Crude Oil Spilled
Resilience of the Inland Waterways in the 21st Century It’s all About Governance
Climate Change Adaptation for Ports and Navigation Infrastructure A North American PIANC Seminar and Workshop Professor Craig E Philip Research Professor and Vector Director, Vanderbilt University February 24, 2017
The U.S. barge industry has a LOT to be proud of:
• We face daunting challenges … •
•
2
Inland waterways today: increasingly fragile infrastructure
• Chronic underinvestment in maintenance and renewal
• Pronounced increase in climate/extreme weather events
3
Major extreme weather events since 2010
• 2010: Record setting floods – Cumberland River Basin • 2011: Record setting system-wide floods • 2012: Record setting system-wide low water • 2015: Record setting floods – Texas Gulf Coast
4
Record setting floods – Cumberland River Basin – 2010
Cheatham Lock Underwater, May 3, 2010
5
Record setting system-wide floods – 2011
Blowing up of Birds Point Levee
6
Record setting system-wide low water – 2012
7
Record setting floods – Texas Gulf Coast – 2015
Guadalupe River, Victoria, TX
8
The U.S. barge industry has a LOT to be proud of:
• • Yet we are part of the SAFEST surface transport mode in the country •
9
Rapid growth in U.S. shale liquid production, especially crude oil, has used both the rail and inland/coastal waterways to overcome limitations in the pipeline system Puget Sound Vancouver
Bakken
Albany
Wellsville
San Francisco Bay St. Louis
New York Utica MarcellusHarbor Delaware Bay
Weirton Kenova / Natrium
Los Angeles
Cushing
Permian
Haynesville
Houston Eagle Ford
Baton Rouge Pt. Arthur St. James New Orleans
Freeport
LOOP
New Crude Barge Originations New crude-by-rail unit train routes
Corpus Christi
Sources: American Petroleum Institute, Company announcements, Kirby Corp.
10
U.S. and Canadian railroads have been the biggest beneficiaries … Carloads of Crude Oil Shipped by Rail in the United States by CY
(K) 600
Carloads Shipped
500 400 300 200
100 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Source: Association of American Railroads, Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
11
… but rail accidents have tragically followed Crude Oil Accidents by Rail
(K)
180
1,400
160
1,200
140 120 100 80
60
Gallons Spilled
Number of Accidents
Crude Oil Spilled (gal.) by Rail
1,000 800 600 400
40 20 -
Source: Association of American Railroads, Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
200 -
12
… but rail accidents have tragically followed
17 major derailments of crude oil trains since 2011
• Spill quantity: 4.3 million gallons
• Other Impacts: significant loss of life and property damage
13
Positive barge industry safety trends were not affected by the rapid growth in crude oil (K)
Oil Spilled from Tank Barge
2500
Gallons Spilled
2000
1500
Gallons Spilled Without DBL-152
1000
500
0
Total spills of crude oil since 2010: 9,000 gallons Source: U.S. Coast Guard (CG-INV)
14
Domestic marine crude oil tonnage increases have actually matched rail Crude Oil Tonnage (millions) Originating Area
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Gulf Coast
10.8
14.9
26.6
38.8
50.5
Miss. Valley
0.9
3.4
5.7
10.1
7.3
East Coast
1.4
0.5
2.0
5.8
6.4
13.1
18.8
34.3
54.7
64.2
2
5
21
40
49
Total Marine
Annual US Class 1 Rail Tons
Source: USACE Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center Data Processed via Channel Portfolio Tool (CPT); Association of American Railroads FCS Dashboard
15
Comparative Modal Performance Year
NORTH AMERICAN CRUDE OIL RENAISSANCE 2010-2015 RAIL MARITIME Tons Carried Major Spills # Gallons Tons Carried All Spills
# Gallons
2010
2 million
-
13 million
5
129
2011
5 million
-
19 million
8
100
2012
21 million
-
34 million
11
43
2013
40 million
5
2.7 million
55 million
16
10,016
2014
49 million
5
150 thousand
64 million
10
69
2015
40 million*
6
1.3 million
50 million *
9
443
Tonnage Increase From '10-'14
47 Million
Total Gallons Spilled
51 Million
4.2 Million
11 thousand
* estimated
16
The U.S. barge industry has a LOT to be proud of:
• •
• How did this operational resilience arise in such a vulnerable environment?
