Chapter 25 Lecture Outline "Carbohydrates" amazonaws com

Chapter 25 Lecture Outline "Carbohydrates" (problems:28-29, 31, 32, 34, 36ac, 37ab, 39, 40-41, 42, 43-44, 47-48, 52, 54-55, 57-58, 60, 62) I. Introduction A. Definition of a Carbohydrate B. Nomenclature 1. monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides II. Monosaccharides A. Nomenclature: aldoses and ketoses (know structures of D-glyceraldehyde, D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-ribose) B. Stereochemistry 1. Fischer Projections and Haworth Stuctures 2. D,L nomenclature 3. Sugars to know: D-glyceraldehyde, D-ribose, D-glucose, D-fructose C. Cyclic forms: Pyranoses and Furanoses 1. Aldoses form cyclic hemiacetals 2. Ketoses form cyclic hemiketals 3. Mutorotation – anomer interconversion in aqueous solution D. Glycoside formation - formation of acetals and ketals of cyclic sugars III. Reactions A. Alkylation or Acylation of hydroxyl groups to form polyethers and polyesters B. Glycoside Formation – carbohydrate acetal formation C. Aldose and Ketose Reduction by NaBH4 to form Alditols D. Oxidation of Aldoses (chemical tests for "reducing" sugars) to aldonic acids and aldaric acids E. Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis – aldose homologation F. Wohl Degradation – reduction of aldose chain by one carbon IV. Disaccharides A. Sucrose B. Maltose C. Cellobiose D. Lactose V. Polysaccharides A. Starch B. Glycogen C. Cellulose SCB CH232 Spring 2004