Dari Persian
SIMON & SCHUSTER’S
PIMSLEUR
®
dari
persian
reading booklet
Travelers should always check with their nation's State Department for current advisories on local conditions before traveling abroad.
Graphic Design: Maia Kennedy © and ‰ Recorded Program 2009 Simon & Schuster, Inc. © Reading Booklet 2009 Simon & Schuster, Inc. Pimsleur® is an imprint of Simon & Schuster Audio, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Mfg. in USA. All rights reserved.
Acknowledgments Dari Persian Voices English-Speaking Instructor . ..................... Ray Brown Dari-Speaking Instructor................... Jalil Abdul Karim Female Dari Speaker................................ Zala Ibrahimi Male Dari Speaker . ............................... Javed Rezayee
Course Writers Mirza Amiri ♦ Joan Schoellner Editors Delaram Soltani ♦ Beverly D. Heinle
Reviewer Adela Raz
Executive Producer Beverly D. Heinle
Producer & Director Sarah H. McInnis
Recording Engineers Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux
Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA iii
For more information, call 1-800-831-5497 or visit us at www.Pimsleur.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS Reading Lessons Lesson One .11 .24 6 .3 13 .4 Lesson One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .5 Lesson Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 .6 Lesson Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 .7 Lesson Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lesson Five . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 .8 Lesson Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .9 Lesson Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lesson Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 22 Lesson Nine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 23 Lesson Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 24 Lesson Eleven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 .13 Lesson Twelve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lesson Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 27 Lesson Fourteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 28 Lesson Fifteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 .16 Lesson Sixteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Lesson Seventeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 31 Lesson Eighteen (without diacritical marks) . . . . . . .18 33 Lesson Eighteen (with diacritical marks) . . . . . . . . .19 34
The Dari Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Written Dari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alphabet Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reading Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.20 v
DARI Persian Lesson The Dari1Language Dari is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, and it’s the native tongue of about half of the population. The other official language is Pashto, spoken by about 35 percent. In addition, about 11 percent of Afghans speak a Turkic language (either Uzbek or Turkmen) and there are numerous other languages as well, such as Baluchi, Pashai, and Nuristani. Many Afghans are bilingual, often speaking more than one language as well as several dialects of those languages. Although both Dari and Pashto are official languages, Dari is the primary means of communication. It’s taught in schools and heard on national radio, and it serves as the language of business and higher education. Because of its long and venerable literary tradition and its historical prestige, it has a higher social status than Pashto. Dari is also spoken by some two and a half million people in Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring regions. As well as the official form (the form taught in this course, formerly called “Kabuli Dari”), it has a number of variants.
DARI Persian The Dari Language (continued) Also called “Dari Persian” or “Eastern Persian,” Dari is one of the three major Persian dialects; Modern Persian or Farsi (spoken in Iran) is another, and Tajik (spoken in Tajikistan) is the third. Dari and Tajik are considered a purer form of Persian – that is, they show less Arab influence – but all three dialects are more or less mutually intelligible. All belong to the Indo-Iranian group of languages, which is a subfamily of the Indo-European languages. Old Persian dates back to at least 500 BC; over time, it gradually evolved to Middle Persian, or Dari Persian. During the reign of the Sassanids, who ruled over the eastern regions of Persia from 224-651 ad, it became the official court language. In fact, the name “Dari” most likely stems from the Persian word darbar, meaning “court.” As the prestige dialect, it spread to other regions as well. After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the middle of the seventh century, Arabic replaced Dari as the official language of the Persians. This period lasted approximately two hundred years. During this time, Dari continued to evolve; it was influenced by Parthian (a middle Iranian language) and Arabic, and it was written with the Arabic script. 2
DARI Persian The Dari Language (continued) Scholars consider this linguistic amalgamation to be the mother of both present-day Dari and Modern Persian / Farsi. The differences between Dari Persian and Modern Persian / Farsi developed over time. Largely because of its mountainous geography, the people of the eastern region (including Afghanistan) had less contact and interaction with other foreign languages than those of the western region. Modern Persian continued to be influenced by Arabic, as well as by some European languages, especially French. Dari Persian, on the other hand, remained “purer” and more classical, preserving its original language style and expressions. Today, Farsi Persian and Dari Persian are considered two different dialects.
