Chapter XII
Chapter XII SocioEmotional Development in Adolescence SELFESTEEM & IDENTITY: SelfEsteem: • Adolescent selfesteem related to positive family relationships • Effects of developmental changes & gender differences on selfesteem during adolescence INCONCLUSIVE • Behavioral indicators of selfesteem Positive Indicators
Negative Indicators
Gives others directions/commands Voice quality appropriate for situation Expressed opinions Sits with others during social activities Works cooperatively in a group Faces others when speaking/being spoken to Maintains eye contact in conversation Initiates friendly contact with others Maintains comfortable space between self & others Little hesitation in speech, speaks fluently
Puts down others by gossiping/teasing/bullying Dramatic/out of context gestures Inappropriate touching/physical contact Makes excuses for failures Glances around to monitor others Brags excessively Selfdeprecation Speaks too loudly, abruptly or in dogmatic tones Does not express views/opinions, even when asked Submissive stance
Identity: • Erikson described adolescence as a psychological moratorium (gap) between security of childhood & autonomy of adulthood • Psychosocial dilemma of adolescence is IDENTITY vs. IDENTITY CONFUSION • Adolescents experiment with numerous roles & identities they draw from surrounding culture o Try out different identities in adolescence to develop an acceptable sense of self • Adolescents who do now resolve identity crisis experience identity confusion Components of SelfPortrait:
• • • •
Vocational/career Political Religious Relationship
• • • •
Success/intellectual Sexual Cultural/ethnic Interests
• •
Personality Physical
Contemporary Thoughts About Identity: • ID development is a lengthy process & is extraordinarily complex • What influences ID? Do these influences change over time? The Development of Identity: • 3 fundamental aspects of young adolescents ID formation development are: o Confidence in parental support o Sense of industry o Selfreflective perspective on the future
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Chapter XII SocioEmotional Development in Adolescence Ethnic Identity: • An enduring, basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group & the attitudes & feelings related to that membership Gender & Identity Development: • Erikson originally asserted that o Male’s aspirations were mainly oriented towards career/ideological commitments o Female’s aspirations were centered around marriage & childbearing • However, in the past 20 years females have developed stronger vocational interests & gender differences are now turning into gender similarities FAMILIES: Autonomy: • Autonomy/control acquired through appropriate adult reactions to adolescent’s desire for control o Adolescents push for autonomy • Gradually, adolescents acquire the ability to make mature decisions on their own ParentAdolescent Conflict: • Parents often expect their adolescents to becomes mature adults overnight o Instead of understanding that the journey takes 1015 years • Conflict varies by culture PEERS: Cliques: • Allegiance to cliques can exert powerful control over lives of teens o Group ID often overrides personal ID • One study found correlational data linking clique membership to selfesteem • Extreme example of clique influence o Reena Virk, an adolescent girl beaten to death by 6 girls aged 1415 • Clique rules of ‘not snitching’ were ingrained in members, even in cases of murder Adolescent Groups vs. Childhood Groups: Adolescent Groups
Childhood Groups
Tend to include a broader array of members
Usually made up of friends or neighborhood acquaintances
Findings on Friendship: • Friendship takes centre stage at this time o Depend more on friends than on parents to satisfy their needs for intimacy, companionship & reassurance of worth o More intimate & personal information shared with friends • Quality of friendship more strongly linked to feelings of wellbeing during adolescence
2
Chapter XII SocioEmotional Development in Adolescence Dating:
•
•
Early romantic relationship serve as a context for adolescents to explore o How attractive they are o How they should romantically interact with someone o How it all looks to the peer group The progression of dating is coupled to the progress to attachment & sexual needs o In early exploration of romantic relationships, adolescents find comfort in numbers & begin hanging out together in heterosexual groups
Dating Scripts
•
Dating scripts are the cognitive models that guide individual’s dating interactions
•
First dates highly scripted along gender lines
o Males found to follow a proactive dating script
Asking, planning, driving, initating sexual overtures, etc.
o Females follow a reactive script •
Appearance, how to respond, etc.
