Domestic energy fact file (2007) - BRE
Domestic energy fact file (2007): England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland J I Utley and L D Shorrock
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
This Report has been prepared by BRE Housing with the support of the ‘Climate, Energy and Ozone: Science and Analysis’ section of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)[now Department of Energy and Climate Change] through a contract managed by the Energy Saving Trust. For any further information please contact [email protected] Authors: Janet Utley & Les Shorrock. BRE. © Crown Copyright. 2008.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Summary •
This publication updates the previous country based fact file providing information on trends in energy use and energy efficiency for homes in the four countries of the United Kingdom. An overview of all four countries is followed by a section on the trends in each individual country. Where available, data is provided on an annual basis from 1970 to 2005.
•
The households of the United Kingdom divide approximately as 84% in England, 9% in Scotland, 5% in Wales and 2% in Northern Ireland.
•
The composition of the stock varies by type, age and tenure across the four countries.
•
Northern Ireland has the highest percentage of bungalows and the lowest percentage of flats. Wales has the highest percentage of terraced houses and Scotland has the highest percentage of flats.
•
Northern Ireland has the newest stock with 61% of the stock built since 1959, whereas, Wales has the oldest with 61% built before 1960.
•
In each country the majority of households are owner occupiers. Scotland and Wales have the highest percentage of homes owned by registered social landlords (13-14%), while Northern Ireland has only 3%.
•
Insulation ownership has increased in all countries, but at a faster rate in Northern Ireland.
•
The percentage of households with any loft insulation appears to be reaching saturation point at about 90% in all countries, although, the depth of loft insulation is increasing. In Northern Ireland 74% of lofts had 100mm or more of loft insulation in 2004. In England it was 57% and in Scotland and Wales it was even lower at 47% and 38%.
•
The percentage of cavity walls insulated is increasing in all countries. However, less than 50% of cavity walls are insulated in all countries except Northern Ireland where 78% were insulated in 2004.
•
Around 83% of homes in each country have some double glazing. Northern Ireland has a higher percentage of homes which are fully double glazed, 62%, compared with 32-44% in the other countries.
•
90-95% of hot water tanks are insulated either with loose jackets or factory sprayed foam in all of the countries.
•
Central heating has become more common and at least 90% of homes in each country are now centrally heated.
•
Northern Ireland has the highest percentage of households using oil for heating and the lowest percentage using gas. Scotland has the highest percentage using electricity. Gas is the main fuel in England, Scotland and Wales.
•
Energy consumption per household has remained at about 80GJ although there are slight variations between countries related more strongly to stock mix rather than temperature. Northern Ireland consumption per household has decreased so that it is now similar to the other countries.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Contents
General introduction Overview Introduction Basic housing stock characteristics Insulation measures 1.1 Loft insulation 1.2 Cavity wall insulation 1.3 Double glazing 1.4 Hot water tank insulation 1.5 Insulation summary Central heating Energy consumption Fuel type Expenditure Conclusion
ENGLAND Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – England Population and household numbers – England Age of the housing stock - England Housing stock distribution by tenure – England House types – England Loft insulation – England Cavity wall insulation – England Double glazing ownership – England Draught proofing – England Hot water tank insulation – England Insulation measures ownership – England Energy consumption and external temperatures - England Heat loss of the average dwelling – England Central heating ownership - England Heating appliances – central heating – England Heating appliances – non central heating – England Heating appliances and efficiencies – England Energy consumption by end use – England Domestic energy consumption by fuel – England T ables – England
SCOTLAND Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Scotland Population and household numbers – Scotland Age of the housing stock – Scotland Housing stock distribution by tenure – Scotland House types – Scotland Loft insulation – Scotland Cavity wall insulation – Scotland Double glazing ownership – Scotland Draught proofing – Scotland
6 7 8 8 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 24 25 26 27 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
64 65 67 68 69 70 72 74 75 76
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Hot water tank insulation – Scotland Insulation measures ownership – Scotland Energy consumption and external temperatures – Scotland Heat loss of the average dwelling – Scotland Central heating ownership – Scotland Heating appliances – central heating – Scotland Heating appliances – non central heating – Scotland Heating appliances and efficiencies – Scotland Energy consumption by end use - Scotland Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Scotland T ables – Scotland
WALES Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Wales Population and household numbers – Wales Age of the housing stock – Wales Housing stock distribution by tenure – Wales House types – Wales Loft insulation – Wales Cavity wall insulation – Wales Double glazing ownership – Wales Draught proofing – Wales Hot water tank insulation – Wales Insulation measures ownership – Wales Energy consumption and external temperatures – Wales Heat loss of average dwelling – Wales Central heating ownership – Wales Heating appliances – central heating – Wales Heating appliances – non central heating – Wales Heating appliances and efficiencies – Wales Energy consumption by end use – Wales Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Wales T ables – Wales
NORTHERN IRELAND Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Northern Ireland Population and household numbers – Northern Ireland Age of the housing stock – Northern Ireland Housing stock distribution by tenure – Northern Ireland House types – Northern Ireland Loft insulation – Northern Ireland Cavity wall insulation – Northern Ireland Double glazing ownership – Northern Ireland Draught proofing - Northern Ireland Hot water tank insulation – Northern Ireland Energy consumption and external temperatures – Northern Ireland Central heating ownership – Northern Ireland Heating appliances – central heating – Northern Ireland Heating appliances – non central heating – Northern Ireland Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Northern Ireland T ables – Northern Ireland
