Concepts Map of Design Theory
message encode
nformation Source
Signal
Symbols
decode
involve
Transmitter
discrete
message
coding process
Receiver
Destination
Receive signal
Noise Source
Concepts Map of Design Theory transmit
measure
Channel
has
handle
unselfconscious situation
selfconscious situation
mental picture
Average Uncertainty
contex
form
C1
F1
C1
F1
C2
F2
unsatisfactory picture unselfconscious process
C1
F1
C2
F2
C3
F3
mathematical picture
orderly complex diagram
called
sets collection of things whatever, whithout regard to common properties has no internal structure until it’s given one
Jiani Zheng/Janny Critical Thinking Information Design&Visualization NEU2016
Design Theory 1
Signified vs Signifier, synchronic vs. diachronic
2
Theory of Sign
3
Design Ethics
4
The Mathmatical Theory for Communication
5
The Theory of Affordane
6
Social Study of Science
7
Conceptual Model
8
Model for the Synthesis of From
9
Bridge Model and SECI Model
10
The Sciences of Artificia
11
Theories for Planning Problems
12
Different Models of Design Process
Signifier vs. Signified, synchronic vs. diachronic by Saussure numberless
signifier
signifier
is designate by
is
symbol
has
arbitraty
is is
language
is
sound image
creates
concept
representation
include has
multiplicity of design
Liguistic Sign
has
has
related of
span
immutability
is
is
diachronic
line/single design
system of expression idiosynchronic
is designate by is called
synchronic gathering
followed
course of time
has
one perspective has nation of
goes back
evidence
time
reality
correspondent
1
Sign by Peirce Interpretant can be
connected
connected
Sign
pocess
Icon is
Representative Quality
Object connected
can be
lose
Index is
Representamen
the character which renders it significant. (had no object existence) to be
substitute of anything
the character which makes it a sign if its object were removed.
Dynamical connection
individual object connected
demonstrative
can be
Symbol
lose
is being
the character which renders is a sign if there were no interpretant
Representative Character
is
regularity of the indefinite future 2
Design Ethics by Buchanan include
include
is
Design
responsible choices
moral behavior guides
include
include
designer
work
character and Personal values
Integrity of Performance
from human power
planing
or ability of design
good vs. bad for
evidence
direct
matter
to form
is matter of
material by
human being
judges a product
to individual and collective purpose
professional integrity with achieving
concern
human beings
Immediate goal
personal morality, professional organizations, the institutions of government, religious and philosophy
useful, usable and desirable
induviduals are ultimate goal responsibility
structual Integrity of Form
Usability of Form
involve
indirect means individual character
service
from
standard performance
personal
arises from
synthesis
in
goals are
provides
is
reality
beliefs
personal account
natural product
bringing
to
process
values and preference
within
arises from
of conceiving
Ethical stands and Ultimate Purpose Design
Product Integrity
technological reasoning to ensures
mechanical and electrical principles proper performance in efficient safe relationship
of
product
operating
Aesthetics of Form puzzling for
controls, surfaces, scientists and engineers information displays, seats, doors and panels complete project allows make form human being access
creation of
possess and use
2
The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Shannon Entropy
equivocation
is
1 - relative entropy = redundancy
forming
message
coding process
encode Information Source
message decode
involve
Transmitter
Signal
Receiver
Receive signal
Noise Source
discrete transmit
Symbols
Channel
measure
Average Uncertainty has
handle forming
logarithm
Destination
takes
different signal situation
residual uncertainty
undesirable uncertainty
probability
3
The Theory Of Affordances by Gibson alteration
set of
Affordances
is
Environment
Niches
The Medium
The Substances
The Surface and Their Layout
is
is
The Object
is
Other Persons and animals
Places and Hiding Places
is affords
affords
air attached
affords
fluid
perception
affords
of vibratory
events of
solid substance
sound field sources
affords
horizontal,flat, extended, rigid surface
behavior
annimate
concealment
interact
affords
drinking,washing,bathing of
detached
support some nutrition manufacture
horizontal,flat, extended,surface is
nonrigid
sexual behavior, nurturing behavior, fighting behavior, cooperative behavior, economic behavior...
