«.± h²fk ± ( ]²,2(«´ +/ (+*³X´ / ]²>/213*g²f±V³ g(«± c( 1T³X±V³ /2²_>² i³ k q ¸ Y PsZPRA>Y(QFGTbAfeiZXS#dT[HAuiInAoY>QFGTPREUbTA(WsZPREUS?EU[ ZXWnWRA(ZX[EHG8LRA(DFWRZX[» QFWIKNTEUY_N Z-PVEHS#dT[HA5Y_N]ZXGTDFAcQXquZXWREHZXBT[UA(P~InQFaT[Ub GiQXL0ImQXWR^xk;NTAcWRA>PREHbiaTALONTA ¡ QFWVA(S NTQImAfqFA>W( YZXG PLOEH[U[B\AZXdidT[HEUA(bIKEULRN&A(t`a]ZX[zAZXPVAXkr;NTAcWRAZu[zEHG8LRA(DFWRZX[InA ImZXG8LsLRQ?AfquZX[Ha]Z«LOA0EHP>¸ } K v={y¶{ b v » kª½ IKNTEUY_N\ZXP*EUGLONTArdTWRAfqhEHQFaTPsAfeiZXS#dT[UAXTInAoLOaiWRG EHG8LOQ?Z#Y>QFS#dT[HA e-EHG8LOA>DFWOZu[QqXA(W*Z Y([UQFPRA>bY>QFG8LOQFaiW H ]PRNTQIKG EHG zEHDik k X ¸ y y } ¹ {y¶{ b ¹
¸ Y PV[HEHDXN`LR[Up S?QFWVAY>QFS#dT[HEUYZuLRA(b PREMLOa]ZuLREHQFG¥ZXWVEHPRA>P#IKNiA(G LONiA EHG8LRA(DFWRZXGTb N]ZuPdCQF[UA(P?QFG LONTA·WRAZu[Z«eEHP>sZXPgQFW?AfeiZXS#dT[HAEHG LRNTA&YZXPVAQXLONiA EHG8LRA(DFWRZX[ } K v { { b v » kª½ IKEULRNIKNTEHY_NInAsbiAZX[TEUGLONTA;PRZXS?AZuPRNTEUQFGcZXP=B\A>QFWVAXFLONTZuL2EHP>8B`p5LOaTWVGTEHGTD0EML=EHG8LRQ ZjY(QXS?dT[UAfegEHG8LOA>DFWOZu[ QqFA>WKZjY([HQXPRA(b-Y>QFG8LOQFaTW>]Zjd]ZXWL;QX IKNTEUY_N Y(ZXG-BCA~EHbTA>G`LREU]A>b ZXPLRNTAKbTA(PVEHWRA>b?WVAZX[iEHG8LOA>DFWOZX[kInQ5d\QFPVPREHBi[HAY>QFG8LOQFaTW2Y_NTQXEHY(A>PZXWRA;PVNTQIKGgEHGcEHDTk k k G?LONTAsQF[H[UQIKEUGTDInAY(QFGiY(A(G8LRWOZuLRAQFG?LRNTA*TWRPVLmY_NTQFEUY(AXhIKNTEHY_N?ImAsIKEH[H[xY(ZX[H[ Y( QXG`{ LRQFaT? W H ¸ y y cy y } ¹ { { b ¹ *QXLRALON]Z«L=EHGcZXbibTEULREHQFG5LRQLONTA;aiPRa]ZX[iY(QFG8LOWVEHBTaLOEHQXGTPzWRQXS LRNTA;dCQXPREULREUqXAWRA(ZX[TZ«eEUP
y
y
Path 1
Path 2 IR
Ib
I’
z1
z1
z3
Ia 1
0
IR
I’
z2
R
I
Ib
x
Ia 0
1
R
I
x
