Defining Snacking
Defining Snacking Society for Nutrition Education July 25th, 2010 Danielle Dalheim, RD
1
Healthy Snacking Research Center •RDs on staff –Nutrition Science and Regulatory Affairs •Kari Hecker Ryan, PhD, RD •Danielle Dalheim, RD
–Mission Statement •To develop and disseminate scientific information to support R&D product development in Health and Wellness
2
Today’s presentation 1. What is a snack anyway? 2. Consequences of the lack of a universal definition 3. Gaps in the literature 4. How Frito‐Lay defines snacking 5. New Products from Frito‐Lay ?
What is a snack anyway?
4
What is Snacking How do you define snacking?
How do you define a snack?
5
What is a snack anyway? Snacking definitions that have been used in the literature
Source: Gregori & Maffeis JADA 2007;107:562
Nutrition Profiling Snacks are identified by their quality and composition
Time of Consumption Snacks are identified by their time of consumption (e.g., other than 8:00 – 10:00, 12:00 – 2:00 & 6:00 – 8:00)
Food Clusters Snacks are identified as foods eaten at times other than meals (i.e., foods consumed in clusters) 90 90 kcal per kcal per occasion occasion
375 kcal per occasion Five energy/interval categories
Self‐Designation by Consumers Foods are defined as meals or snacks by study participants
Eating Frequency The number of eating occasions per day is used as a surrogate definition of snacking
Source: Kirk Proc Nutr Soc 2000;59:349
None A recent assessment of the literature showed that only 12 of 26 observational studies designed to examine the possible association between snacking and various weight management parameters provided any type of a definition for this practice.
What is a snack anyway? Snacking mindfully vs. mindless snacking
Snacking mindfully • A mid‐morning snack to tide you over until lunch • A protein‐rich bar after exercise • A savory snack as an evening treat • Warm milk and cookies before bed
Mindless snacking • Cookies served at an afternoon meeting break • Eating in response to stress • Eating due to cultural or social cues • Mindless munching in front of the TV
What is a snack anyway? Snacking per se vs. “snack foods” as part of a meal meal Energy intake (kcal) per day of foods eaten as snacks or with meals among subjects in the 1994‐96 CSFII age 2 and above Food
Meals
Snacks
Burgers
35.9
2.1
Candy
6.5
22.8
Desserts
86.6
83.8
French fries
39.2
2.1
Milk (low & med fat)
94.7
24.3
Savory snacks
39.2
43.0
Soft drinks
71.8
30.2
Source: Nielsen et al. Obesity Res 2002;10:370
What is a snack anyway? Solid vs. liquid snacks Energy consumption at lunch which included a compulsory beverage among 44 women
Source: DellaValle Appetite 2005;44:187
Consequences of the lack of a universal definition
16
Trends in Snacking Casual inspection of the data suggests that consumption of snack foods may be increasing, but assessment of the practice of snacking per se is less straightforward.
Source: Jahns et al. J Ped 2001;138:493
Trends in Snacking Reference
Definition used
Jahns et al. J Ped 2001;138:493
Self-report
Zizza et al. Prevent Med 2001;32:303
Self-report
Nielsen et al. Obes Res 2002;10:370
Self-report
Nielsen & Popkin JAMA 2003;289:450
Self-report
Nicklas et al. Am J Epi 2001;153:969
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. J Am Col Nutr 20:599
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:753
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:1127
None (Select foods)
Snacking vs. meals?
Isolated beverages?
Trends in Snacking Reference
Definition used
Jahns et al. J Ped 2001;138:493
Self-report
Zizza et al. Prevent Med 2001;32:303
Self-reportd
Snacking vs. meals?
he nd s i u g Nielsen et al. Obes Res 2002;10:370 in king a tSelf-report s i d ac ing es lSelf-report n i s Nielsen & Popkin JAMA 2003;289:450 d u o st mindfu t snack N Nicklas et al. Am J Epi 2001;153:969 n None een rimina(Select w t foods) be ndisc i Nicklas et al. J Am Col Nutr 20:599 None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:753
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:1127
None (Select foods)
Isolated beverages?