Males/females bring different motivations to the dating experience
o Girls describe romance in terms of personal qualities o Boys in terms of physical attraction SocioCultural Contexts & Dating
•
Values/religious beliefs of people in various cultures dictate
o Age at which dating begins o How much freedom in dating is allowed o Whether or not dates must be chaperoned o Roles of males & females in dating •
Dating my be a source of cultural conflict for immigrants & their families
CULTURE & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT: CrossCultural Comparisons & Rites of Passage: • Research about the practical needs & social norms of adolescents in Western culture have dominated thinking about all adolescents • A rite of passage is a ceremony/ritual that marks one’s transition from one status to another o In many cultures, involve dramatic practices & are the avenue through which adolescents gain access to sacred adult practices, knowledge & sexuality • Rites of passage in CAN o High school graduation almost universal BUT doesn’t result in universal changes o Noted sexual intercourse rite of passage for many CAN adolescents
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Chapter XII SocioEmotional Development in Adolescence Ethnicity & SocioEconomic Status: • Poverty contributes to stressful life experiences of many ethnic minority adolescents o H/E, middle income youth still encounter prejudice, discrimination & bias associated with being a minority Differences & Diversity: • Historical, economic & social experiences produce differences in ethnic groups o Recognizing/respecting these differences important aspects of getting along with others in a multicultural world Assimilation
Multiculturalism
Absorption of ethnic minority groups into the Coexistence of distinct ethnic & cultural groups in the dominant group same society Often means loss of some or virtually all of behavior & CAN’s policy of multiculturalism preserves the right values of the minority group of choice ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS: Young Offenders: • Young people between 1018 yrs who commit criminal acts o ‘Youth’ is an individual who in absence of evidence to the contrary is between 1218 yrs • About 14% of young offenders charged by police were charged with crimes of violence o Youth violence more intense (more harm inflicted) & escalates rapidly to a serious level Causes of Adolescent Problems: • Young children who engage in criminal activities often suffered from child maltreatment o Abuse, neglect • These youth often become repeat offenders Street Youth: • Troubled young people who have left home & live on the street in shelters/abandoned buildings o ~50% have addiction problems o ~25% involved in the sex trade The Interrelation of Problems & Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs: • More atrisk adolescents have multiple problems o Problem behaviors are interrelated • Programs & supports are required that will reduce adolescent problems • Youth Justice Renewal Initiative o Resources allocated to rehabilitation, treatment & supervision of young offenders
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Negative Indicators
Gives others directions/commands Voice quality appropriate for situation Expressed opinions Sits with others during social activities Works cooperatively in a group Faces others when speaking/being spoken to Maintains eye contact in conversation Initiates friendly contact with others Maintains comfortable space between self & others Little hesitation in speech, speaks fluently
Puts down others by gossiping/teasing/bullying Dramatic/out of context gestures Inappropriate touching/physical contact Makes excuses for failures Glances around to monitor others Brags excessively Selfdeprecation Speaks too loudly, abruptly or in dogmatic tones Does not express views/opinions, even when asked Submissive stance
Identity: • Erikson described adolescence as a psychological moratorium (gap) between security of childhood & autonomy of adulthood • Psychosocial dilemma of adolescence is IDENTITY vs. IDENTITY CONFUSION • Adolescents experiment with numerous roles & identities they draw from surrounding culture o Try out different identities in adolescence to develop an acceptable sense of self • Adolescents who do now resolve identity crisis experience identity confusion Components of SelfPortrait:
• • • •
Vocational/career Political Religious Relationship
• • • •
Success/intellectual Sexual Cultural/ethnic Interests
• •
Personality Physical
Contemporary Thoughts About Identity: • ID development is a lengthy process & is extraordinarily complex • What influences ID? Do these influences change over time? The Development of Identity: • 3 fundamental aspects of young adolescents ID formation development are: o Confidence in parental support o Sense of industry o Selfreflective perspective on the future
1
