Discussion #1 09/10/2014
Discussion #1
09/10/2014
1. Latitude and Longitude: imaginary lines located on the earth used to provide a spatial reference, measured in degrees, minutes, seconds, a. Latitude: the northsouth position of a location on the Earth’s surface, measured 90° (south pole) to 90° (north pole) i. Equidistance apart, regardless of their distance to the equator ii. Diameter of parallels are longest at the equator and smallest at the poles iii. Although arbitrary, differing latitudes can have a major influence on the physical features and processes of a location 1. Low latitudes have warmer climates, while high latitudes have colder climates iv. Important latitudes 1. 0°: equator 2. 90°: North pole 3. 60° and 60°: Polar front 4. 30° and 30°: Horse Latitudes 5. 90°: South Pole 6. 66.50°: Arctic Circle, winter solstice 24 hours of daylight 7. 66.50°: Antarctic Circle, winter solstice 24 hours of darkness 8. 23.5°: Tropic of Cancer, in summer sun is directly 90° above 9. 23.5°: Tropic of Capricorn, in summer sun is directly above at 23.5° b. Longitude: run north to south; the eastwest position of a location on the Earth’s surface, measured from 180° to 180° OR 0° to 360° i. 0° is the prime meridian (a.k.a. Greenwich Meridian) ii. equal distance in length iii. spacing between longitudinal lines iv. completely arbitrary, had no bearing on the physical features and processes that occur
v. most valuable for as a reference for time (how we keep track of days) 2. Topographic Map a. Map Name? i. Syracuse East b. If you wanted to look at the topography to the SE of this map, which quadrangle would you need? i. Oran (the quadrangle adjoining each side and corner of the map are shown in parenthesis) c. Scale? i. 1:24,000 d. Contour interval (note that it’s different for the North and South halves of the map)? i. Points of elevation that has the exact same elevation throughout e. There’s a narrow hill next to the intersection next to Tacumseh Rd. and Peck Hil Rd. What is the elevation at the top? i. Approx. 785 (between 780 and 790) f. What is the local relief of the hill? i. 115: 785670 (the difference between the top and bottom elevations) g. What is the slope aspect of the hillside on which Nottingham High school is located? i. North h. Calculate the average slope from White Lake to Snooks Pond i. .0023 (Δ in elevation/distance between two lakes) ii. The slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance
Lecture #3
09/10/2014
EarthSun Relationships 1. Earth’s Motions a. Earth rotates around axis 24 hours i. Axis tilted 23.5° away from vertical b. Earth revolves around the Sun 365.25 days i. Not a circular orbit but not the cause of our seasons ii. Earth remains in the Plane of the Ecliptic 1. The path of the earth orbits in a flat plane iii. Earth’s axis remains parallel to itself 2. EarthSun Relationships throughout the year a. Overhead position of the sun i. Beam spreading: the higher the sun is in the sky the more energy you will have because there is less beam spreading ii. Atmospheric thickness when sun is directly above it has less atmosphere to go through b. Day length the longer the day is the more energy we get c. The Summer Solstice one day a year with maximum tilt toward the sun, June 20/21 i. Tropic of Cancer one day a year the sun is directly overhead due to the tilt of the axis at 23.5° ii. The Arctic Circle 66.5°N experiences 24 hours of daylight iii. Antarctic Circle 66.5°S experiences 24 hours of night iv. At the equator 12 hours of day 12 hours of night d. Equinox sun is overhead at the equator, 12 hours of day 12 hours of night i. Fall/Autumnal Equinox September 22/23
Lecture #3
09/10/2014
ii. Spring/Vernal Equinox March 20/21 e. The Winter Solstice December 21/22 i. Tropic of Capricorn sun is directly overhead ii. The Arctic Circle experiences 24 hours of night iii. The Antarctic Circle experiences 24 hours of day f. Summer high sun, long days g. Winter low sun, short days h. Seasonal Changes increase with latitude the higher your latitude the bigger changes you can expect between winter and summer i. Latitudinal differences are greatest in the winter Radiationthe transfer of energy without benefit of a medium 1. Types of Radiation a. 1 millimeter .7 micrometer: infrared radiation b. .7 micrometers .4 micrometers: visible light c. .4 micrometers.01 micrometers: UV d. 4micrometers “Longwave” Radiation, 50%