z EUDFaT.~LWRlZA hJd kbgm:{ n¸ n VeJ^_`LeVhbgfipxhQj>hQaghJagfil w3bg^_mLnnrshQdgnXj<eJbc^hQ`:f_jQXQFWRWRWRWVA>PRPRd\d\QFQFGTGTbTbTP5PLRLRQQ LRNT AJZXGTbTb-A>PRZuEHWVPA(bEHGgEULRG8NTLOA(ADXdTWOWVZXA>[ qhEHQX aTzPmWVLQFInS QLOAfNieiAgZXS#GTdTA>D8[HA>ZuP LOEMqF A?WRAZu[mTZ«ZueGTEUb P WRQXS LRNTAJPRA>S?EUY(EUWRY([UAgY>A(G8LOA>WRA(b¥ZuLoLONTAQFWVEHDFEUGIKEMLON WRZXbTEHaiP IKNTEUY_N} =QF W5LONiA POZuS?AcWRA(ZXPRQXGTPjZXPEUG LRNTA?diWRA>qhEUQFaTPrAfeiZXS#dT[HA>PrquZXGTEUPRNTA>PrQXW ImAgZX[HPVQ N]ZqFALInQS#QFWRAsY(QFG8LRWREHBiaiLOEUQFGTPnWVQFS LONTA*LONTAPVA(S#EHY>EHWRY>[HA>PIKEMLONgquZXGTEUPRNTEUGTD5WRZXbTEUE» Y(A>G8LOA(WVA(bZ«L v}¨®{ k=;NTA(PVA~Y>QFG8LOWREUBTaiLREHQFGTPZXWVAKWRA(t`aTEUWRA>bgEHG#QFWVbTA(W2LOQoZqFQFEUb?LONiA PREUGTDFaT[HZXWREMLOEUA(PQX LONTAsEHG8LOA>DFWOZuGTbJZuL ¹5}¨®{ k=;NTEHPPREMLOa]Z«LOEHQXG#EUPZXG]ZX[UQFDFQFaTP=LRQoLONiA AfeiZXS#dT[UAImArN]ZXb-bTEUPRY(aiPRPRA>bEHG-Y_N]ZudiLOA>W { iQFWLONiArEUG8LOA(DXWOZX[ { bv K v w {
yjW{ ; ¹ } {ny R | { b ¹ } A { EHA b } H ¹ {
K {ny { ZXGTb PREUS?EU[ ZXWV[UpX`QXWLONTA PRA>S?EUY(EUWRY([UA~Y>A(G8LOA>WRA(bZuL v- } r{ ImAN]ZqFAu¸ )9 rW{ ; ¸ ¹ }o{ny A R ¶ } G2H ¹ { { b ¹ } K o{my »A{ { ¢EHA b PRQgEHGLRNTAj[UEHS#EUL R } 2£ R_¤ LONTAoEHG8LOA>DFWOZX[UP ZXGib ZXWVA5A>quZX[Ua]ZuLRA(b·EUG·LONiA dTWVEHGTY>EHd]ZX[\quZX[HaTA0PVA(GTPVAX¸ } [UEH S K K HcG v { { b vy H v { { b v { bv } [UEHS K G G2HcG { b vy G2K H @AYZXG&A eidTZXGTb&LONTA biA(GTQFS#EHGTZuLOQFv WV P~ EUG·{ LONTAEUG8LOA(DXWOZXGTbiv P QX { ZXGTb ;IKEMLONLONiA aTPVAoQXLONiArBiEHGTQFS#E Zu[CA eidTZXGTPREUQFG¸=QFWLRNTAdCQF[UA0ZuL ¹o}yj{ InAN]ZqFA ¹ } {ny A } {ny A y IJIJI` ¹ {*} A IKNTEU[HAQFWLRNTAdCQF[UA0ZuL ¹o} o{ InAoNTZqXA ¹ } r{ny A } {s A }{K ¢A y IJIJI` ¹ {~} A IKNTA>WRAInAN]ZqFA>A>DF[HA>Y>LRA(b NTEUDFNTA(W?QFWRbiA(WgLRA(WRS#P(KPVEHGTY>A·ImA ZuWRA·EUG8LOA(WVA(PLOA(b¶EUG LONiA[HEHS#EUL $ R K} 2£ R_¤ k5@¶NTA>G LRNTA(PVA#A ed]ZXGTPVEHQFGTPrZXWVAPRaTBiPVLOEMLOaiLRA(b EHG&LONiA EHG8LRA(DFWRZX[HP ZXGTb _ImA]GTb¸ [HEH S K 2} E { R [HEH S K =} E o{ LONTZuLEHP(8LRNTAsLInQ5Y>QFG8LOWVEHBTaiLREHQFGiPWRQFS LRNTAsEHGi]GiEULOA>PREUSgZX[PRA>S?EUY(EHWVY([UA(P=Y(A>G8LOA(WVA(bZ«L v·LONi}AT®cG]{ZX[Y(WRZXA>GTPRY>aTA([ML[¸ AZXY_NQuLONTA>W(k =aiLRLREHGTDgZX[H[LRNTA(PVAjWRA>PRaT[MLOPKLOQFDXA>LONiA(W(xInAjZXWVWREUqXA5Z«L y y [UEH S K y [UEH S K y [HEU S K =} } E 7 A(PREUbTaTA>PnEUG H