3
DARI Persian Written Dari Dari uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, with thirty-two letters as opposed to twenty-eight in Arabic. Dari does not have capital letters, but uses an adapted form of Western punctuation. Written Dari has the following characteristics: • It is read from right to left, except for numbers, which go from left to right. • Dari letters are distinguished by one, two, or three dots, which are placed above or below the letter – or, in some cases, by the lack of dots. • As in English handwriting, most Dari letters connect to those that follow them. However, seven letters, called “non-connectors,” connect only to letters that precede them. • When letters connect to a preceding letter, they often modify their shape, undergoing a reduction when the two are joined together. • Some letters also modify their shape according to their position in a word – depending on whether they appear in initial, medial, or final position. 4
DARI Persian Written Dari (continued) • In standard written Dari, the so-called “short vowels” are usually omitted. They may be represented by diacritical marks, as they are in these reading lessons. The three “long vowels,” however --- often appearing in transliteration as “aa,” “oo,” and “ee” --- are separate letters and are written. • The appearance of some letters may vary, depending on the choice of font. A complete listing of the Dari alphabet and the diacriticals follows. The alphabet is listed as a twopage spread. You should use this chart for reference only, as all the information you need to do the readings is contained on the audio.
5
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected)
Medial
Initial
ﺎ/ا
ا/ﺎ
ا
b
ﺐ
ﺒ
ﺑ
p
ﭗ
ﭙ
پـ
t
ﺖ
ﺘ
ﺗ
s
ﺚ
ﺜ
ﺛ
j
ﺞ
ﺠ
ﺟ
ch
ﭻ
ﭽ
ﭼ
h
ﺢ
ﺤ
ﺣ
kh
ﺦ
ﺨ
ﺧ
d
ﺪ
ﺪ
ﺩ
z
ﺬ
ﺬ
ﺫ
r
ﺮ
ﺮ
ﺭ
aa / ’
6
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left.)
Name
Name in Transliteration
Letter
الف
alef
ﺍ
ب ِـه
be
ﺏ
ِپه
pe
پ
ِته
te
ﺕ
ِثه
se
ﺙ
جـیم
jeem
ﺝ
ِچه
che
ﭺ
ِحه حلوا
he halwa
ﺡ
خ ِـه
kheh
ﺥ
دال
daal
ﺩ
ذال
zaal
ﺫ
ﺭہ ِ
re
ِر
7
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected)
Medial
Initial
ﺰ
ﺰ
ﺯ
zh
ﮋ
ﮋ
ژ
s
ﺲ
ﺴ
ﺳ
sh
ﺶ
ﺸ
ﺷ
s
ﺺ
ﺼ
ﺻ
z
ﺾ
ﻀ
ﺿ
t
ﻂ
ﻄ
ﻃ
z
ﻆ
ﻈ
ﻇ
‘
ﻊ
ﻌ
ﻋ
gh
ﻎ
ﻐ
ﻏ
f
ﻒ
ﻔ
ﻓ
q
ﻖ
ﻘ
ﻗ
z
(glottal stop)
8
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Name
Name in Transliteration
Letter
ﺯہ ِ
ze
ِز
ژہ ِ
zhe
ِژ
سـین
seen
ﺱ
شـین
sheen
ﺵ
صـاد
saad
ﺹ
ضـاد
zaad
ﺽ
طوی
toi
ﻁ
ﻅوی
zoi
ﻅ
عـین
ayn
ﻉ
غـین
ghayn
ﻍ
ف ِـه
fe
ﻑ
قـاف
qaaf
ﻕ
9
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected)
Medial
Initial
ﮏ
ﮑ
ﮐ
g
ﮓ
ﮕ
ﮔ
l
ﻞ
ﻠ
ﻟ
m
ﻢ
ﻤ
ﻣ
n
ﻦ
ﻨ
ﻧ
w / oo
ﻮ
ﻮ
و
h
ﻪ
ﻬ
ﻫ
ee / y
ﯽ
ﻴ
ﻳ
k
10
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Name
Name in Transliteration
Letter
کـاف
kaaf
ک
گـاف
gaaf
گ
الم
laam
ﻝ
مـیم
meem
ﻡ
نـون
noon
ﻥ
واو
waw
و
هی دو چشمه
he do cheshma
ﻩ
یا
yaa
ﻯ
11
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Name in Transliteration Diacritical
Sound
fat’ha / zabar
َا
/ a / as in hat
kasra / zir
ِا
/ e / as in shell
zama / pish
ُا
/ o / as in home
mad
آ
/ aa / as in father or awe
In Dari there is a special letter combination, ﻻ, called lam alef la, which represents the letter lam followed by alef. In addition, there is another letter, Arabic in origin, that functions both as a letter and as a diacritical. It is the hamza ( ). Like the diacriticals, it sits above the line of writing. When used as a letter, it can appear anywhere in the word, and it indicates a glottal stop. When used as a diacritical, it makes some words that end in a vowel possessive; in this case it appears over the final vowel and has a / ye / sound. In either case, the hamza is rarely used and is omitted from modern keyboards.
