Characterization of phenolic compounds of thorny and thornless ...
Characterization of phenolic compounds of thorny and thornless blackberries
Joanna Kolniak-Ostek1*, Alicja Z. Kucharska1, Anna Sokół-Łętowska1, Izabela Fecka2
1
Department of Fruit and Vegetables and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life
Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland 2
Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-140 Wrocław, Poland
*Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +48 71 3207 706. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Kolniak-Ostek).
Figure 1. Representative MS spectrum of anthocyanin. Full mass spectrum, positive mode; (1) cyanidine aglycone, (2) cyanidin 3-O-galactoside.
Figure 2. Representative MS spectrum of flavonol. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) quercetin aglycone, (2) quercetin 3-O-galactoside
Figure 3. Representative MS spectrum of ellagitannin. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) ellagic acid, (2) galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, (3) Galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucoside, (4) Lambertanin C
Figure 4. Representative MS spectrum of ellagic acid derivative. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) ellagic acid, (2) ellagic acid pentoside
Figure 5. Representative MS spectrum of hydroxycinnamic acid. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) quinate ion, (2) neochlorogenic acid
Table 1. Phenolic compound contents of thorny and thornless blackberries (mg/100g FW)a
Thorny
Thornless
a
Hydroxycinnamic acids 0.00 ± 0.00g
Flavonols
Sum
3.92 ± 1.33k
Ellagic acid derivatives 1.92 ± 0.62d
4.23 ± 0.48c
109.40g
64.76 ± 23.68h
4.30 ± 1.66j
3.27 ± 0.82b
0.00 ± 0.00g
3.21 ± 0.38d
75.54h
‘Gazda’
27.97 ± 13.71i
5.10 ± 1.33i
3.74 ± 0.90b
0.00 ± 0.00g
6.52 ± 0.82a
43.33i
‘Leśniczanka’
96.63 ± 32.18g
5.45 ± 1.53i
3.56 ± 1.12b
0.00 ± 0.00g
5.36 ± 0.45b
111.00g
‘Zagroda’
143.66 ± 52.59e
9.67 ± 2.54e
2.12 ± 0.25cd
1.42 ± 0.34b
4.98 ± 0.52c
161.85e
Mean ‘Black Beauty’
86.47 ± 23.16B 179.46 ± 57.84d
5.69 ± 1.39D 10.88 ± 3.62cd
2.92 ± 0.76F 2.76 ± 1.06c
0.28 ± 0.00I 1.74 ± 0.96a
4.86 ± 0.56E 3.06 ± 0.40de
84.82 197.90d
‘Black Satin’
175.52 ± 53.97d
13.94 ± 3.66b
1.72 ± 0.52e
1.34 ± 0.48c
1.58 ± 0.31g
194.10d
‘Chester Thornless’
200.34 ± 65.58b
8.50 ± 2.91f
1.94 ± 0.73d
0.57 ± 0.00e
3.68 ± 0.46d
215.03b
‘Hull Thornless’
105.39 ± 31.08f
6.64 ± 1.93h
4.71 ± 1.72a
0.00 ± 0.00g
0.82 ± 0.35i
117.56f
‘Loch Ness’
220.11 ± 81.07a
7.23 ± 2.14g
2.58 ± 0.79c
0.20 ± 0.00f
2.39 ± 0.28e
232.51a
‘Orkan’
142.42 ± 44.01e
13.43 ± 3.84b
2.28 ± 0.81c
0.00 ± 0.00g
2.26 ± 0.25e
160.39e
‘Smoothstern’
186.55 ± 58.94c
11.18 ± 3.14c
1.96 ± 0.61d
0.00 ± 0.00g
2.32 ± 0.33e
202.01cd
‘Tayberry’
177.84 ± 56.20d
10.18 ± 2.69d
1.90 ± 0.47d
0.99 ± 0.00d
1.70 ± 0.32f
192.61d
‘Thornless’
147.46 ± 44.02e
16.70 ± 4.45a
2.57 ± 0.84c
1.46 ± 0.49b
1.07 ± 0.33h
169.26e
Mean
170.57 ± 52.59A
10.96 ± 2.54C
2.49 ± 0.25F
0.70 ± 0.34H
2.09 ± 0.52G
184.32
Group of compoundsb
Anthocyanins
Ellagitannins
‘Darrow’
99.33 ± 48.32g
‘Early Wilson’
Values are means ± standard deviation, n = 3; Mean values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05; Values within a column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05; bAmounts of anthocyanins, flavonols, ellagitannins, including ellagic acid derivatives, and hydroxycinnamic acids were converted into cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (anthocyanins), quercetin (flavonols), chlorogenic acid (hydroxycinnamic acids) and ellagic acid (ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives).
Figure 6. Loading plot for principal component analysis (PCA) of the polyphenolic content of thorny and thornless blackberries. Abbreviations: A – Anthocyanins; EAd – Ellagic cid derivatives; Et – Ellagitannins; F – Flavonols; HA – Hydroxycinnamic acids; BB – ‘Black Beauty’; BS - ‘Black Satin’; CT – ‘Chester Thornless’; D - ‘Darrow’; EW - ‘Early Wilson’; G - ‘Gazda’; HT - ‘Hull Thornless’; - L - ‘Leśniczanka’; LN - ‘Loch Ness’; O - ‘Orkan’; S - ‘Smoothstern’; T - ‘Tayberry’; Th – ‘Thornless’; Z - ‘Zagroda’
Joanna Kolniak-Ostek1*, Alicja Z. Kucharska1, Anna Sokół-Łętowska1, Izabela Fecka2
1
Department of Fruit and Vegetables and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life
Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland 2
Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-140 Wrocław, Poland
*Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +48 71 3207 706. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Kolniak-Ostek).