Trends in Snacking Changes in the consumption of “snack foods” tend to be greater at meals compared to snacking occasions based on CSFII data Food
∆ Meals
(1991 vs. 1996)
∆ Snacks
(1991 vs. 1996)
∆ % kcal
% kcal
∆ % kcal
% kcal
4.8
0.1
-14.3
-0.1
33.3
0.1
20.3
1.1
Desserts
1.9
0.1
-6.6
-1.7
French fries
9.0
0.2
20.0
0.1
Milk (low & med fat)
-20.5
-1.5
-15.8
-1.3
Savory snacks
26.3
0.5
10.8
1.2
Soft drinks
37.5
1.2
-4.4
-0.4
Burgers Candy
Source: Nielsen et al. Obesity Res 2002;10:370
Trends in Snacking Other limitations regarding the data on “snacking” trends
• The most recent data were published in 2004 • Cross‐sectional data do not allow trends within individuals to be assessed • The food intake data are conflicting Girls (6-11 years) Energy intake/d
Boys (6-11 years)
1989-91
1994-98
P-value
1989-91
1994-98
P-value
1,832
1,825
NSD
1,891
2,050
NSD
Source: Enns et al. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 2002;14:65
Snacking and Weight Management
Snacking and Weight Management However numerous review papers that have assessed the data have concluded there is not evidence of a positive association between snacking and obesity/body weight
Snacking and Weight Management Other review papers that have concluded there is no proven association between snacking/meal frequency and parameters of obesity
Snacking and Weight Management Association of snacking patterns with BMI at least 30 kg/m2 among 37,530 adult participants in the 1999‐2002 NHANES Parameter
β (p-value) Corrected for eight potential confounders
Number of eating episodes
Corrected for eight potential confounders plus under-reporting
-0.007 (p
1
Healthy Snacking Research Center •RDs on staff –Nutrition Science and Regulatory Affairs •Kari Hecker Ryan, PhD, RD •Danielle Dalheim, RD
–Mission Statement •To develop and disseminate scientific information to support R&D product development in Health and Wellness
2
Today’s presentation 1. What is a snack anyway? 2. Consequences of the lack of a universal definition 3. Gaps in the literature 4. How Frito‐Lay defines snacking 5. New Products from Frito‐Lay ?
What is a snack anyway?
4
What is Snacking How do you define snacking?
How do you define a snack?
5
What is a snack anyway? Snacking definitions that have been used in the literature
Source: Gregori & Maffeis JADA 2007;107:562
Nutrition Profiling Snacks are identified by their quality and composition
Time of Consumption Snacks are identified by their time of consumption (e.g., other than 8:00 – 10:00, 12:00 – 2:00 & 6:00 – 8:00)
Food Clusters Snacks are identified as foods eaten at times other than meals (i.e., foods consumed in clusters) 90 90 kcal per kcal per occasion occasion
375 kcal per occasion Five energy/interval categories
Self‐Designation by Consumers Foods are defined as meals or snacks by study participants
Eating Frequency The number of eating occasions per day is used as a surrogate definition of snacking
Source: Kirk Proc Nutr Soc 2000;59:349
None A recent assessment of the literature showed that only 12 of 26 observational studies designed to examine the possible association between snacking and various weight management parameters provided any type of a definition for this practice.