ء
12
DARI Persian The Reading Lessons There are eighteen Dari reading lessons recorded at the end of the program. You may choose to do the readings along with the units, after every other unit or so, or all together after completing the rest of the course. Feel free to repeat the reading lessons as often as necessary for practice with the Dari alphabet and the sounds it represents. Some of the words and phrases you will read are taught in this course, but most are not, and --especially in the early lessons --- a number of them are simply syllables rather than actual words. Actual words are used more and more as the number of letters introduced increases, and by Lesson Eighteen you will be reading for meaning.
13
DARI Persian Lesson One )(Read from right to left.
.1
ا
.11
زازا
.2
دا
.12
آد
.3
داد
.13
آز
.4
دادا
.14
آدا
.5
زا
.15
آداز
.6
داز
.16
آزا
.7
زاد
.8
دازا
.9
زادا
.10
زاز 15
DARI Persian Lesson Two )(Read from right to left.
.1
آزاد
.11
ساز
.2
را
.12
آسار
.3
راز
.13
آدزار
.4
زا
.14
دازار
.5
راد
.15
زاسا
.6
دار
.16
سادزار
.7
زار
.8
رازاد
.9
سا
.10
سارا
16
DARI Persian Lesson Three )(Read from right to left.
.1
رار
.11
باد
.2
سازا
.12
بادساز
.3
شاد
.13
َسبز
.4
شارد \ سارد
.14
َسرشار
.5
زاشار
.15
َسر َشر
.6
َز
.16
َدبرا
.7
َدر
.8
َزرد
.9
َسرد
.10
َسز 17
DARI Persian Lesson Four .1
شارسار
.11
َ دازشبذ
.2
َسردار
.12
ا
.3
زاداشا
.13
َاسب
.4
ربر َب َ
.14
َاسرار
.5
َبرا َدر
.15
َسبر
.6
َسرداب
.16
َارساب
.7
َشراب
.8
ذار
.9
َزرد \ َذرد
.10
ذار \ دار 18
DARI Persian Lesson Five .1
َازاذ
.11
راز \ راژ
.2
باب
.12
رِ ژاش
.3
آبشار
.13
ِاسرار
.4
راش
.14
ِابراز
.5
َبراش
.15
.6
شاباش
.16
َبس \ َبش
.7
ِد
.17
آژا
.8
ِدزا
.18
ِازدا
.9
زِ َبر
.10
ژاسا 19
َسراس
DARI Persian Lesson Six .1
ِسژا
.11
آسداش
.2
رِ شداش
.12
َازدارِ ژ
.3
َادار
.13
آشاذ
.4
ِاشا
.14
ِارظاب
.15
ِبژار
.6
َ آظر \ آ َذر \ آ َزر
.16
ِدراش
.7
ِابراظ
.17
ِشباب
.8
رِ باس
.18
شازِ ب
.9
آژاب
.10
َشبراظ
.5
َظرد
20
DARI Persian Lesson Seven .1
سبد آ َ
.11
ُژاجز ت ِ
.2
آذازاظ
.12
ِب ُجز
.3
تَر
.13
آترا ُژب
.4
َبرتَر
.14
د ُ راج
.5
رِ ت
.15
ُبرج
.6
ُد
.16
َاتر
.7
ُسرب
.17
تَشت
.8
تُرش
.18
ُجدا
.9
ُ آبظرب
.10
جا 21
DARI Persian Lesson Eight .1
ُجز
.11
صرب ُسرب \ ُ
.2
ِش َدت
.12
ردن ُج َ
.3
تَراز
.13
آصان
.4
نَزد
.14
صرات ُ
.5
َن َبرد
.15
نَص
.6
َزرد \ نَرد
.16
َاساص
.7
سانس
.17
ساصان
.8
شارِ ج
.18
ُسص
.9
سات
.10
ص َنَد َ 22
DARI Persian Lesson Nine .1
َدرج
.11
قـا
.2
ژا ِنت
.12
َقرن
.3
صاد
.13
ُقران
.4
شیر
.14
شیک
.5
اینجا
.15
ذاق
.6
جیب
.16
َبرق
.7
ایشان
.17
َقند
.8
دارین
.18
ایش
.9
ِكتاب
.10
َكران 23
DARI Persian Lesson Ten .1
ربند َد َ
.11
میرم َ
.2
قیر
.12
داریم
.3
تاک
.13
با َید
.4
ُمشت
.14
شایان
.5
ماش \ صاش
.15
یانكى
.6
َسمت
.16
َكمى
.7
بی َكران
.17
مین
.8
َدرى
.18
شا َید
.9
َك َرمى
.19
یـَم
.10
ایرابى
.20
َدرى یاد دارین؟
24
DARI Persian Lesson Eleven .1
آمریكا
.11
زاغ
.2
تَكسى
.12
باغ
.3
قاجار
.13
َبرغ \ َبرق
.4
شام
.14
َب َکغ
.5
َیک
.15
فَرار
.6
آقای تاج
.16
فارِ غ
.7
رای کى؟ َب ِ
.17
ُغربان
.8
غاز
.18
َبرف
.9
غَریق
.19
غَرف
.10
غَند \ َقند
.20
َظفَر
25
DARI Persian Lesson Twelve .1
ُجرم
.11
ُخدا
.2
َشرغى
.12
ُرخ
.3
زاف
.13
سیخ
.4
ذای افغانی ِغ ِ
.14
خان
.5
ضرب َ
.15
َقرض
.6
آضرى \ آ َذرى َ
.16
َمریض
.7
َمزار
.17
باخ
.8
َم َرض
.18
راى ُشما َب ِ
.9
خام
.19
خَ ریداری
.10
\جم خَ م َ
.20
با َید ُب ُرم خَ ریداری.