affords
floating vertical,flat, extended,rigid surface is
locomotion
4
Social Studies of Science by Star and Griesemer Scientific Work
sponsors, theorists and amateurs collaborate to produce representations of nature
is
Coherence
conducted by
Boundary Object translation has
Passage Point
Passage Point
Passage Point 4 types
translation
Actor
Allies
Allies
Allies
Allies
needs
Repositories are
Communication
index
Alliance allows Obligatory Passage Point
build with translation
Cooperations Allies
Allies Allies
Allies
problem
Ideal type is
object does not describe
details
Coincident Boundaries are
objects but
different internal contents
Standardized Form is
methods of common communication dispersed
work group
5
Conceptual Models users
brief descriptions of relevant characteristics
mental model
is
user profiles
concepts and vocabulary
uses base on
conceptual model
for a
application
uses should include
purpose functionality describes
task analysis are structure by
major tasks/goals is
the high-level goals that users can have in mind when they prepare to do some work
task hierarchy
consolidated task-sequence analysis
is
enumeration(usually in outline form of all high-level tasks decomposed into their component sub-tasks
is
representation of typical e- quences of tasks that people working in the task-domain perform con- solidated
Objects Operations Analysis
high- level functionality of a server management operation personnel to
initially set up and configure servers; operate servers; reconfigure servers during operation diagnose problems
include
attributes operations
relationship
6
The Synthesis of Form Design
create
3 schemse
unselfconscious situation
selfconscious situation
mental picture
contex
form
C1
F1
actural world
C1
F1
actural world
C2
F2 relative density/grouping and clustering of its component elements
unsatisfactory picture unselfconscious process
linear graph
C1
decomposition
F1
=
C2
F2
C3
F3
mathematical picture
structure of network
structure of hierachy
orderly complex diagram
called
sets
create
collection of things whatever, whithout regard to common properties has no internal structure until it’s given one
7
The Analysis-Synthesis Bridge Model by Christopher Alexander
Interpret
2
we make sense of research by analysis,filtering data we collect to highlight point we decide are important tools we’re comfortable with.
Describe
1
Analysis
Synthesis
Researching
Prototyping
Abstract which we imagine and share with others.
Model of what”is”
suggest
Model of what “could be”
distilled to
Concrete
What “is”
observation and investigation an inventory of the current situation,
left side represents analysis( the problem, current situation, research, constituent needs,context)
manifest as
What “could be”
3
We modeling current situation but move out of the strictly concrete
(define,interpret and analysis begins as thoughtful reflection on the present and continues as conversation with the possible)
4
Documenting and visualizing our analysis, making it possible for us to come back to it, making it possible to imagine alternative and agree with others on our framing and definition
right side represents synthesis( the solution, preferred future, concept,proposed response,form)
8
Creating the Artificial by Herbert A.Simon Optimization method
Design Problem
High developed in statistical decision theory and management science but acquiring growing importance also in engineering design theory.
Given the constraints and fixed parameters, find values of the command variables that maximize utility.
has
innder enviroment represent by
outer environment represent set of
usually scalar
alternatives of action
environment parameters supplemented function
find set of
extenso command variable
given value of the
constraints
maximize
utility function
to reach
Adaption
9
The Design process by Donald A.Schon simple notions, easily held in the mind, but they stand for complex families of ideas
incomplete
are
is
Design as rational decision
under the influence of
are
depends
Design Process/strategy of analysis into
Design as generative metaphor
is a strategy that separates out the one activity—decision making—that is persumed to be susceptible to rulegoverned nationality
familiar ideas
carried over
individual mind
contain
for which
main components
Generation of alternatives design proposals
a new situation
they serve as projective modes selection of alternatives
produce
can be
Randaom generation is
on interdependence
systematic search is
normative evaluation
a description of the unfamiliar situation in which the normative leap is already made
a selective representation of an unfalimilar situation that sets values for the systems transformation
frames
search for path of option creating
learning process
the problem of the problematic situation and sets directions
12
Planning Crisis: System Analysis Planning Problem can be
Tame Problem
Wicked Problem 2. formulation of the WP corresponds to a statement of the solution. 3. there is no stopping rule for wicked problem 4. to WPs correct/false is not applicable 5. no exhaustive, enumerable list to permissible operation 6. they are many explanations for the same dicrepany 7. problem can be considered a symptom of another problem 8. neither an immediate nor an ultimate test 9. a one-shot operation 10. essentially unique 11. solver has no right to be wrong.
is
1. can be formulate 2. the notition of problem is different from solution 3. there is stopping point 4. can be assigned with attribute of ‘correct’ or ‘false’ 5. a list of permissible operation 6. only one explaination for the problem discrepancy 7. has certian natural form which has no reason to argue 8. can be repeted attempt 9. is not unique 10.does not have any major conequences.