Solar/Terrestrial Radiation & Energy Transfers
09/10/2014
c. Snow≈ 90% d. Ground≈ 1030% e. Water≈5 40% tends toward lower end d. Direct Radiation makes it to the surface e. Given 100 Units: i. 19 absorbed in atmosphere ii. 26 reflected to space iii. 55 reach surface (diffuse and direct) 1. 4 reflected 2. 51 absorbed surface absorbs radiation from the sun, heats surface, emits terrestrial longwave radiation 3. What happens to Terrestrial Radiation? a. Surface Emission b. Atmosphere’s Absorption (Greenhouse!) and CounterRadiation i. Effective at absorbing long wave radiation: ii. Greenhouse Gases: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide 1. “Greenhouse Effect” without it, it would be so cold we wouldn’t be able to live 2. The problem is not the greenhouse effect, its when you make it more effective with more greenhouse gases a. If you put more greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere then more radiation will be absorbed and it will get warmer iii. Surface emits 113 units, 107 absorbed (by greenhouse gases) 6 escape to space iv. Atmosphere emits long wave radiation 156 units, 92 to surface “counter radiation”, 64 to space Other Energy Transfers 1. Earth and Atmosphere a. 19 absorbed by the atmosphere b. 51 absorbed by the surface Emit to Space: 6 surface, 64 atmosphere
09/10/2014 Earth’s Seasons 1. Why do we have seasons? a. The earth is titled on his axis b. Obliquity : the tilt of the Earth on its axis i. 23.5° ii. Varies between 22.1°24.5° on approximately a 41,000 year cycle iii. Right Hand rule earth spins in the direction your fingers curl iv. Comparatively, Mar’s tilt is approx. 0°, Uranus’ 97°, Venus’ 177° c. Aphelion: Earth is farthest from the sun in its orbit (July 4 th) d. Perihelion: Earth is closest to the sun in its orbit (January 3 rd) i. Slight variation between the summers in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere’s summers Sun’s Rays Flash light and globe example
Global Energy Budget & Atmospheric Forces and Motion 1. Global Energy Budget
09/10/2014
Global Energy Budget & Atmospheric Forces and Motion
09/10/2014
a. Checking the Radiation Numbers i. Atmosphere 1. Absorbs a. Solar: 19 b. Terrestrial: 107 c. Total: 126 2. Emits a. Solar: 156 3. 126156= 30 (radiation deficit) ii. Surface 1. Absorbs a. Solar: 51 b. Counter Radiation: 92 c. Total: 143 2. Emits a. Solar: 113 3. 143113=+30 (radiation surplus) b. Other Energy Transfers: use 30 units of energy from the surface up into the atmosphere (move 30 units of energy into the atmosphere no more radiation deficit= energy balance, move 30 out of the surface no more radiation surplus= energy balance) i. Conduction: molecule to molecule heat transfer ii. Convection: transfer by a flow of liquid or gas
Global Energy Budget & Atmospheric Forces and Motion
09/10/2014
iii. Latent Heat transfer: 2. Atmospheric Forces and Motion a. Atmospheric Pressure i. Horizontal Variation b. Pressure Gradients i. On a map use isobars (equal weight): lines of equal pressure ii. Isobars create a pressure gradient c. Pressure gradient force i. A physical force that pushes from high pressure toward low pressure ii. What makes winds blow, apply force to the air which causes it to blow iii. Force will be greater where isobars are closer, always perpendicular to the isobars d. Coriolis Force Effect i. WWI First time in history where the humans were throwing something fast enough and far enough for the earth to move underneath the object, Germany missed Paris ii. The apparent deflection due to Earth’s Spin 1. Direction of Deflection: In Northern Hemisphere it is always to the right, Southern Hemisphere it is always to the left 2. Deflection increases with Latitude because the deflection is due to spin and at the equator there is no spin, at the pole its not moving very far but its spinning much more, hurricane can’t happen at exactly equator because it cannot get enough spin must be about 5° away 3. Deflection increases with wind speed