26
DARI Persian Lesson Thirteen .1
می َبخشین
.11
ُبرو
.2
ضاب
.12
پاپا
.3
َوفا
.13
َپر \ َبر
.4
َوقت
.14
َپنیر
.5
آوا
.15
ِپ َسر
.6
نانوا
.16
َرپ
.7
وِ دا
.17
پاپ
.8
خوب
.18خونِ -وا َدم \ خو ِنوا َدم
.9
دود
.19
َپروان
.10
روز
.20
خوب نیست.
27
DARI Persian Lesson Fourteen .1
خیابون
.11
لیوان
.2
َجوید
.12
َالو
.3
َپیام
.13
الش
.4
َچپ
.14
ُدالر
.5
چیپ \ جیپ
.15
َاالن
.6
ِچرا
.16
َسالم
.7
پیچ
.17
دال
.8
راچ
.18
پول
.9
چاى
.19
َخت ُرستَم ت ِ
.10
لوس
.20
خَ الص
28
DARI Persian Lesson Fifteen .1
پامچال
.11
َملیح
.2
الال
.12
صبح ُ
.3
ِچ َقدر
.13
َعجب ت ُ
.4
حال
.14
َبعد
.5
حالِ ُشما
.15
تَعجیل
.6
َحرف
.16
ِبیع
.7
َعد
.17
َبلع
.8
ُغر \ ُعر
.18
فَرع
.9
َع َرب
.19
َحمام
.10
ف ََرح
.20
ساعت َچند اس؟ َ
29
DARI Persian Lesson Sixteen .1
تَعمیر
.11
خاث
.2
حمت َز َ
.12
ِطب
.3
غا ِیب
.13
طاب \ ظاب
.4
تَرجیح
.14
َ لیطر
.5
َمرتَع
.15
َبط
.6
ُثم
.16
َشثط
.7
ثاب \تاب
.17
َطریق
.8
ثام \ سام \ صام
.18
ثابت ِ
.9
َكثیف
.19
ِلباث
.10
پاث
.20
ِبفَرماین.
30
DARI Persian Lesson Seventeen
(continued on page 32) 31
َثبر
.1
َع َدث
.2
را ِبط
.3
هاها
.4
ُهدا
.5
ُهصد َ ن
.6
َبهار
.7
ِگرون
.8
گوش
.9
سیگار
.10
DARI Persian )Lesson Seventeen (continued .11
وهر َش َ
.12
خو َبه
.13
خانَه
.14
هوتَلِ ِستاره
.15
ُبزُرگ
.16
چى ُگفتین؟
.17
اوالد دارین؟
.18
َچند َ میشه؟
.19
ُكجاست؟
ذاى افغانى خوب اس. ِ .20غ ِ 32
DARI Persian )Lesson 18 (without diacriticals .1
سالم.
.2
چطورهستین؟
.3
خوب هستم ،تشکر.
.4
میفهمین ساعت چنداس؟
.5
پنج اس.
.6
چاى میخواین؟
.7
زحمت نکشین.
.8
میبخشین ،حالی مه باید برم.
.9
مى خایم بازار برم.
.10
درست اس ،خداحافظ. 33
DARI Persian Lesson 18 .1
َسالم.
.2
ورهستین؟ ِچ ُط َ
.3
ُخوب َهستُم ،ت ََش ُكر.
.4
ساعت َچند َاس؟ میفَهمین َ
.5
َپنج َاس.
.6
چاى میخواین؟
.7
حمت َن َكشین. َز َ
.8
می َبخشین ،حالی َمه با َید ُب ُرم.