Political
applyd to
Design
First Generation
Second Generation
Steps: 1. understand the problem 2. gather information 3. analyse the information 4. solutions 5. asses the and decide 6. implement 7. to test 8. to modify the solution
1. not concentrated in any single head; 2. nobody wants to be ‘planned at’ 3. transparency of the planning process 4. making the basis of one’s judgment explict and communicating it to others 6. this planner is not an expert and be sees his role as somebody who helps to bring problems. 7. makes careful, seasoned respectilessness. 8. moderato optimism 9. a conspiracy model of planning. 10. the planning process of wicked problem solving must be understood as an argumentative process
Source Course in General Linguistics
Ferdinand de Saussure
Philosophical Writings of Pierce
Justus Buchler
The Mathematical Theory of Communication
Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver
Design Ethics
Richard Buchanan
Social Studies of Science
Susan Leigh Star and James R. Griesemer
The Theory of Affordances
James J. Gibson
Conceptual Models : Core to Good Design
Jeff Johnson and Austin Henderson
Notes on The Synthesis of Form
Christopher Alexander
The Analysis-Synthesis Bridge Model
Hugh Dubberly, Shelley Evenson, and Rick Robinson
Design as learning
Shelley Evenson and Hugh Dubberly
The Sciences of the Artificial|
Herbert A. Simon
Why Horst W.J. Rittel Matters
Chanpory Rith and Hugh Dubberly
On the Planning Crisis : Systems Analysis of the ‘First and Second Generations’
Horst W.J. Rittel
Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning
Horst W.J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber
Varieties of Thinking
Donald A. Schon
The Reflective Practitioner : How Professionals Think in Action
Donald A. Schon
nformation Source
Signal
Symbols
decode
involve
Transmitter
discrete
message
coding process
Receiver
Destination
Receive signal
Noise Source
Concepts Map of Design Theory transmit
measure
Channel
has
handle
unselfconscious situation
selfconscious situation
mental picture
Average Uncertainty
contex
form
C1
F1
C1
F1
C2
F2
unsatisfactory picture unselfconscious process
C1
F1
C2
F2
C3
F3
mathematical picture
orderly complex diagram
called
sets collection of things whatever, whithout regard to common properties has no internal structure until it’s given one
Jiani Zheng/Janny Critical Thinking Information Design&Visualization NEU2016
Design Theory 1
Signified vs Signifier, synchronic vs. diachronic
2
Theory of Sign
3
Design Ethics
4
The Mathmatical Theory for Communication
5
The Theory of Affordane
6
Social Study of Science
7
Conceptual Model
8
Model for the Synthesis of From
9
Bridge Model and SECI Model
10
The Sciences of Artificia
11
Theories for Planning Problems
12
Different Models of Design Process
Signifier vs. Signified, synchronic vs. diachronic by Saussure numberless
signifier
signifier
is designate by
is
symbol
has
arbitraty
is is
language
is
sound image
creates
concept
representation
include has
multiplicity of design
Liguistic Sign
has
has
related of
span
immutability
is
is
diachronic
line/single design
system of expression idiosynchronic
is designate by is called
synchronic gathering
followed
course of time
has
one perspective has nation of
goes back
evidence
time
reality
correspondent
1
Sign by Peirce Interpretant can be
connected
connected
Sign
pocess
Icon is
Representative Quality
Object connected
can be
lose
Index is
Representamen
the character which renders it significant. (had no object existence) to be
substitute of anything
the character which makes it a sign if its object were removed.