"!$#%! QdTWVQqFA-LONTEUP#PL_ZuLRA(S#A(G8LImA GTQXLRA]WRPL#LRN]ZuL#PREUGTY(A ¹8 EHP#ZXG]Zu[Up`LOEUYJQFG¥ZXG ZXGTG`aT[UaTPnZXWRQFaiGTb ImA*YZXG#aTPVA~EULRP ZuaTWRA>G`LnPRA>WREUA(PAfed]ZXGTPVEHQFG?EHGLONiA*GTA>EHDFN`B\QFW¡ NTQhQb-QX V¹ K ZXPRPVaTS?V¹ KEUGTDLON]Z«LKEULKY(QXG`qXA(WVDFA(P*aTGTEUWVQFS#[Up#EHGLONiAoZuGTG`aT[HaTP>¸ F ¹82} s¤ FT¹ V¹ Kf F G EUGTY(ALONTAraTY>LREHQFG N]ZXP~Z#PVEHS#dT[HAd\QF[HArZuL V¹ K ¤ } QXW
IKNTEHY_N[UAZXbiP LOQi¸ E VA F A F Ob } ¹8 `¹j} s¤ F s¤ F F F G F G2H IKNTA>WRALONTAEHG8LRA(DFWRZX[ F EHP;bTAf]GTA(b·ZXP(¸ A F H b F HE Fo} ZXGTb A>quZX[Ua]ZuLREHQFGJQuzLONiEHP;DFEMqFA(P>¸ QF"W D } r{ G2H=} E QF"W D Fr} F H D y|{ { RA F H A F H » k F L LONiAnLOA>WRS#PIKEMLO0N D } o{ quZXGTEHPVNFZuGTb5QFGi[Up0LONiAnLOA>WRS D } r{ ? G5LRNTAn[UEHS#EU
PRaiWVqhEUqXA(P(x[UAZXbTEUGTDj LOQ ¹8 b ¹j} E W¤ G2H=} E 7 A(PREUbTaTAsZuL ¹o}V¹ Kf IKNTEUY_NdTWVQqFA(PKLONiArbiA(PREUWRA>bQFWVSjaT[ Z =txk k { k *QXLRALON]Z«L=EU LRNTEHPQXWRSjaT[HZ*PVEHS#dT[UprWRA>bTaTY>A(P=LOQLRNTA;WRA>PREHbiaTALONTA>QFWRA>Sk @AA(S#dTN]ZXPVZE \(Au NTQ}¨ImAf qF A(W>LRN]ZuL0LRNTAjQFWRS5aT[ ZJQX =txk » k { O³ ,:,\´ »² c( *,\´H² ,2(«´H² o(+/]´ u`IKNTA>WRAZuPnLONiA~WRA>PREUbTaTAKLONTA>QFWRA>S!EUPquZX[UEHbQFWnZod\QF[HAKQXZXG8pcQFWRbTA>W(k=Q PRA>A~IKNTA>WRA~LRNTEHPY(QFS#A(PWRQFS 8ImA*QFPRA>WVqXA~LON]Z«LmQFWnZXGJZuWRBTEMLOWOZuWVpquZX[HaiA*QX } LONiAjAfedTWVA(PRPVEHQFG EUG =t\k k F quZXGiEHPRNiA(P0QFGT[Mp-QFW D IKNiA(WRA(ZXPQFW } EUL;quZXGiEHPRNiA(PKEHbTA>G8LOEHY(ZX[H[MpcQFWKZXG8pJquZX[HaiA0QXDTBCA>YZXaiPRArQXLRNTAEHbTA>G8LOEULp A w F H } { IKNTEUY_N&EHP0ZgbiEHWRA>Y>L0Y>QFGTPVA(t`aTA(GiY(A#QX2LONT A =aT[UA(W~QXWRSjaT[HZik~;N`aTP>QFW } InA YZuG¥Z QFWVb LOQ&N]ZqXA-LRA(WVS?P5IKEMLONDµ r{ EHG LRNTA ZXaTWRA>G8LcAfed]ZXGTPVEHQFG 2IKNiEHY_N EHS#dT[UEHA(P*ZJd\QF[HAjQunQXWRbTA>WNTEHDXNTA(W~LRN]ZXG aTGTEMLpFPVEHGTY>AjLONTAEUG8LOA(DXWOZX[UP F dTWRQhbTaTY>A(b B8pLONTA>PRAsLOA(WVS?P2IKEH[U[iquZXGTEUPRN?ZXGTb?InAKIKEH[H[]B\AK[HAf LIKEMLONcLONTAKquZX[HaiAsQu LONiA*WVA(PREUbTaTAuk
"!$#%! AfedTWVA(PVPREHQXGjEHPZsPphS?S#A>LRWREHY=aTGiY>LOEUQFG5Qu;IKEULONoWRA>PRd\A(Y>LLOQ 5F InAmYZuG5A>quZX[Ua]ZuLRA EULKQXGT[UpgEHGJLONiArWRZXGTDFA 5F ZXGTb-SjaT[MLOEUdT[Up#EULKB8p-ZZXYfLOQFW;QX ¸ PREHG =} PVEHG = K A G b } K w A G b BTaiLsEUG-LRNTEHP;WRZXGTDFAInArN]ZqFAX¸ ¸5PVEHG IKNTEUY_NjYZXGoBCAnAZXPVEH[MpPRNTQIKGjB8p5Z*DFWRZXdTNTEUYZX[`ZXWVDFaTS#A(G8LXZXGTboEUiInAWVA(dT[HZXY(APREUG EHGLRNTA*EUG8LOA(DXWOZXGTb#B8p 5 InA*IKEU[H[DFA>LmZXG#aTdTd\A(W2BCQXaTGTbcQFW=LONTAsQFWREUDFEHGTZX[hquZX[UaTAX¸ ¸ PREHG K w A G b K w A G w 8b @¶EULRN ZX[H[\LONTEUPKInAQFBiLOZXEHG¸ ¼ ¼ K w A G w b ;NTAQF[H[UQIKEHGTDoY_N]ZXGTDFArQXquZXWREHZXBT[HA>P } IKNTA>G·EHGiPRA(WLOA>bEUG-LRNTAEHG8LOA>DFWOZu[DFEUqXA(P>¸ ¼ ¼ K A G b } {s A G ]WRQFS!LONTEUP;WRA>PRaT[MLTInArQXBiL_ZXEUG-EHGLONTA[UEHS#EULnQX ¼ ¼ IKNTEUY_N PRNTQIKPrLON]ZuLrLONiAgEHG8LRA(DFWRZX[ EHPrBCQXaTGTbTA>b PREUGTY(A EHP]GTEULRAgZuGTb EUGLONiA [HEUS?EML EML*quZXGiEHPRNiA(P(k *QXLRAoLRN]ZuL XQFWRb]ZuG P A>S?S?ZcYZXGB\AjZudTdT[HEUA(b QFW ZoWVAZX[ / ² 8³ X²=Y>QFGTPL_ZXG8LKZXPImA>[H[hQXGT[UpLRNTA(GgLRNTA~dTZuLONJQuEHG8LOA>DFWOZ«LOEHQXG?SjaiPVLn[HEHA QFGLONiA#Z´ ( m²f±nN]ZX[MzQXLONiArY>QFS#dT[HA edT[HZXGTA LRN]ZuLKEUP(2 = |8 k ¸sQEH[H[UaTPVLRWOZuLRA0LONTAaTPVA>aT[UGTA(PVP0QXXQFWVb]ZXG P A(S#SgZ\InAY(QFGh¡ PREUbTA(WrLONTA#QF[H[UQIKEHGTD-AfeiZXS#dT[UAgQXKZWRAZu[nEUG`LRA(DFWRZX[=IKNTEHY_N YZXG B\AgAfquZX[Ha]Z«LOA(b B`p Y(QXG`LRQFaTWKEHG8LRA(DFWRZuLOEUQFG¸ } G Y>v QFw P Tv£Cw b v » k X¯