.9
مى خا ُیم بازار ُب ُرم.
.10
داحافظ. ُد ُرست َاسُ ،خ ِ 34
PIMSLEUR
®
dari
persian
reading booklet
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Acknowledgments Dari Persian Voices English-Speaking Instructor . ..................... Ray Brown Dari-Speaking Instructor................... Jalil Abdul Karim Female Dari Speaker................................ Zala Ibrahimi Male Dari Speaker . ............................... Javed Rezayee
Course Writers Mirza Amiri ♦ Joan Schoellner Editors Delaram Soltani ♦ Beverly D. Heinle
Reviewer Adela Raz
Executive Producer Beverly D. Heinle
Producer & Director Sarah H. McInnis
Recording Engineers Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux
Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Reading Lessons Lesson One .11 .24 6 .3 13 .4 Lesson One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .5 Lesson Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 .6 Lesson Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 .7 Lesson Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lesson Five . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 .8 Lesson Six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 .9 Lesson Seven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lesson Eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 22 Lesson Nine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 23 Lesson Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 24 Lesson Eleven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 .13 Lesson Twelve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lesson Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 27 Lesson Fourteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 28 Lesson Fifteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 .16 Lesson Sixteen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Lesson Seventeen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 31 Lesson Eighteen (without diacritical marks) . . . . . . .18 33 Lesson Eighteen (with diacritical marks) . . . . . . . . .19 34
The Dari Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Written Dari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alphabet Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reading Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.20 v
DARI Persian Lesson The Dari1Language Dari is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, and it’s the native tongue of about half of the population. The other official language is Pashto, spoken by about 35 percent. In addition, about 11 percent of Afghans speak a Turkic language (either Uzbek or Turkmen) and there are numerous other languages as well, such as Baluchi, Pashai, and Nuristani. Many Afghans are bilingual, often speaking more than one language as well as several dialects of those languages. Although both Dari and Pashto are official languages, Dari is the primary means of communication. It’s taught in schools and heard on national radio, and it serves as the language of business and higher education. Because of its long and venerable literary tradition and its historical prestige, it has a higher social status than Pashto. Dari is also spoken by some two and a half million people in Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring regions. As well as the official form (the form taught in this course, formerly called “Kabuli Dari”), it has a number of variants.
DARI Persian The Dari Language (continued) Also called “Dari Persian” or “Eastern Persian,” Dari is one of the three major Persian dialects; Modern Persian or Farsi (spoken in Iran) is another, and Tajik (spoken in Tajikistan) is the third. Dari and Tajik are considered a purer form of Persian – that is, they show less Arab influence – but all three dialects are more or less mutually intelligible. All belong to the Indo-Iranian group of languages, which is a subfamily of the Indo-European languages. Old Persian dates back to at least 500 BC; over time, it gradually evolved to Middle Persian, or Dari Persian. During the reign of the Sassanids, who ruled over the eastern regions of Persia from 224-651 ad, it became the official court language. In fact, the name “Dari” most likely stems from the Persian word darbar, meaning “court.” As the prestige dialect, it spread to other regions as well. After the Muslim conquest of Persia in the middle of the seventh century, Arabic replaced Dari as the official language of the Persians. This period lasted approximately two hundred years. During this time, Dari continued to evolve; it was influenced by Parthian (a middle Iranian language) and Arabic, and it was written with the Arabic script. 2
DARI Persian The Dari Language (continued) Scholars consider this linguistic amalgamation to be the mother of both present-day Dari and Modern Persian / Farsi. The differences between Dari Persian and Modern Persian / Farsi developed over time. Largely because of its mountainous geography, the people of the eastern region (including Afghanistan) had less contact and interaction with other foreign languages than those of the western region. Modern Persian continued to be influenced by Arabic, as well as by some European languages, especially French. Dari Persian, on the other hand, remained “purer” and more classical, preserving its original language style and expressions. Today, Farsi Persian and Dari Persian are considered two different dialects.
3
DARI Persian Written Dari Dari uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, with thirty-two letters as opposed to twenty-eight in Arabic. Dari does not have capital letters, but uses an adapted form of Western punctuation. Written Dari has the following characteristics: • It is read from right to left, except for numbers, which go from left to right. • Dari letters are distinguished by one, two, or three dots, which are placed above or below the letter – or, in some cases, by the lack of dots. • As in English handwriting, most Dari letters connect to those that follow them. However, seven letters, called “non-connectors,” connect only to letters that precede them. • When letters connect to a preceding letter, they often modify their shape, undergoing a reduction when the two are joined together. • Some letters also modify their shape according to their position in a word – depending on whether they appear in initial, medial, or final position. 4
DARI Persian Written Dari (continued) • In standard written Dari, the so-called “short vowels” are usually omitted. They may be represented by diacritical marks, as they are in these reading lessons. The three “long vowels,” however --- often appearing in transliteration as “aa,” “oo,” and “ee” --- are separate letters and are written. • The appearance of some letters may vary, depending on the choice of font. A complete listing of the Dari alphabet and the diacriticals follows. The alphabet is listed as a twopage spread. You should use this chart for reference only, as all the information you need to do the readings is contained on the audio.