09/10/2014
1. Latitude and Longitude: imaginary lines located on the earth used to provide a spatial reference, measured in degrees, minutes, seconds, a. Latitude: the northsouth position of a location on the Earth’s surface, measured 90° (south pole) to 90° (north pole) i. Equidistance apart, regardless of their distance to the equator ii. Diameter of parallels are longest at the equator and smallest at the poles iii. Although arbitrary, differing latitudes can have a major influence on the physical features and processes of a location 1. Low latitudes have warmer climates, while high latitudes have colder climates iv. Important latitudes 1. 0°: equator 2. 90°: North pole 3. 60° and 60°: Polar front 4. 30° and 30°: Horse Latitudes 5. 90°: South Pole 6. 66.50°: Arctic Circle, winter solstice 24 hours of daylight 7. 66.50°: Antarctic Circle, winter solstice 24 hours of darkness 8. 23.5°: Tropic of Cancer, in summer sun is directly 90° above 9. 23.5°: Tropic of Capricorn, in summer sun is directly above at 23.5° b. Longitude: run north to south; the eastwest position of a location on the Earth’s surface, measured from 180° to 180° OR 0° to 360° i. 0° is the prime meridian (a.k.a. Greenwich Meridian) ii. equal distance in length iii. spacing between longitudinal lines iv. completely arbitrary, had no bearing on the physical features and processes that occur
v. most valuable for as a reference for time (how we keep track of days) 2. Topographic Map a. Map Name? i. Syracuse East b. If you wanted to look at the topography to the SE of this map, which quadrangle would you need? i. Oran (the quadrangle adjoining each side and corner of the map are shown in parenthesis) c. Scale? i. 1:24,000 d. Contour interval (note that it’s different for the North and South halves of the map)? i. Points of elevation that has the exact same elevation throughout e. There’s a narrow hill next to the intersection next to Tacumseh Rd. and Peck Hil Rd. What is the elevation at the top? i. Approx. 785 (between 780 and 790) f. What is the local relief of the hill? i. 115: 785670 (the difference between the top and bottom elevations) g. What is the slope aspect of the hillside on which Nottingham High school is located? i. North h. Calculate the average slope from White Lake to Snooks Pond i. .0023 (Δ in elevation/distance between two lakes) ii. The slope is the vertical distance divided by the horizontal distance
Lecture #3
09/10/2014
EarthSun Relationships 1. Earth’s Motions a. Earth rotates around axis 24 hours i. Axis tilted 23.5° away from vertical b. Earth revolves around the Sun 365.25 days i. Not a circular orbit but not the cause of our seasons ii. Earth remains in the Plane of the Ecliptic 1. The path of the earth orbits in a flat plane iii. Earth’s axis remains parallel to itself 2. EarthSun Relationships throughout the year a. Overhead position of the sun i. Beam spreading: the higher the sun is in the sky the more energy you will have because there is less beam spreading ii. Atmospheric thickness when sun is directly above it has less atmosphere to go through b. Day length the longer the day is the more energy we get c. The Summer Solstice one day a year with maximum tilt toward the sun, June 20/21 i. Tropic of Cancer one day a year the sun is directly overhead due to the tilt of the axis at 23.5° ii. The Arctic Circle 66.5°N experiences 24 hours of daylight iii. Antarctic Circle 66.5°S experiences 24 hours of night iv. At the equator 12 hours of day 12 hours of night d. Equinox sun is overhead at the equator, 12 hours of day 12 hours of night i. Fall/Autumnal Equinox September 22/23
Lecture #3
09/10/2014
ii. Spring/Vernal Equinox March 20/21 e. The Winter Solstice December 21/22 i. Tropic of Capricorn sun is directly overhead ii. The Arctic Circle experiences 24 hours of night iii. The Antarctic Circle experiences 24 hours of day f. Summer high sun, long days g. Winter low sun, short days h. Seasonal Changes increase with latitude the higher your latitude the bigger changes you can expect between winter and summer i. Latitudinal differences are greatest in the winter Radiationthe transfer of energy without benefit of a medium 1. Types of Radiation a. 1 millimeter .7 micrometer: infrared radiation b. .7 micrometers .4 micrometers: visible light c. .4 micrometers.01 micrometers: UV d. 4micrometers “Longwave” Radiation, 50%