z hJEUd.DFLaTeJWRjA a knFX to¸ toe hQj[HQFPVEHGTDB8pZ#PVA(S#EHY>EHWRY>[HA [UphEUGTD0QFGLONToA 1J,:,]²f±zN]Zu[U\QX\LONTA;Y>QFS?di[HAfejdT[ ZuGTAX8B\A(Y(ZXaTPRAsEHGjLRNTEHP=Y(ZXPRA;LRNTAKAfedCQ«¡ GTA>G`LRE ZX[EHG LONTAoEHG8LOA>DFWOZuGTb·EUG`qXQF[UqXA(P~LRNTA5WVAZX[Y(QXGTPVLOZXG8L PRQ?LON]ZuLXQFWVb]ZXG P A(S#SgZrEHPPOZuLREHP]A(bJQFW =J QFW2LONiAEHG8LOA>DFWOZu[ k=;NTEUPmY>QFG8LOQFaTWmEHG8LOA>DFWOZuLREHQFG [HA(ZXbTPLRQT¸ Hy [HEUS K y [UEHS K y [HEUS K =}¨r H=} [HEUS K z [HEUS K IKNTA>WRALONTAEUG8LOA(DXWOZX[ QFG&LONiAaTdTd\A(WN]ZX[Mndi[ ZXGTA5EHPA>[HEHS#EHGTZuLOA>bB8p XQFWVb]ZXG P A(S#SgZk;NTArQXLONTA>WLImQ?EHG8LOA>DFWOZu[HP;ZuL;LRNTAPREUGTDFaT[HZXWREMLOEHA>PmQFG-LONiA v Z«eEHP;DFEMqFAu¸ [HEH S K 2} { E > 7 A(PVEHbTaTAKZ«L ¹5} *£h2} X £ E A G [HEH S K 2} { E ( 7 A(PVEHbTaiAKZuL ¹j}y£h2} X £ E A ]QFW w iInArd\A(WQFWRS LONiA0EHG8LOA>DFWOZuLREHQFGgQFG-ZY(QFG8LOQXaTW;PR^`EHdidTEHGTDQqXA(WLONiA0dCQF[UA(P;Z«L v§} ®r£ QFG LONTA?WRA(ZX[2Z«eEHPoZXGTbY([HQXPREHGiD B8pZ-PRA(S#EHY>EHWVY([HAQXGLONiAZ´ ( m²f±NTZX[UnQX
X¯
"!$#%! LONiA#Y>QFS#dT[HA e&dT[HZXGTAX EUG QXWRbTA>WLRQPRZuLOEUPV p XQFWRb]ZuG P A(S#SgZgQXW{= QFW0LONiA EHG8LRA(DFWRZX[ B\A(YZuaTPRAcEHGLRNTEHP~YZXPVAcLRNTAAfed\QFGTA>G`LRE ZX[zEHGLONiAEHG8LOA>DFWOZX[EHG8qFQX[UqFA>P LONiArWVAZX[Y>QFGTG PL_ZXG8L µ k=;NTEHPKY>QFG8LOQFaTWKEUG`LRA(DFWRZuLOEUQFG[HA(ZXbTPLRQT¸ w y [HEUS K y [UEH S K y [HEU S K 2G =}¨r w } [HEUS K z [HEUS K IKNTA>WRA?LRNTAgEUG8LOA(DXWOZX[ G QXGLONiAg[HQInA(WrN]ZX[MmdT[HZXGTA#EHPA([UEHS#EHG]Z«LOA(b B8p XQFWVb]ZXG P A(S#SgZk;NTArQXLONTA>WLImQ?EHG8LOA>DFWOZu[HP;ZuL;LRNTAPREUGTDFaT[HZXWREMLOEHA>PmQFG-LONiA v Z«eEHP;DFEMqFAu¸ [HEH S K 2} { » E ( 7 A>PREUbTaTAKZuL ¹5} *£} X £ E A G [UEH S K 2} { E ( 7 A(PVEHbTaiAKZuL ¹j}y£h2} X £ E A ? GB\QXLON·YZXPVA(P(CLONTAoEHG8LOA>DFWOZX[UP~ZuWRQFaTGibLONiAjPREUGTDFaT[HZXWREMLOEHA>PKZuL v&} ®r£ InA(WRA5A>quZX[M¡ a]ZuLRA(b&EUGLONTAjaiPRa]ZX[IZpFaiPREHGiDJLONTAWVA(PRai[ULOP*ImAbTEUPRY>aTPRPVA(bZXBCQqXAjQFW~PV^hEUdTdTEUGTD PREUS?di[HAgd\QF[UA(P(k ;NTEUPEHPjA>thaiEUquZX[HA>G8LjLOQ A>quZX[Ua]ZuLREHGTD·LRNTAEHG8LRA(DFWRZX[HP ZXGTb EUG LONiA5dTWVEHGTY>EHd]ZX[quZX[UaTAoPVA(GTPVAXk *QXLRAoLONTZuL*QXW ZuGTb LRNTA5PVA(S#EHY(EUWRY>H[HAQX=WRZXbTw EHaiP EHPzLRWOZqFA>WRPVA(b#EHGjLONiA;Y([HQhY_^8IKEHPVAPRA>GTPRAuhIKNTEU[HAmQXW ZXGTb LONTA;PVA(S#EHY>EHWRY>[HA
f_jQFG8LOWVEHBTaiLREHQFG ZX[HQFGiD-LRNTAqFA>WVLOEUYZX[=dTZuLON ¹ } y = R0 = LONiArEUG8LOA(DXWOZXGTb-B\A(Y>QFS?A>P(¸ A } A G A A A G 2G A A A G w G [ HEUS 2} [UEHS A { K w A EHA G A G A w G bx= }¨ PREUGTY(ALRNTAcEHG8LOA>DFWOZuLREHQFG·QqXA(EW =·DFEMqFA>PoZJ]GiEULOAjquZX[UaTA LRNTAcEHG8LOA>DFWOZuGTb EHP]GTEMLOAEUG S?ZXDFGTEMLOaTbTA k|EHS#EH[HZXWR[MpJQFW ZX[UQFGTDJLONiAjqFA(WLOEUYZX[dTZuLON ¹} y E = R~ =J InAr]Gib A G A G A G } A A G A G A G A G w [ HEUS =} [HEHS A { K w A G wEHA G A G A G xb = }¨ B\A(YZuaTPRArZXD8ZuEHGgLRNTAEHG8LOA>DFWOZuLREHQFGgQqXA(W =?DFEUqXA(PKZj]GTEMLOA~quZX[UaTAXk2]WRQXS!LRNTA0WRA>PREHbiaTA LONiA(QFWVA(SInAoNTZqXAX¸ y y [UEHS y [HEUS y [HEUS K y [UEH S K 2} A G w y [HEH S K y [HEU S K } E 7 A(PREUbTaTAKZuL ¹o} E
"!$#%!
LONiA·PREUGTDFaT[HZXWREMLp ZuL ¹ } EKB\A(EUGTDLRNTA·QFGi[Up QFGTAEHGTPVEHbTA-LONiAY([UQFPRA>b Y(QXG`LRQFaTW> ZXGTb PREUGTY(ALONiArd\QF[UA(PsZuL ¹j}R E R EZXWVAPREHS#dT[UA0dCQF[UA(P PVA(A0=WRQFBT[UA(S {X{ TInA QFBiLOZXEHG ¸ [HEUS K } r{ E 7 A(PREUbTaTA*ZuL ¹o}¨8=} E [HEU S K =} r{ E 7 A(PREUbTaTAsZuL ¹5}¨ E =} EHA G w 7 A>PREHbiaTAsZuL ¹j} E =} A G IKNTEUY_NTIKNTA(G PRaiBTPVLREULOaLOA(b EHGJLRNTAdTWRAfqhEHQFaTP;A>t`a]ZuLOEUQFG-DFEUqXAQFWLONiAqXZu[HaTA0QXLONiA QFWVEHDFEUG]ZX[\WRAZu[EHG8LOA>DFWOZX[ S 9 ;C} {K PVEHGTN { Km} ? [