5
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected)
Medial
Initial
ﺎ/ا
ا/ﺎ
ا
b
ﺐ
ﺒ
ﺑ
p
ﭗ
ﭙ
پـ
t
ﺖ
ﺘ
ﺗ
s
ﺚ
ﺜ
ﺛ
j
ﺞ
ﺠ
ﺟ
ch
ﭻ
ﭽ
ﭼ
h
ﺢ
ﺤ
ﺣ
kh
ﺦ
ﺨ
ﺧ
d
ﺪ
ﺪ
ﺩ
z
ﺬ
ﺬ
ﺫ
r
ﺮ
ﺮ
ﺭ
aa / ’
6
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (Read from right to left.)
Name
Name in Transliteration
Letter
الف
alef
ﺍ
ب ِـه
be
ﺏ
ِپه
pe
پ
ِته
te
ﺕ
ِثه
se
ﺙ
جـیم
jeem
ﺝ
ِچه
che
ﭺ
ِحه حلوا
he halwa
ﺡ
خ ِـه
kheh
ﺥ
دال
daal
ﺩ
ذال
zaal
ﺫ
ﺭہ ِ
re
ِر
7
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected)
Medial
Initial
ﺰ
ﺰ
ﺯ
zh
ﮋ
ﮋ
ژ
s
ﺲ
ﺴ
ﺳ
sh
ﺶ
ﺸ
ﺷ
s
ﺺ
ﺼ
ﺻ
z
ﺾ
ﻀ
ﺿ
t
ﻂ
ﻄ
ﻃ
z
ﻆ
ﻈ
ﻇ
‘
ﻊ
ﻌ
ﻋ
gh
ﻎ
ﻐ
ﻏ
f
ﻒ
ﻔ
ﻓ
q
ﻖ
ﻘ
ﻗ
z
(glottal stop)
8
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Name
Name in Transliteration
Letter
ﺯہ ِ
ze
ِز
ژہ ِ
zhe
ِژ
سـین
seen
ﺱ
شـین
sheen
ﺵ
صـاد
saad
ﺹ
ضـاد
zaad
ﺽ
طوی
toi
ﻁ
ﻅوی
zoi
ﻅ
عـین
ayn
ﻉ
غـین
ghayn
ﻍ
ف ِـه
fe
ﻑ
قـاف
qaaf
ﻕ
9
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Symbol in Transliteration
Final (Connected)
Medial
Initial
ﮏ
ﮑ
ﮐ
g
ﮓ
ﮕ
ﮔ
l
ﻞ
ﻠ
ﻟ
m
ﻢ
ﻤ
ﻣ
n
ﻦ
ﻨ
ﻧ
w / oo
ﻮ
ﻮ
و
h
ﻪ
ﻬ
ﻫ
ee / y
ﯽ
ﻴ
ﻳ
k
10
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Name
Name in Transliteration
Letter
کـاف
kaaf
ک
گـاف
gaaf
گ
الم
laam
ﻝ
مـیم
meem
ﻡ
نـون
noon
ﻥ
واو
waw
و
هی دو چشمه
he do cheshma
ﻩ
یا
yaa
ﻯ
11
DARI Persian Dari Alphabet Chart (continued) (Read from right to left.)
Name in Transliteration Diacritical
Sound
fat’ha / zabar
َا
/ a / as in hat
kasra / zir
ِا
/ e / as in shell
zama / pish
ُا
/ o / as in home
mad
آ
/ aa / as in father or awe
In Dari there is a special letter combination, ﻻ, called lam alef la, which represents the letter lam followed by alef. In addition, there is another letter, Arabic in origin, that functions both as a letter and as a diacritical. It is the hamza ( ). Like the diacriticals, it sits above the line of writing. When used as a letter, it can appear anywhere in the word, and it indicates a glottal stop. When used as a diacritical, it makes some words that end in a vowel possessive; in this case it appears over the final vowel and has a / ye / sound. In either case, the hamza is rarely used and is omitted from modern keyboards.
