CHAPTER 5- Communication 1) Communication a) âTalk Table ...
CHAPTER 5- Communication 1) Communication a) “Talk Table” allows researchers to record private and public thoughts by responding to someone in an argument and rating responses b) Model of COMM: Senders intentions (message) is encoded into nonverbal and verbal actions then, noise and environment can interfere, then receiver must decode the message, then receiver is affected c) We face interpersonal gap where sender’s intentions don’t match effect on receiver 2) Nonverbal communication a) Functions: I)
Provides information (about people’s moods or meaning)
II)
Regulates information (display of interest, turns in convo)
III)
Defines relationships (intimate people act differently than acquaintances)
b) Components I)
Facial Expressions: universal meanings make them disguise their true emotions due to display rules—cultural norms that dictate appropriate emotions for situations To match display rules we may intensify, minimize, neutralize, or mask expression Microexpressions: Authentic flashes of real emotion visible for short time
II)
Gazing Behavior Gaze at someone more when you like them/ Usually gaze more while listening (60) than talking (40) Dominant people are opposite Visual Dominance Ratio: compares “look speak” (time spent speaker gazes at listener) to “look listen” typical 40/60 high power ratio is 60/40
III)
Body Movement vary between cultures “okay” in US is “zero” in Europe harder to disguise things like restlessness signal status by asymmetrical body positions
IV)
Touch
V)
Interpersonal Distance: space that separates two people Intimate Zone: 0 to 1.5 ft – lovers or fighters Personal Zone: 1.5 to 4 ft – friends Social Zone: 4 to 12 ft – business Public Zone: 12 ft plus – teacher lecture distance larger in American culture men larger distance
VI)
Paralanguage: variations in a person’s voice like pitch, rhythm, tone
VII)
Combination of components Discrepancy: truth is in nonverbal instead of verbal Mimicry: participants of conversation adopt similar postures and mannerisms, synchronize nonverbal behavior if they like each other
3) Nonverbal Sensitivity a) Men’s fault for problems in nonverbal communication b/c women encode and decode better b) Women have more skill and motivation 4) Verbal Communication a) Self-Disclosure: process of revealing personal information to someone else I)
More you share the closer you feel
II)
Social Penetration Theory: relationships develop through systematic changes in communication
III)
Move closer to someone else with increasing breadth and depth
IV)
Breadth: variety of topics discussed
V)
Depth: personal significance of the topics they discuss
VI)
Wedge increases as relationship develops
VII)
Reciprocity: as one partner reveals more info the other does too
VIII)
Interpersonal Process Model of Intimacy: genuine intimacy is likely to develop between two people only when certain conditions have been met. We want responsiveness from others that says they understand us
IX)
Perceive partner responsiveness affects our willingness to disclose
b) Secrets
I)
Taboo topics are best avoided
II)
More idioms, specialized vocab, they use, happier they are
III)
Better relationships with more self-disclosure
IV)
Secure people disclose more
c) Gender Differences I)
Women discuss feelings more
II)
Differences less apparent when they interact with each other- unable to detect gender
III)
Based more on person
IV)
Women are less profane, decisive, and forceful
V)
Computerized discussion is slower and more correct
VI)
Women more open than men
VII)
More open with more expressivity
VIII)
Blirtatiousness: how fast you out thoughts and feelings into words
IX)
Traditional men don’t like blirtatious women because they rule fights and convo
5) Miscommunication a) Kitchen-Sinking: address several topics at once so their primary concern is lost in other frustrations I)
As a result convo goes off-beam, wandering from topic to topic, so conversation doesn’t stay on one topic long enough to resolve it
b) Mindreading: Assume that they understand their partners thoughts, feelings, and opinions without asking c) Interrupt each other, have a hard time hearing each other d) Criticism attacks personality instead of behavior e) Yes-butting: listen poorly by finding something wrong about partner f)
Cross-complaining: respond to a complaint with a complain of their own
g) Contempt: insults, mockery, hostile humor h) Defensiveness: protect themselves from attack by making excuses or cross complaining i)
Stonewalling: “clams up” and reacts to messy situation with silence
j)
Belligerence: one partner aggressively rejects the other partner IMPROVEMENTS
k) Behavior description: identify a specific behavior that annoyed us, doesn’t involve always or never l)
I Statements: “I” then distinct emotion help convey how we feel