Chapter XII SocioEmotional Development in Adolescence Ethnic Identity: • An enduring, basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group & the attitudes & feelings related to that membership Gender & Identity Development: • Erikson originally asserted that o Male’s aspirations were mainly oriented towards career/ideological commitments o Female’s aspirations were centered around marriage & childbearing • However, in the past 20 years females have developed stronger vocational interests & gender differences are now turning into gender similarities FAMILIES: Autonomy: • Autonomy/control acquired through appropriate adult reactions to adolescent’s desire for control o Adolescents push for autonomy • Gradually, adolescents acquire the ability to make mature decisions on their own ParentAdolescent Conflict: • Parents often expect their adolescents to becomes mature adults overnight o Instead of understanding that the journey takes 1015 years • Conflict varies by culture PEERS: Cliques: • Allegiance to cliques can exert powerful control over lives of teens o Group ID often overrides personal ID • One study found correlational data linking clique membership to selfesteem • Extreme example of clique influence o Reena Virk, an adolescent girl beaten to death by 6 girls aged 1415 • Clique rules of ‘not snitching’ were ingrained in members, even in cases of murder Adolescent Groups vs. Childhood Groups: Adolescent Groups
Childhood Groups
Tend to include a broader array of members
Usually made up of friends or neighborhood acquaintances
Findings on Friendship: • Friendship takes centre stage at this time o Depend more on friends than on parents to satisfy their needs for intimacy, companionship & reassurance of worth o More intimate & personal information shared with friends • Quality of friendship more strongly linked to feelings of wellbeing during adolescence
2
Chapter XII SocioEmotional Development in Adolescence Dating:
•
•
Early romantic relationship serve as a context for adolescents to explore o How attractive they are o How they should romantically interact with someone o How it all looks to the peer group The progression of dating is coupled to the progress to attachment & sexual needs o In early exploration of romantic relationships, adolescents find comfort in numbers & begin hanging out together in heterosexual groups
Dating Scripts
•
Dating scripts are the cognitive models that guide individual’s dating interactions
•
First dates highly scripted along gender lines
o Males found to follow a proactive dating script
Asking, planning, driving, initating sexual overtures, etc.
o Females follow a reactive script •
Appearance, how to respond, etc.
Males/females bring different motivations to the dating experience
o Girls describe romance in terms of personal qualities o Boys in terms of physical attraction SocioCultural Contexts & Dating
•
Values/religious beliefs of people in various cultures dictate
o Age at which dating begins o How much freedom in dating is allowed o Whether or not dates must be chaperoned o Roles of males & females in dating •
Dating my be a source of cultural conflict for immigrants & their families
CULTURE & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT: CrossCultural Comparisons & Rites of Passage: • Research about the practical needs & social norms of adolescents in Western culture have dominated thinking about all adolescents • A rite of passage is a ceremony/ritual that marks one’s transition from one status to another o In many cultures, involve dramatic practices & are the avenue through which adolescents gain access to sacred adult practices, knowledge & sexuality • Rites of passage in CAN o High school graduation almost universal BUT doesn’t result in universal changes o Noted sexual intercourse rite of passage for many CAN adolescents
3
Chapter XII SocioEmotional Development in Adolescence Ethnicity & SocioEconomic Status: • Poverty contributes to stressful life experiences of many ethnic minority adolescents o H/E, middle income youth still encounter prejudice, discrimination & bias associated with being a minority Differences & Diversity: • Historical, economic & social experiences produce differences in ethnic groups o Recognizing/respecting these differences important aspects of getting along with others in a multicultural world Assimilation
Multiculturalism
Absorption of ethnic minority groups into the Coexistence of distinct ethnic & cultural groups in the dominant group same society Often means loss of some or virtually all of behavior & CAN’s policy of multiculturalism preserves the right values of the minority group of choice ADOLESCENT PROBLEMS: Young Offenders: • Young people between 1018 yrs who commit criminal acts o ‘Youth’ is an individual who in absence of evidence to the contrary is between 1218 yrs • About 14% of young offenders charged by police were charged with crimes of violence o Youth violence more intense (more harm inflicted) & escalates rapidly to a serious level Causes of Adolescent Problems: • Young children who engage in criminal activities often suffered from child maltreatment o Abuse, neglect • These youth often become repeat offenders Street Youth: • Troubled young people who have left home & live on the street in shelters/abandoned buildings o ~50% have addiction problems o ~25% involved in the sex trade The Interrelation of Problems & Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs: • More atrisk adolescents have multiple problems o Problem behaviors are interrelated • Programs & supports are required that will reduce adolescent problems • Youth Justice Renewal Initiative o Resources allocated to rehabilitation, treatment & supervision of young offenders
4