ء
12
DARI Persian The Reading Lessons There are eighteen Dari reading lessons recorded at the end of the program. You may choose to do the readings along with the units, after every other unit or so, or all together after completing the rest of the course. Feel free to repeat the reading lessons as often as necessary for practice with the Dari alphabet and the sounds it represents. Some of the words and phrases you will read are taught in this course, but most are not, and --especially in the early lessons --- a number of them are simply syllables rather than actual words. Actual words are used more and more as the number of letters introduced increases, and by Lesson Eighteen you will be reading for meaning.
13
DARI Persian Lesson One )(Read from right to left.
.1
ا
.11
زازا
.2
دا
.12
آد
.3
داد
.13
آز
.4
دادا
.14
آدا
.5
زا
.15
آداز
.6
داز
.16
آزا
.7
زاد
.8
دازا
.9
زادا
.10
زاز 15
DARI Persian Lesson Two )(Read from right to left.
.1
آزاد
.11
ساز
.2
را
.12
آسار
.3
راز
.13
آدزار
.4
زا
.14
دازار
.5
راد
.15
زاسا
.6
دار
.16
سادزار
.7
زار
.8
رازاد
.9
سا
.10
سارا
16
DARI Persian Lesson Three )(Read from right to left.
.1
رار
.11
باد
.2
سازا
.12
بادساز
.3
شاد
.13
َسبز
.4
شارد \ سارد
.14
َسرشار
.5
زاشار
.15
َسر َشر
.6
َز
.16
َدبرا
.7
َدر
.8
َزرد
.9
َسرد
.10
َسز 17
DARI Persian Lesson Four .1
شارسار
.11
َ دازشبذ
.2
َسردار
.12
ا
.3
زاداشا
.13
َاسب
.4
ربر َب َ
.14
َاسرار
.5
َبرا َدر
.15
َسبر
.6
َسرداب
.16
َارساب
.7
َشراب
.8
ذار
.9
َزرد \ َذرد
.10
ذار \ دار 18
DARI Persian Lesson Five .1
َازاذ
.11
راز \ راژ
.2
باب
.12
رِ ژاش
.3
آبشار
.13
ِاسرار
.4
راش
.14
ِابراز
.5
َبراش
.15
.6
شاباش
.16
َبس \ َبش
.7
ِد
.17
آژا
.8
ِدزا
.18
ِازدا
.9
زِ َبر
.10
ژاسا 19
َسراس
DARI Persian Lesson Six .1
ِسژا
.11
آسداش
.2
رِ شداش
.12
َازدارِ ژ
.3
َادار
.13
آشاذ
.4
ِاشا
.14
ِارظاب
.15
ِبژار
.6
َ آظر \ آ َذر \ آ َزر
.16
ِدراش
.7
ِابراظ
.17
ِشباب
.8
رِ باس
.18
شازِ ب
.9
آژاب
.10
َشبراظ
.5
َظرد
20
DARI Persian Lesson Seven .1
سبد آ َ
.11
ُژاجز ت ِ
.2
آذازاظ
.12
ِب ُجز
.3
تَر
.13
آترا ُژب
.4
َبرتَر
.14
د ُ راج
.5
رِ ت
.15
ُبرج
.6
ُد
.16
َاتر
.7
ُسرب
.17
تَشت
.8
تُرش
.18
ُجدا
.9
ُ آبظرب
.10
جا 21
DARI Persian Lesson Eight .1
ُجز
.11
صرب ُسرب \ ُ
.2
ِش َدت
.12
ردن ُج َ
.3
تَراز
.13
آصان
.4
نَزد
.14
صرات ُ
.5
َن َبرد
.15
نَص
.6
َزرد \ نَرد
.16
َاساص
.7
سانس
.17
ساصان
.8
شارِ ج
.18
ُسص
.9
سات
.10
ص َنَد َ 22
DARI Persian Lesson Nine .1
َدرج
.11
قـا
.2
ژا ِنت
.12
َقرن
.3
صاد
.13
ُقران
.4
شیر
.14
شیک
.5
اینجا
.15
ذاق
.6
جیب
.16
َبرق
.7
ایشان
.17
َقند
.8
دارین
.18
ایش
.9
ِكتاب
.10
َكران 23
DARI Persian Lesson Ten .1
ربند َد َ
.11
میرم َ
.2
قیر
.12
داریم
.3
تاک
.13
با َید
.4
ُمشت
.14
شایان
.5
ماش \ صاش
.15
یانكى
.6
َسمت
.16
َكمى
.7
بی َكران
.17
مین
.8
َدرى
.18
شا َید
.9
َك َرمى
.19
یـَم
.10
ایرابى
.20
َدرى یاد دارین؟
24
DARI Persian Lesson Eleven .1
آمریكا
.11
زاغ
.2
تَكسى
.12
باغ
.3
قاجار
.13
َبرغ \ َبرق
.4
شام
.14
َب َکغ
.5
َیک
.15
فَرار
.6
آقای تاج
.16
فارِ غ
.7
رای کى؟ َب ِ
.17
ُغربان
.8
غاز
.18
َبرف
.9
غَریق
.19
غَرف
.10
غَند \ َقند
.20
َظفَر
25
DARI Persian Lesson Twelve .1
ُجرم
.11
ُخدا
.2
َشرغى
.12
ُرخ
.3
زاف
.13
سیخ
.4
ذای افغانی ِغ ِ
.14
خان
.5
ضرب َ
.15
َقرض
.6
آضرى \ آ َذرى َ
.16
َمریض
.7
َمزار
.17
باخ
.8
َم َرض
.18
راى ُشما َب ِ
.9
خام
.19
خَ ریداری
.10
\جم خَ م َ
.20
با َید ُب ُرم خَ ریداری.