Figure 1. Representative MS spectrum of anthocyanin. Full mass spectrum, positive mode; (1) cyanidine aglycone, (2) cyanidin 3-O-galactoside.
Figure 2. Representative MS spectrum of flavonol. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) quercetin aglycone, (2) quercetin 3-O-galactoside
Figure 3. Representative MS spectrum of ellagitannin. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) ellagic acid, (2) galloyl-HHDP-glucoside, (3) Galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucoside, (4) Lambertanin C
Figure 4. Representative MS spectrum of ellagic acid derivative. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) ellagic acid, (2) ellagic acid pentoside
Figure 5. Representative MS spectrum of hydroxycinnamic acid. Full mass spectrum, negative mode; (1) quinate ion, (2) neochlorogenic acid
Table 1. Phenolic compound contents of thorny and thornless blackberries (mg/100g FW)a
Thorny
Thornless
a
Hydroxycinnamic acids 0.00 ± 0.00g
Flavonols
Sum
3.92 ± 1.33k
Ellagic acid derivatives 1.92 ± 0.62d
4.23 ± 0.48c
109.40g
64.76 ± 23.68h
4.30 ± 1.66j
3.27 ± 0.82b
0.00 ± 0.00g
3.21 ± 0.38d
75.54h
‘Gazda’
27.97 ± 13.71i
5.10 ± 1.33i
3.74 ± 0.90b
0.00 ± 0.00g
6.52 ± 0.82a
43.33i
‘Leśniczanka’
96.63 ± 32.18g
5.45 ± 1.53i
3.56 ± 1.12b
0.00 ± 0.00g
5.36 ± 0.45b
111.00g
‘Zagroda’
143.66 ± 52.59e
9.67 ± 2.54e
2.12 ± 0.25cd
1.42 ± 0.34b
4.98 ± 0.52c
161.85e
Mean ‘Black Beauty’
86.47 ± 23.16B 179.46 ± 57.84d
5.69 ± 1.39D 10.88 ± 3.62cd
2.92 ± 0.76F 2.76 ± 1.06c
0.28 ± 0.00I 1.74 ± 0.96a
4.86 ± 0.56E 3.06 ± 0.40de
84.82 197.90d
‘Black Satin’
175.52 ± 53.97d
13.94 ± 3.66b
1.72 ± 0.52e
1.34 ± 0.48c
1.58 ± 0.31g
194.10d
‘Chester Thornless’
200.34 ± 65.58b
8.50 ± 2.91f
1.94 ± 0.73d
0.57 ± 0.00e
3.68 ± 0.46d
215.03b
‘Hull Thornless’
105.39 ± 31.08f
6.64 ± 1.93h
4.71 ± 1.72a
0.00 ± 0.00g
0.82 ± 0.35i
117.56f
‘Loch Ness’
220.11 ± 81.07a
7.23 ± 2.14g
2.58 ± 0.79c
0.20 ± 0.00f
2.39 ± 0.28e
232.51a
‘Orkan’
142.42 ± 44.01e
13.43 ± 3.84b
2.28 ± 0.81c
0.00 ± 0.00g
2.26 ± 0.25e
160.39e
‘Smoothstern’
186.55 ± 58.94c
11.18 ± 3.14c
1.96 ± 0.61d
0.00 ± 0.00g
2.32 ± 0.33e
202.01cd
‘Tayberry’
177.84 ± 56.20d
10.18 ± 2.69d
1.90 ± 0.47d
0.99 ± 0.00d
1.70 ± 0.32f
192.61d
‘Thornless’
147.46 ± 44.02e
16.70 ± 4.45a
2.57 ± 0.84c
1.46 ± 0.49b
1.07 ± 0.33h
169.26e
Mean
170.57 ± 52.59A
10.96 ± 2.54C
2.49 ± 0.25F
0.70 ± 0.34H
2.09 ± 0.52G
184.32
Group of compoundsb
Anthocyanins
Ellagitannins
‘Darrow’
99.33 ± 48.32g
‘Early Wilson’
Values are means ± standard deviation, n = 3; Mean values with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05; Values within a column with different letters are significantly different at p < 0.05; bAmounts of anthocyanins, flavonols, ellagitannins, including ellagic acid derivatives, and hydroxycinnamic acids were converted into cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (anthocyanins), quercetin (flavonols), chlorogenic acid (hydroxycinnamic acids) and ellagic acid (ellagitannins and ellagic acid derivatives).
Figure 6. Loading plot for principal component analysis (PCA) of the polyphenolic content of thorny and thornless blackberries. Abbreviations: A – Anthocyanins; EAd – Ellagic cid derivatives; Et – Ellagitannins; F – Flavonols; HA – Hydroxycinnamic acids; BB – ‘Black Beauty’; BS - ‘Black Satin’; CT – ‘Chester Thornless’; D - ‘Darrow’; EW - ‘Early Wilson’; G - ‘Gazda’; HT - ‘Hull Thornless’; - L - ‘Leśniczanka’; LN - ‘Loch Ness’; O - ‘Orkan’; S - ‘Smoothstern’; T - ‘Tayberry’; Th – ‘Thornless’; Z - ‘Zagroda’