What is a snack anyway? Snacking mindfully vs. mindless snacking
Snacking mindfully • A mid‐morning snack to tide you over until lunch • A protein‐rich bar after exercise • A savory snack as an evening treat • Warm milk and cookies before bed
Mindless snacking • Cookies served at an afternoon meeting break • Eating in response to stress • Eating due to cultural or social cues • Mindless munching in front of the TV
What is a snack anyway? Snacking per se vs. “snack foods” as part of a meal meal Energy intake (kcal) per day of foods eaten as snacks or with meals among subjects in the 1994‐96 CSFII age 2 and above Food
Meals
Snacks
Burgers
35.9
2.1
Candy
6.5
22.8
Desserts
86.6
83.8
French fries
39.2
2.1
Milk (low & med fat)
94.7
24.3
Savory snacks
39.2
43.0
Soft drinks
71.8
30.2
Source: Nielsen et al. Obesity Res 2002;10:370
What is a snack anyway? Solid vs. liquid snacks Energy consumption at lunch which included a compulsory beverage among 44 women
Source: DellaValle Appetite 2005;44:187
Consequences of the lack of a universal definition
16
Trends in Snacking Casual inspection of the data suggests that consumption of snack foods may be increasing, but assessment of the practice of snacking per se is less straightforward.
Source: Jahns et al. J Ped 2001;138:493
Trends in Snacking Reference
Definition used
Jahns et al. J Ped 2001;138:493
Self-report
Zizza et al. Prevent Med 2001;32:303
Self-report
Nielsen et al. Obes Res 2002;10:370
Self-report
Nielsen & Popkin JAMA 2003;289:450
Self-report
Nicklas et al. Am J Epi 2001;153:969
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. J Am Col Nutr 20:599
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:753
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:1127
None (Select foods)
Snacking vs. meals?
Isolated beverages?
Trends in Snacking Reference
Definition used
Jahns et al. J Ped 2001;138:493
Self-report
Zizza et al. Prevent Med 2001;32:303
Self-reportd
Snacking vs. meals?
he nd s i u g Nielsen et al. Obes Res 2002;10:370 in king a tSelf-report s i d ac ing es lSelf-report n i s Nielsen & Popkin JAMA 2003;289:450 d u o st mindfu t snack N Nicklas et al. Am J Epi 2001;153:969 n None een rimina(Select w t foods) be ndisc i Nicklas et al. J Am Col Nutr 20:599 None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:753
None (Select foods)
Nicklas et al. JADA 2004;104:1127
None (Select foods)
Isolated beverages?
Trends in Snacking Changes in the consumption of “snack foods” tend to be greater at meals compared to snacking occasions based on CSFII data Food
∆ Meals
(1991 vs. 1996)
∆ Snacks
(1991 vs. 1996)
∆ % kcal
% kcal
∆ % kcal
% kcal
4.8
0.1
-14.3
-0.1
33.3
0.1
20.3
1.1
Desserts
1.9
0.1
-6.6
-1.7
French fries
9.0
0.2
20.0
0.1
Milk (low & med fat)
-20.5
-1.5
-15.8
-1.3
Savory snacks
26.3
0.5
10.8
1.2
Soft drinks
37.5
1.2
-4.4
-0.4
Burgers Candy
Source: Nielsen et al. Obesity Res 2002;10:370
Trends in Snacking Other limitations regarding the data on “snacking” trends
• The most recent data were published in 2004 • Cross‐sectional data do not allow trends within individuals to be assessed • The food intake data are conflicting Girls (6-11 years) Energy intake/d
Boys (6-11 years)
1989-91
1994-98
P-value
1989-91
1994-98
P-value
1,832
1,825
NSD
1,891
2,050
NSD
Source: Enns et al. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 2002;14:65
Snacking and Weight Management
Snacking and Weight Management However numerous review papers that have assessed the data have concluded there is not evidence of a positive association between snacking and obesity/body weight
Snacking and Weight Management Other review papers that have concluded there is no proven association between snacking/meal frequency and parameters of obesity
Snacking and Weight Management Association of snacking patterns with BMI at least 30 kg/m2 among 37,530 adult participants in the 1999‐2002 NHANES Parameter
β (p-value) Corrected for eight potential confounders
Number of eating episodes
Corrected for eight potential confounders plus under-reporting
-0.007 (p