26
DARI Persian Lesson Thirteen .1
می َبخشین
.11
ُبرو
.2
ضاب
.12
پاپا
.3
َوفا
.13
َپر \ َبر
.4
َوقت
.14
َپنیر
.5
آوا
.15
ِپ َسر
.6
نانوا
.16
َرپ
.7
وِ دا
.17
پاپ
.8
خوب
.18خونِ -وا َدم \ خو ِنوا َدم
.9
دود
.19
َپروان
.10
روز
.20
خوب نیست.
27
DARI Persian Lesson Fourteen .1
خیابون
.11
لیوان
.2
َجوید
.12
َالو
.3
َپیام
.13
الش
.4
َچپ
.14
ُدالر
.5
چیپ \ جیپ
.15
َاالن
.6
ِچرا
.16
َسالم
.7
پیچ
.17
دال
.8
راچ
.18
پول
.9
چاى
.19
َخت ُرستَم ت ِ
.10
لوس
.20
خَ الص
28
DARI Persian Lesson Fifteen .1
پامچال
.11
َملیح
.2
الال
.12
صبح ُ
.3
ِچ َقدر
.13
َعجب ت ُ
.4
حال
.14
َبعد
.5
حالِ ُشما
.15
تَعجیل
.6
َحرف
.16
ِبیع
.7
َعد
.17
َبلع
.8
ُغر \ ُعر
.18
فَرع
.9
َع َرب
.19
َحمام
.10
ف ََرح
.20
ساعت َچند اس؟ َ
29
DARI Persian Lesson Sixteen .1
تَعمیر
.11
خاث
.2
حمت َز َ
.12
ِطب
.3
غا ِیب
.13
طاب \ ظاب
.4
تَرجیح
.14
َ لیطر
.5
َمرتَع
.15
َبط
.6
ُثم
.16
َشثط
.7
ثاب \تاب
.17
َطریق
.8
ثام \ سام \ صام
.18
ثابت ِ
.9
َكثیف
.19
ِلباث
.10
پاث
.20
ِبفَرماین.
30
DARI Persian Lesson Seventeen
(continued on page 32) 31
َثبر
.1
َع َدث
.2
را ِبط
.3
هاها
.4
ُهدا
.5
ُهصد َ ن
.6
َبهار
.7
ِگرون
.8
گوش
.9
سیگار
.10
DARI Persian )Lesson Seventeen (continued .11
وهر َش َ
.12
خو َبه
.13
خانَه
.14
هوتَلِ ِستاره
.15
ُبزُرگ
.16
چى ُگفتین؟
.17
اوالد دارین؟
.18
َچند َ میشه؟
.19
ُكجاست؟
ذاى افغانى خوب اس. ِ .20غ ِ 32
DARI Persian )Lesson 18 (without diacriticals .1
سالم.
.2
چطورهستین؟
.3
خوب هستم ،تشکر.
.4
میفهمین ساعت چنداس؟
.5
پنج اس.
.6
چاى میخواین؟
.7
زحمت نکشین.
.8
میبخشین ،حالی مه باید برم.
.9
مى خایم بازار برم.
.10
درست اس ،خداحافظ. 33
DARI Persian Lesson 18 .1
َسالم.
.2
ورهستین؟ ِچ ُط َ
.3
ُخوب َهستُم ،ت ََش ُكر.
.4
ساعت َچند َاس؟ میفَهمین َ
.5
َپنج َاس.
.6
چاى میخواین؟
.7
حمت َن َكشین. َز َ
.8
می َبخشین ،حالی َمه با َید ُب ُرم.
.9
مى خا ُیم بازار ُب ُرم.
.10
داحافظ. ُد ُرست َاسُ ،خ ِ 34