17
How did this operational resilience arise in a vulnerable environment? Four extreme events triggered an unlikely set of changes that have resulted in a Resilient Culture and Response Framework: • Extreme weather events in Heartland 1. ‘88 Midwest Drought, lowest water ever on the Mississippi
2. ‘93 Great Flood, most widespread ever
• Maritime accidents of unimagined scale 3. ‘89 Exxon Valdez 4. ‘93 Bayou Canot Amtrak Accident 18
1988: Midwest Drought
• Record low levels along the Mississippi
• Abnormally low flow velocity • Narrowed channels and crossings Source: Waterways Action Plan, 2007
19
1993: Great Flood • One of the most disastrous natural events to affect the Midwest ‒ Over 50 fatalities
‒ $14B in damaged homes and farmlands ‒ Losses for maritime industry > $200M
• Abnormally prolonged and severe wetweather ‒ Rivers remained at elevated stages ‒ Levee stress and failure
Daniel Boone Bridge, 1993 (Highway 40 over Missouri River)
‒ Fear of vessel traffic causing additional failures/flooding from wake effects Source: Waterways Action Plan, 2007
20
Impacted from extreme events, aligned major stakeholders promoted a resilient response culture • Responsive Infrastructure Owner – US Corps Embraced Operating Flexibility … …Especially at the Local Level •
•
21
A resilient governance framework has been adopted: • locally implemented
22
A resilient governance framework has been adopted: • non-regulatory
• Network wide application
• Activated multiple times annually
• Stakeholder driven guidance
• Continually evolving … becoming “Antifragile”?
• Well defined trigger points and responses
23
1989: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill • Exxon Valdez oil tanker grounded on Bligh Reef, Alaska ‒ 11M gallons of crude oil spilled ‒ Largest spill in U.S. waters (until 2010 Deep Water Horizon)
• Legislature response: Oil Pollution Act of 1900 (OPA-90)
Source: Ames, 2007 (The Drive to Improve Performance in the Federal Government: A Longitudinal Case Study of Managing for Results)
Prince William Sound, AK, 1989
24
Impacted from extreme events, aligned major stakeholders promoted a resilient response culture •
• Progressive Regulator – US Coast Guard Empowered by OPA 90, but … …Embraced “Prevention Through People”
•
25
1993: Bayou Canot Amtrak Accident • Amtrak Sunset Limited train wreck caused by barge strike ‒ Worst accident in history of towing industry ‒ 103 casualties, 47 fatalities
• Tug operating in fog without radar
Big Bayou Canot Bridge (Mobile, AL), 1993
Source: Ames, 2007 (The Drive to Improve Performance in the Federal Government: A Longitudinal Case Study of Managing for Results)
26
Impacted from extreme events, aligned major stakeholders promoted a resilient response culture •
•
• Enlightened Towing Industry Adopted Responsible Carrier Program … …Ultimately embraced Full Regulation 27
Carrier governance milestones
28
VANDERBILT CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION AND OPERATIONAL RESILIENCY (VECTOR)
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University
Climate Change Adaptation for Ports and Navigation Infrastructure A North American PIANC Seminar and Workshop Professor Craig E Philip Research Professor and Vector Director, Vanderbilt University February 24, 2017
The U.S. barge industry has a LOT to be proud of:
• We face daunting challenges … •
•
2
Inland waterways today: increasingly fragile infrastructure
• Chronic underinvestment in maintenance and renewal
• Pronounced increase in climate/extreme weather events
3
Major extreme weather events since 2010
• 2010: Record setting floods – Cumberland River Basin • 2011: Record setting system-wide floods • 2012: Record setting system-wide low water • 2015: Record setting floods – Texas Gulf Coast
4
Record setting floods – Cumberland River Basin – 2010
Cheatham Lock Underwater, May 3, 2010
5
Record setting system-wide floods – 2011
Blowing up of Birds Point Levee
6
Record setting system-wide low water – 2012
7
Record setting floods – Texas Gulf Coast – 2015
Guadalupe River, Victoria, TX
8
The U.S. barge industry has a LOT to be proud of:
• • Yet we are part of the SAFEST surface transport mode in the country •
9
Rapid growth in U.S. shale liquid production, especially crude oil, has used both the rail and inland/coastal waterways to overcome limitations in the pipeline system Puget Sound Vancouver
Bakken
Albany
Wellsville
San Francisco Bay St. Louis
New York Utica MarcellusHarbor Delaware Bay
Weirton Kenova / Natrium
Los Angeles
Cushing
Permian
Haynesville
Houston Eagle Ford
Baton Rouge Pt. Arthur St. James New Orleans
Freeport
LOOP
New Crude Barge Originations New crude-by-rail unit train routes
Corpus Christi
Sources: American Petroleum Institute, Company announcements, Kirby Corp.