Dynamical connection
individual object connected
demonstrative
can be
Symbol
lose
is being
the character which renders is a sign if there were no interpretant
Representative Character
is
regularity of the indefinite future 2
Design Ethics by Buchanan include
include
is
Design
responsible choices
moral behavior guides
include
include
designer
work
character and Personal values
Integrity of Performance
from human power
planing
or ability of design
good vs. bad for
evidence
direct
matter
to form
is matter of
material by
human being
judges a product
to individual and collective purpose
professional integrity with achieving
concern
human beings
Immediate goal
personal morality, professional organizations, the institutions of government, religious and philosophy
useful, usable and desirable
induviduals are ultimate goal responsibility
structual Integrity of Form
Usability of Form
involve
indirect means individual character
service
from
standard performance
personal
arises from
synthesis
in
goals are
provides
is
reality
beliefs
personal account
natural product
bringing
to
process
values and preference
within
arises from
of conceiving
Ethical stands and Ultimate Purpose Design
Product Integrity
technological reasoning to ensures
mechanical and electrical principles proper performance in efficient safe relationship
of
product
operating
Aesthetics of Form puzzling for
controls, surfaces, scientists and engineers information displays, seats, doors and panels complete project allows make form human being access
creation of
possess and use
2
The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Shannon Entropy
equivocation
is
1 - relative entropy = redundancy
forming
message
coding process
encode Information Source
message decode
involve
Transmitter
Signal
Receiver
Receive signal
Noise Source
discrete transmit
Symbols
Channel
measure
Average Uncertainty has
handle forming
logarithm
Destination
takes
different signal situation
residual uncertainty
undesirable uncertainty
probability
3
The Theory Of Affordances by Gibson alteration
set of
Affordances
is
Environment
Niches
The Medium
The Substances
The Surface and Their Layout
is
is
The Object
is
Other Persons and animals
Places and Hiding Places
is affords
affords
air attached
affords
fluid
perception
affords
of vibratory
events of
solid substance
sound field sources
affords
horizontal,flat, extended, rigid surface
behavior
annimate
concealment
interact
affords
drinking,washing,bathing of
detached
support some nutrition manufacture
horizontal,flat, extended,surface is
nonrigid
sexual behavior, nurturing behavior, fighting behavior, cooperative behavior, economic behavior...
affords
floating vertical,flat, extended,rigid surface is
locomotion
4
Social Studies of Science by Star and Griesemer Scientific Work
sponsors, theorists and amateurs collaborate to produce representations of nature
is
Coherence
conducted by
Boundary Object translation has
Passage Point
Passage Point
Passage Point 4 types
translation
Actor
Allies
Allies
Allies
Allies
needs
Repositories are
Communication
index
Alliance allows Obligatory Passage Point
build with translation
Cooperations Allies
Allies Allies
Allies
problem
Ideal type is
object does not describe
details
Coincident Boundaries are
objects but
different internal contents
Standardized Form is
methods of common communication dispersed
work group
5
Conceptual Models users
brief descriptions of relevant characteristics
mental model
is
user profiles
concepts and vocabulary
uses base on
conceptual model
for a
application
uses should include
purpose functionality describes
task analysis are structure by
major tasks/goals is
the high-level goals that users can have in mind when they prepare to do some work
task hierarchy
consolidated task-sequence analysis
is
enumeration(usually in outline form of all high-level tasks decomposed into their component sub-tasks
is
representation of typical e- quences of tasks that people working in the task-domain perform con- solidated
Objects Operations Analysis
high- level functionality of a server management operation personnel to
initially set up and configure servers; operate servers; reconfigure servers during operation diagnose problems
include
attributes operations
relationship
6
The Synthesis of Form Design
create
3 schemse
unselfconscious situation
selfconscious situation
mental picture
contex
form
C1
F1
actural world
C1
F1
actural world
C2
F2 relative density/grouping and clustering of its component elements
unsatisfactory picture unselfconscious process
linear graph
C1
decomposition
F1
=
C2
F2
C3
F3
mathematical picture
structure of network
structure of hierachy
orderly complex diagram
called
sets
create
collection of things whatever, whithout regard to common properties has no internal structure until it’s given one
7
The Analysis-Synthesis Bridge Model by Christopher Alexander
Interpret
2
we make sense of research by analysis,filtering data we collect to highlight point we decide are important tools we’re comfortable with.
Describe
1
Analysis
Synthesis
Researching
Prototyping
Abstract which we imagine and share with others.
