Diatom distribution in surface waters of the southern oceans: 1985 ...
References Falkowski, P.G. 1980. Light-shade adaptation in marine phytoplankton. In P.C. Falkowski (Ed.) Primary productivity in the sea. New York: Plenum Press. Harris, G.P. 1978. Photosynthesis, productivity and growth. The physiological ecology of phytoplankton. Archiv der Hydrobiologie Beiheff Ergebnisse Limnologie, 10, 1-171. Morris, I. 1981. Photosynthesis products, physiological state, and phytoplankton growth. Canadian Bulletin of Fishing and Aquatic Science,
210, 83-102. Palmisano, AC., J.B. SooHoo, and C.W. Sullivan. 1985a. Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in sea ice microalgae from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Journal of Phycology, 21, 341-346. Palmisano, AC., J.B. SooHoo, D.C. White, G.A. Smith, G.R. Stanton, and L.H. Burckle. 1985b. Shade adapted benthic diatoms beneath Antarctic sea ice. Journal of Phycology, 664-667. Platt, T., D.C. Subba Rao, J.C. Smith, W.K. Li, B. Irwin, E.P.W. Home and D. D. Sameoto. 1983. Photosyn thetically-coinpetent phytoplankton
Diatom distribution in surface waters of the southern oceans: 1985-1986 austral summer cruise of U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star
L.H. BURCKI.E
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Palisades, New York 10964
N.B. HUMPHREYS Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Western Connecticut State University Danbury, Connecticut 06810
During the austral summer 1985-1986 on board the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star, we sampled diatoms in the upper layer (10 meters) of the water column along a track, which ran from Punta Arenas, Chile to Palmer Station, Antarctica to McMurdo Station, Antarctica and finally to Sydney, Australia. More than 60 samples were collected along this track together with expendable bathythermographs (xBT) of the upper 300 meters of the water column. Our purpose was to do species enumeration and analyze the data statistically. These results will then be tied to the XBT data, and the surface water diatom assemblages will be related to diatom distributions in the underlying surface sediments. Essentially, we sampled across three major hydrographic boundaries (the subantarctic front, the Polar Front, and the antarctic slope front). An assemblage dominated by Nitzschia kerquelensis occurs between the subantarctic front and the Polar
1986 REVIEW
from the aphotic zone of the deep ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Service,
10, 105-110. Prezelin, B.B. 1981. Light reactions of photosynthesis. Canadian Bulletin Fishing and Aquatic Science, 210, 1-45. Rivkin, R.B., and H.H. Seliger. 1981. Liquid scintillation counting for '4C uptake of single algal cells isolated from natural samples. Lininology and Oceanography, 26, 780-785. Rivkin, R.B., H.H. Seliger, W.H. Biggley, and E. Swift. 1982. Lightshade adaptation by oceanic dinoflagellates. Pyrocystis noctiluca and Pyrocystis fusiformis. Marine Biology, 68, 181-191. Rivkin, R.B., and M.A. Voytek. In press. Photoadaptations of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism by phytoplankton from McMurdo Sound; Antarctica. 1. Species specific and community responses to reduce irradiances. Limnology and Oceanography.
Sullivan, C.W., A.C. Palmisano, S. Kottmeier, S.M. Gross, R. Moe, and G.T. Taylor. 1983. The influence of light on the development and growth of sea-ice microbial communities in McMurdo Sound. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 18(5), 177-179.
Front while various species of the genus Chaetoceros dominate just south of the Polar Front. Unfortunately, Chaetoceros spp. is not preserved in the sediment record so these species cannot be used to identify past locations of the Polar Front. N. kerquelensis also dominates as far south as the antarctic slope front, which also tends to be the northern limit of late spring/early summer sea ice (at least in the Ross Sea). As also reported by Ackley, Taguchi, and Buck (1978), Nitzsc/iia cylindrus is an important part of the diatom flora in the sea ice but gives way to N. curta in the open Ross Sea to the south. In general, we can say that N. kerquelensis is an important member of the surface-water community between the subantarctic front and the antarctic slope front (essentially between about 8°C and 0°C). To the south of the antarctic slope front, N. cylindrus and N. curta become important. These relationships also hold true for diatom distributions in the underlying surface sediments except that N. cylindrus is much less common. If, with additional sampling, we continue to find a good correlation between diatom distribution in the water column and in surface sediments, we will then have a basis for describing the distribution of surface-water masses around Antarctica during specific target dates of the Late Quaternary (i.e., the last glacial maximum 18,000 years ago and the last interglacial 125,000 years ago). Additionally, since some species distributions (e.g., N. curta) are tied to sea ice, we may be able to develop reasonably good proxy indicators of past seaice limits. We thank the officers and crew of the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star for their assistance in securing diatom and XBT data. This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant DPP 84-00575. Reference Ackley, SE, S. Taguchi, and K. Buck. 1978. Primary productivity in sea ice of the Weddell region. U.S. Research and Engineering Laboratory Report 78. (U.S. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H.)