10
U.S. and Canadian railroads have been the biggest beneficiaries … Carloads of Crude Oil Shipped by Rail in the United States by CY
(K) 600
Carloads Shipped
500 400 300 200
100 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Source: Association of American Railroads, Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
11
… but rail accidents have tragically followed Crude Oil Accidents by Rail
(K)
180
1,400
160
1,200
140 120 100 80
60
Gallons Spilled
Number of Accidents
Crude Oil Spilled (gal.) by Rail
1,000 800 600 400
40 20 -
Source: Association of American Railroads, Pipelines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
200 -
12
… but rail accidents have tragically followed
17 major derailments of crude oil trains since 2011
• Spill quantity: 4.3 million gallons
• Other Impacts: significant loss of life and property damage
13
Positive barge industry safety trends were not affected by the rapid growth in crude oil (K)
Oil Spilled from Tank Barge
2500
Gallons Spilled
2000
1500
Gallons Spilled Without DBL-152
1000
500
0
Total spills of crude oil since 2010: 9,000 gallons Source: U.S. Coast Guard (CG-INV)
14
Domestic marine crude oil tonnage increases have actually matched rail Crude Oil Tonnage (millions) Originating Area
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Gulf Coast
10.8
14.9
26.6
38.8
50.5
Miss. Valley
0.9
3.4
5.7
10.1
7.3
East Coast
1.4
0.5
2.0
5.8
6.4
13.1
18.8
34.3
54.7
64.2
2
5
21
40
49
Total Marine
Annual US Class 1 Rail Tons
Source: USACE Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center Data Processed via Channel Portfolio Tool (CPT); Association of American Railroads FCS Dashboard
15
Comparative Modal Performance Year
NORTH AMERICAN CRUDE OIL RENAISSANCE 2010-2015 RAIL MARITIME Tons Carried Major Spills # Gallons Tons Carried All Spills
# Gallons
2010
2 million
-
13 million
5
129
2011
5 million
-
19 million
8
100
2012
21 million
-
34 million
11
43
2013
40 million
5
2.7 million
55 million
16
10,016
2014
49 million
5
150 thousand
64 million
10
69
2015
40 million*
6
1.3 million
50 million *
9
443
Tonnage Increase From '10-'14
47 Million
Total Gallons Spilled
51 Million
4.2 Million
11 thousand
* estimated
16
The U.S. barge industry has a LOT to be proud of:
• •
• How did this operational resilience arise in such a vulnerable environment?
17
How did this operational resilience arise in a vulnerable environment? Four extreme events triggered an unlikely set of changes that have resulted in a Resilient Culture and Response Framework: • Extreme weather events in Heartland 1. ‘88 Midwest Drought, lowest water ever on the Mississippi
2. ‘93 Great Flood, most widespread ever
• Maritime accidents of unimagined scale 3. ‘89 Exxon Valdez 4. ‘93 Bayou Canot Amtrak Accident 18
1988: Midwest Drought
• Record low levels along the Mississippi
• Abnormally low flow velocity • Narrowed channels and crossings Source: Waterways Action Plan, 2007
19
1993: Great Flood • One of the most disastrous natural events to affect the Midwest ‒ Over 50 fatalities
‒ $14B in damaged homes and farmlands ‒ Losses for maritime industry > $200M
• Abnormally prolonged and severe wetweather ‒ Rivers remained at elevated stages ‒ Levee stress and failure
Daniel Boone Bridge, 1993 (Highway 40 over Missouri River)
‒ Fear of vessel traffic causing additional failures/flooding from wake effects Source: Waterways Action Plan, 2007
20
Impacted from extreme events, aligned major stakeholders promoted a resilient response culture • Responsive Infrastructure Owner – US Corps Embraced Operating Flexibility … …Especially at the Local Level •
•
21
A resilient governance framework has been adopted: • locally implemented
22
A resilient governance framework has been adopted: • non-regulatory
• Network wide application
• Activated multiple times annually
• Stakeholder driven guidance
• Continually evolving … becoming “Antifragile”?
• Well defined trigger points and responses
23
1989: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill • Exxon Valdez oil tanker grounded on Bligh Reef, Alaska ‒ 11M gallons of crude oil spilled ‒ Largest spill in U.S. waters (until 2010 Deep Water Horizon)
• Legislature response: Oil Pollution Act of 1900 (OPA-90)
Source: Ames, 2007 (The Drive to Improve Performance in the Federal Government: A Longitudinal Case Study of Managing for Results)
Prince William Sound, AK, 1989
24
Impacted from extreme events, aligned major stakeholders promoted a resilient response culture •
• Progressive Regulator – US Coast Guard Empowered by OPA 90, but … …Embraced “Prevention Through People”
•
25
1993: Bayou Canot Amtrak Accident • Amtrak Sunset Limited train wreck caused by barge strike ‒ Worst accident in history of towing industry ‒ 103 casualties, 47 fatalities
• Tug operating in fog without radar
Big Bayou Canot Bridge (Mobile, AL), 1993
Source: Ames, 2007 (The Drive to Improve Performance in the Federal Government: A Longitudinal Case Study of Managing for Results)
26
Impacted from extreme events, aligned major stakeholders promoted a resilient response culture •
•
• Enlightened Towing Industry Adopted Responsible Carrier Program … …Ultimately embraced Full Regulation 27
Carrier governance milestones
28
VANDERBILT CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION AND OPERATIONAL RESILIENCY (VECTOR)
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Vanderbilt University