Model of what”is”
suggest
Model of what “could be”
distilled to
Concrete
What “is”
observation and investigation an inventory of the current situation,
left side represents analysis( the problem, current situation, research, constituent needs,context)
manifest as
What “could be”
3
We modeling current situation but move out of the strictly concrete
(define,interpret and analysis begins as thoughtful reflection on the present and continues as conversation with the possible)
4
Documenting and visualizing our analysis, making it possible for us to come back to it, making it possible to imagine alternative and agree with others on our framing and definition
right side represents synthesis( the solution, preferred future, concept,proposed response,form)
8
Creating the Artificial by Herbert A.Simon Optimization method
Design Problem
High developed in statistical decision theory and management science but acquiring growing importance also in engineering design theory.
Given the constraints and fixed parameters, find values of the command variables that maximize utility.
has
innder enviroment represent by
outer environment represent set of
usually scalar
alternatives of action
environment parameters supplemented function
find set of
extenso command variable
given value of the
constraints
maximize
utility function
to reach
Adaption
9
The Design process by Donald A.Schon simple notions, easily held in the mind, but they stand for complex families of ideas
incomplete
are
is
Design as rational decision
under the influence of
are
depends
Design Process/strategy of analysis into
Design as generative metaphor
is a strategy that separates out the one activity—decision making—that is persumed to be susceptible to rulegoverned nationality
familiar ideas
carried over
individual mind
contain
for which
main components
Generation of alternatives design proposals
a new situation
they serve as projective modes selection of alternatives
produce
can be
Randaom generation is
on interdependence
systematic search is
normative evaluation
a description of the unfamiliar situation in which the normative leap is already made
a selective representation of an unfalimilar situation that sets values for the systems transformation
frames
search for path of option creating
learning process
the problem of the problematic situation and sets directions
12
Planning Crisis: System Analysis Planning Problem can be
Tame Problem
Wicked Problem 2. formulation of the WP corresponds to a statement of the solution. 3. there is no stopping rule for wicked problem 4. to WPs correct/false is not applicable 5. no exhaustive, enumerable list to permissible operation 6. they are many explanations for the same dicrepany 7. problem can be considered a symptom of another problem 8. neither an immediate nor an ultimate test 9. a one-shot operation 10. essentially unique 11. solver has no right to be wrong.
is
1. can be formulate 2. the notition of problem is different from solution 3. there is stopping point 4. can be assigned with attribute of ‘correct’ or ‘false’ 5. a list of permissible operation 6. only one explaination for the problem discrepancy 7. has certian natural form which has no reason to argue 8. can be repeted attempt 9. is not unique 10.does not have any major conequences.
Political
applyd to
Design
First Generation
Second Generation
Steps: 1. understand the problem 2. gather information 3. analyse the information 4. solutions 5. asses the and decide 6. implement 7. to test 8. to modify the solution
1. not concentrated in any single head; 2. nobody wants to be ‘planned at’ 3. transparency of the planning process 4. making the basis of one’s judgment explict and communicating it to others 6. this planner is not an expert and be sees his role as somebody who helps to bring problems. 7. makes careful, seasoned respectilessness. 8. moderato optimism 9. a conspiracy model of planning. 10. the planning process of wicked problem solving must be understood as an argumentative process
Source Course in General Linguistics
Ferdinand de Saussure
Philosophical Writings of Pierce
Justus Buchler
The Mathematical Theory of Communication
Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver
Design Ethics
Richard Buchanan
Social Studies of Science
Susan Leigh Star and James R. Griesemer
The Theory of Affordances
James J. Gibson
Conceptual Models : Core to Good Design
Jeff Johnson and Austin Henderson
Notes on The Synthesis of Form
Christopher Alexander
The Analysis-Synthesis Bridge Model
Hugh Dubberly, Shelley Evenson, and Rick Robinson
Design as learning
Shelley Evenson and Hugh Dubberly
The Sciences of the Artificial|
Herbert A. Simon
Why Horst W.J. Rittel Matters
Chanpory Rith and Hugh Dubberly
On the Planning Crisis : Systems Analysis of the ‘First and Second Generations’
Horst W.J. Rittel
Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning
Horst W.J. Rittel and Melvin M. Webber
Varieties of Thinking
Donald A. Schon
The Reflective Practitioner : How Professionals Think in Action
Donald A. Schon
