Chemical-garden formation, morphology and composition
Chemical-garden formation, morphology and composition. I. Effect of the nature of cations Julyan H. E. Cartwright, Bruno Escribano, and C. Ignacio Sainz-Diaz
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Fig. 1.- Pictures taken with SEM of the external surface of tubes grown in a CaCl2 chemical garden in 3 M silicate. The external surface sometimes presents crystal flakes of sodium silicate (a) grown during the drying process or some SiO2 particles (b) attached during the ageing time.
Fig 2.- Manganese chloride gardens growth in sodium silicate of 6 M (a), 1 M (from a pressed wafer after 5 min (b) and 10 min (c)), and 0.6 M (d). Flask size: 20 (base) x 40 mm.
Fig 3.- SEM pictures of tubes grown from manganese chloride in 2 M silicate. Section of a wall of an isolated tube (a) and cluster of tubes (b).
Fig 4.- Growth of CoCl2 gardens in 3 M (a), 1 M (b), and 0.6 M silicate (c).
Fig. 5.- SEM pictures of tube clusters of cobalt chloride garden in 3 M (a) and 1 M (b) silicate.
Fig. 6.- XRD analysis of cobalt tubes grown in 1 M (top) and 0.6 M (bottom) silicate..
Fig. 7.- Infrared spectrum of cobalt tubes grown in 1 M silicate.
Fig. 8.- SEM pictures of nickel sulphate gardens in 1 M sodium silicate: a) external shape of a cluster of tubes. The irregular shape and texture is probably related with the slow growth rate; b) section of another cluster of tubes visualized by backscattering solid state detector. We can see how the internal space is highly compartmented, forming a network of conducts within the main tube; c) crystals of sodium sulphate grown on the external surface of a nickel garden tube; d) several microspheres with different sizes formed in the inner surface of a tube.
Figure 9: XRD analysis of nickel tubes grown in 1 M silicate. The better crystallized phases were sodium sulphates with reflections at 18.9º, 23.1º, 28.1º, 29.0º, 32.0º, 33.9º, 38.5º, 40.7º, 48.8º, 54.5º, 55.1º and 59.5º (in 2ϴ units), which again proves that sodium ions do cross the osmotic membrane and participate in the building of the tube walls. The reflections at 9.5º, 34º, 35.6º and 60.9º (2ϴ units) can be assigned to nickel hydrosilicate, Ni3Si2O5(OH)4.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Fig. 1.- Pictures taken with SEM of the external surface of tubes grown in a CaCl2 chemical garden in 3 M silicate. The external surface sometimes presents crystal flakes of sodium silicate (a) grown during the drying process or some SiO2 particles (b) attached during the ageing time.
Fig 2.- Manganese chloride gardens growth in sodium silicate of 6 M (a), 1 M (from a pressed wafer after 5 min (b) and 10 min (c)), and 0.6 M (d). Flask size: 20 (base) x 40 mm.
Fig 3.- SEM pictures of tubes grown from manganese chloride in 2 M silicate. Section of a wall of an isolated tube (a) and cluster of tubes (b).
Fig 4.- Growth of CoCl2 gardens in 3 M (a), 1 M (b), and 0.6 M silicate (c).
Fig. 5.- SEM pictures of tube clusters of cobalt chloride garden in 3 M (a) and 1 M (b) silicate.
Fig. 6.- XRD analysis of cobalt tubes grown in 1 M (top) and 0.6 M (bottom) silicate..
Fig. 7.- Infrared spectrum of cobalt tubes grown in 1 M silicate.
Fig. 8.- SEM pictures of nickel sulphate gardens in 1 M sodium silicate: a) external shape of a cluster of tubes. The irregular shape and texture is probably related with the slow growth rate; b) section of another cluster of tubes visualized by backscattering solid state detector. We can see how the internal space is highly compartmented, forming a network of conducts within the main tube; c) crystals of sodium sulphate grown on the external surface of a nickel garden tube; d) several microspheres with different sizes formed in the inner surface of a tube.
Figure 9: XRD analysis of nickel tubes grown in 1 M silicate. The better crystallized phases were sodium sulphates with reflections at 18.9º, 23.1º, 28.1º, 29.0º, 32.0º, 33.9º, 38.5º, 40.7º, 48.8º, 54.5º, 55.1º and 59.5º (in 2ϴ units), which again proves that sodium ions do cross the osmotic membrane and participate in the building of the tube walls. The reflections at 9.5º, 34º, 35.6º and 60.9º (2ϴ units) can be assigned to nickel hydrosilicate, Ni3Si2O5(OH)4.