Solar/Terrestrial Radiation & Energy Transfers
09/10/2014
c. Snow≈ 90% d. Ground≈ 1030% e. Water≈5 40% tends toward lower end d. Direct Radiation makes it to the surface e. Given 100 Units: i. 19 absorbed in atmosphere ii. 26 reflected to space iii. 55 reach surface (diffuse and direct) 1. 4 reflected 2. 51 absorbed surface absorbs radiation from the sun, heats surface, emits terrestrial longwave radiation 3. What happens to Terrestrial Radiation? a. Surface Emission b. Atmosphere’s Absorption (Greenhouse!) and CounterRadiation i. Effective at absorbing long wave radiation: ii. Greenhouse Gases: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide 1. “Greenhouse Effect” without it, it would be so cold we wouldn’t be able to live 2. The problem is not the greenhouse effect, its when you make it more effective with more greenhouse gases a. If you put more greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere then more radiation will be absorbed and it will get warmer iii. Surface emits 113 units, 107 absorbed (by greenhouse gases) 6 escape to space iv. Atmosphere emits long wave radiation 156 units, 92 to surface “counter radiation”, 64 to space Other Energy Transfers 1. Earth and Atmosphere a. 19 absorbed by the atmosphere b. 51 absorbed by the surface Emit to Space: 6 surface, 64 atmosphere
09/10/2014 Earth’s Seasons 1. Why do we have seasons? a. The earth is titled on his axis b. Obliquity : the tilt of the Earth on its axis i. 23.5° ii. Varies between 22.1°24.5° on approximately a 41,000 year cycle iii. Right Hand rule earth spins in the direction your fingers curl iv. Comparatively, Mar’s tilt is approx. 0°, Uranus’ 97°, Venus’ 177° c. Aphelion: Earth is farthest from the sun in its orbit (July 4 th) d. Perihelion: Earth is closest to the sun in its orbit (January 3 rd) i. Slight variation between the summers in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere’s summers Sun’s Rays Flash light and globe example
Global Energy Budget & Atmospheric Forces and Motion 1. Global Energy Budget
09/10/2014
Global Energy Budget & Atmospheric Forces and Motion
09/10/2014
a. Checking the Radiation Numbers i. Atmosphere 1. Absorbs a. Solar: 19 b. Terrestrial: 107 c. Total: 126 2. Emits a. Solar: 156 3. 126156= 30 (radiation deficit) ii. Surface 1. Absorbs a. Solar: 51 b. Counter Radiation: 92 c. Total: 143 2. Emits a. Solar: 113 3. 143113=+30 (radiation surplus) b. Other Energy Transfers: use 30 units of energy from the surface up into the atmosphere (move 30 units of energy into the atmosphere no more radiation deficit= energy balance, move 30 out of the surface no more radiation surplus= energy balance) i. Conduction: molecule to molecule heat transfer ii. Convection: transfer by a flow of liquid or gas
Global Energy Budget & Atmospheric Forces and Motion
09/10/2014
iii. Latent Heat transfer: 2. Atmospheric Forces and Motion a. Atmospheric Pressure i. Horizontal Variation b. Pressure Gradients i. On a map use isobars (equal weight): lines of equal pressure ii. Isobars create a pressure gradient c. Pressure gradient force i. A physical force that pushes from high pressure toward low pressure ii. What makes winds blow, apply force to the air which causes it to blow iii. Force will be greater where isobars are closer, always perpendicular to the isobars d. Coriolis Force Effect i. WWI First time in history where the humans were throwing something fast enough and far enough for the earth to move underneath the object, Germany missed Paris ii. The apparent deflection due to Earth’s Spin 1. Direction of Deflection: In Northern Hemisphere it is always to the right, Southern Hemisphere it is always to the left 2. Deflection increases with Latitude because the deflection is due to spin and at the equator there is no spin, at the pole its not moving very far but its spinning much more, hurricane can’t happen at exactly equator because it cannot get enough spin must be about 5° away 3. Deflection increases with wind speed