179
210, 83-102. Palmisano, AC., J.B. SooHoo, and C.W. Sullivan. 1985a. Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in sea ice microalgae from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Journal of Phycology, 21, 341-346. Palmisano, AC., J.B. SooHoo, D.C. White, G.A. Smith, G.R. Stanton, and L.H. Burckle. 1985b. Shade adapted benthic diatoms beneath Antarctic sea ice. Journal of Phycology, 664-667. Platt, T., D.C. Subba Rao, J.C. Smith, W.K. Li, B. Irwin, E.P.W. Home and D. D. Sameoto. 1983. Photosyn thetically-coinpetent phytoplankton
Diatom distribution in surface waters of the southern oceans: 1985-1986 austral summer cruise of U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star
L.H. BURCKI.E
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Palisades, New York 10964
N.B. HUMPHREYS Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Western Connecticut State University Danbury, Connecticut 06810
During the austral summer 1985-1986 on board the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star, we sampled diatoms in the upper layer (10 meters) of the water column along a track, which ran from Punta Arenas, Chile to Palmer Station, Antarctica to McMurdo Station, Antarctica and finally to Sydney, Australia. More than 60 samples were collected along this track together with expendable bathythermographs (xBT) of the upper 300 meters of the water column. Our purpose was to do species enumeration and analyze the data statistically. These results will then be tied to the XBT data, and the surface water diatom assemblages will be related to diatom distributions in the underlying surface sediments. Essentially, we sampled across three major hydrographic boundaries (the subantarctic front, the Polar Front, and the antarctic slope front). An assemblage dominated by Nitzschia kerquelensis occurs between the subantarctic front and the Polar
1986 REVIEW
from the aphotic zone of the deep ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Service,
10, 105-110. Prezelin, B.B. 1981. Light reactions of photosynthesis. Canadian Bulletin Fishing and Aquatic Science, 210, 1-45. Rivkin, R.B., and H.H. Seliger. 1981. Liquid scintillation counting for '4C uptake of single algal cells isolated from natural samples. Lininology and Oceanography, 26, 780-785. Rivkin, R.B., H.H. Seliger, W.H. Biggley, and E. Swift. 1982. Lightshade adaptation by oceanic dinoflagellates. Pyrocystis noctiluca and Pyrocystis fusiformis. Marine Biology, 68, 181-191. Rivkin, R.B., and M.A. Voytek. In press. Photoadaptations of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism by phytoplankton from McMurdo Sound; Antarctica. 1. Species specific and community responses to reduce irradiances. Limnology and Oceanography.
Sullivan, C.W., A.C. Palmisano, S. Kottmeier, S.M. Gross, R. Moe, and G.T. Taylor. 1983. The influence of light on the development and growth of sea-ice microbial communities in McMurdo Sound. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 18(5), 177-179.
Front while various species of the genus Chaetoceros dominate just south of the Polar Front. Unfortunately, Chaetoceros spp. is not preserved in the sediment record so these species cannot be used to identify past locations of the Polar Front. N. kerquelensis also dominates as far south as the antarctic slope front, which also tends to be the northern limit of late spring/early summer sea ice (at least in the Ross Sea). As also reported by Ackley, Taguchi, and Buck (1978), Nitzsc/iia cylindrus is an important part of the diatom flora in the sea ice but gives way to N. curta in the open Ross Sea to the south. In general, we can say that N. kerquelensis is an important member of the surface-water community between the subantarctic front and the antarctic slope front (essentially between about 8°C and 0°C). To the south of the antarctic slope front, N. cylindrus and N. curta become important. These relationships also hold true for diatom distributions in the underlying surface sediments except that N. cylindrus is much less common. If, with additional sampling, we continue to find a good correlation between diatom distribution in the water column and in surface sediments, we will then have a basis for describing the distribution of surface-water masses around Antarctica during specific target dates of the Late Quaternary (i.e., the last glacial maximum 18,000 years ago and the last interglacial 125,000 years ago). Additionally, since some species distributions (e.g., N. curta) are tied to sea ice, we may be able to develop reasonably good proxy indicators of past seaice limits. We thank the officers and crew of the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Polar Star for their assistance in securing diatom and XBT data. This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant DPP 84-00575. Reference Ackley, SE, S. Taguchi, and K. Buck. 1978. Primary productivity in sea ice of the Weddell region. U.S. Research and Engineering Laboratory Report 78. (U.S. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, N.H.)
179