m) XYZ Statements: When you do X in situation Y I feel Z n) Active Listening I)
Task to understand what partner is saying and then communicate attention to partner and then to communication comprehension of partner
II)
Valuable skills are listening and perception checking: verify what they said
Provides information (about people’s moods or meaning)
II)
Regulates information (display of interest, turns in convo)
III)
Defines relationships (intimate people act differently than acquaintances)
b) Components I)
Facial Expressions: universal meanings make them disguise their true emotions due to display rules—cultural norms that dictate appropriate emotions for situations To match display rules we may intensify, minimize, neutralize, or mask expression Microexpressions: Authentic flashes of real emotion visible for short time
II)
Gazing Behavior Gaze at someone more when you like them/ Usually gaze more while listening (60) than talking (40) Dominant people are opposite Visual Dominance Ratio: compares “look speak” (time spent speaker gazes at listener) to “look listen” typical 40/60 high power ratio is 60/40
III)
Body Movement vary between cultures “okay” in US is “zero” in Europe harder to disguise things like restlessness signal status by asymmetrical body positions
IV)
Touch
V)
Interpersonal Distance: space that separates two people Intimate Zone: 0 to 1.5 ft – lovers or fighters Personal Zone: 1.5 to 4 ft – friends Social Zone: 4 to 12 ft – business Public Zone: 12 ft plus – teacher lecture distance larger in American culture men larger distance
VI)
Paralanguage: variations in a person’s voice like pitch, rhythm, tone
VII)
Combination of components Discrepancy: truth is in nonverbal instead of verbal Mimicry: participants of conversation adopt similar postures and mannerisms, synchronize nonverbal behavior if they like each other
3) Nonverbal Sensitivity a) Men’s fault for problems in nonverbal communication b/c women encode and decode better b) Women have more skill and motivation 4) Verbal Communication a) Self-Disclosure: process of revealing personal information to someone else I)
More you share the closer you feel
II)
Social Penetration Theory: relationships develop through systematic changes in communication
III)
Move closer to someone else with increasing breadth and depth
IV)
Breadth: variety of topics discussed
V)
Depth: personal significance of the topics they discuss
VI)
Wedge increases as relationship develops
VII)
Reciprocity: as one partner reveals more info the other does too
VIII)
Interpersonal Process Model of Intimacy: genuine intimacy is likely to develop between two people only when certain conditions have been met. We want responsiveness from others that says they understand us
IX)
Perceive partner responsiveness affects our willingness to disclose
b) Secrets
I)
Taboo topics are best avoided
II)
More idioms, specialized vocab, they use, happier they are
III)
Better relationships with more self-disclosure
IV)
Secure people disclose more
c) Gender Differences I)
Women discuss feelings more
II)
Differences less apparent when they interact with each other- unable to detect gender
III)
Based more on person
IV)
Women are less profane, decisive, and forceful
V)
Computerized discussion is slower and more correct
VI)
Women more open than men
VII)
More open with more expressivity
VIII)
Blirtatiousness: how fast you out thoughts and feelings into words
IX)
Traditional men don’t like blirtatious women because they rule fights and convo
5) Miscommunication a) Kitchen-Sinking: address several topics at once so their primary concern is lost in other frustrations I)
As a result convo goes off-beam, wandering from topic to topic, so conversation doesn’t stay on one topic long enough to resolve it
b) Mindreading: Assume that they understand their partners thoughts, feelings, and opinions without asking c) Interrupt each other, have a hard time hearing each other d) Criticism attacks personality instead of behavior e) Yes-butting: listen poorly by finding something wrong about partner f)
Cross-complaining: respond to a complaint with a complain of their own
g) Contempt: insults, mockery, hostile humor h) Defensiveness: protect themselves from attack by making excuses or cross complaining i)
Stonewalling: “clams up” and reacts to messy situation with silence
j)
Belligerence: one partner aggressively rejects the other partner IMPROVEMENTS
k) Behavior description: identify a specific behavior that annoyed us, doesn’t involve always or never l)
I Statements: “I” then distinct emotion help convey how we feel
m) XYZ Statements: When you do X in situation Y I feel Z n) Active Listening I)
Task to understand what partner is saying and then communicate attention to partner and then to communication comprehension of partner
II)
Valuable skills are listening and perception checking: verify what they said