References
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
107 108 110 111 112 113 115 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
150 151 153 154 155 156 158 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169
179
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
This report provides information on trends relating to energy use and energy efficiency in homes in the UK from the mid 1970s to 2005. It is broken down by the different countries of the UK. Information on Northern Ireland is more limited and figures for each individual year are not available. The tables, graphs and charts are equivalent to those in the Domestic energy fact file 2003 (1) which covers Great Britain (GB) i.e. England, Scotland and Wales. This report updates the previous country based fact file (2). As far as possible information is consistent with that in the main Domestic energy fact file (2003). However in some cases the numbers for the individual countries in GB do not add up to totals for GB. This may be due to rounding of figures. Any tables for which scaling of numbers is involved can also lead to small differences. Scaling at individual country level and adding up the numbers does not necessarily give the same result as scaling at the entire stock level. Household numbers have been revised in line with the latest government numbers some of which were revised following the 2001 census. This means there may be changes to some of the figures previously published. Also revisions to the delivered energy figures in the later years of the previous fact file will give small changes in energy consumption. A comparison of all countries is followed by sections on each individual country. T ables are presented for 1970 – 2005 where possible. In some cases the data is not available as far back as 1970 and in the case of Northern Ireland it is only available at roughly five year intervals rather than on an annual basis. This report deals with the differences between countries. Additional information is available on the GB stock in the main Domestic energy fact file 2003 (1). Where tables that are in the main fact file have not been included it is because information is not available at the country level, is common to all countries, or it does not make sense to attempt to present the information at the individual country level. For example there is insufficient information available on carbon emission factors for individual countries to give carbon emission figures for the individual countries. The tables for England, Scotland and Wales for insulation measures and heating systems are based on GfK Home Audit data. Data for Scotland and Wales comes from smaller sample sizes and should be treated with caution in individual years although trends should not be affected by small statistical variations. Data for Northern Ireland is taken from the Northern Ireland House Condition Surveys and is therefore less extensive than the data for the other countries. Due to the smaller number of households, again for some categories, it is the trends that should be considered rather than the absolute numbers. Certain topics have been omitted in Northern Ireland due to the lack of data. Other data is taken from the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics and the Expenditure and Food Survey.
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OVERVIEW
This overview compares information from all the countries of the United Kingdom – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The tables on which it is based are in the sections devoted to the individual countries. For each country the tables appear at the end of the section. The source of the data is listed below the table and full references to the publications are given at the end of the report. In some cases the relevant publications appear on an annual basis and relate only to a single year. In these cases the publications for each individual year have been consulted in preparing this fact file. In publications where data for previous years is revised, such as the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics, the values used will be those available at the time this work was started. In general, this means that the publication used was that in which 2005 data was being presented for the first time. Web sites quoted were accessed at the beginning of 2007 so any more recent updates have not been included.
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Introduction England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland represent approximately 84%, 9%, 5% and 2% of the households in the United Kingdom respectively. In this overview the stock, insulation measures and fuel consumption have been looked at separately for each country. Where figures are available for each year from the mid-1970s they have been used while others start from the mid -1980s. Figures for Northern Ireland are not available for every year and they are sourced differently from those for Great Britain. Nonetheless, there is sufficient information for Northern Ireland to allow meaningful comparisons with the other countries to be drawn. As the following will illustrate, these comparisons tend to show that, although there are some important differences, England, Scotland and Wales are reasonably similar to one another in terms of energy use and energy efficiency characteristics, but Northern Ireland often stands out as being different.
Basic housing stock characteristics The housing stock in the individual United Kingdom countries is different in composition by both type and age of stock. The comparisons are based on 2005 for England, Scotland and Wales and 2004 for Northern Ireland. These are the most recent years available for each country. Changes in percentage of total stock are slow so the differences for Northern Ireland between 2004 and 2005 will be negligible. Housing stock distribution by type of dwelling in 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales Semi Detached T erraced Flat Detached Bungalow Other
Scotland
England
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure A Figure A shows the composition of the stock by type of house in the most recent year for which data is available for each of the countries. It is easy to see that Scotland has a higher percentage of flats, Wales a higher percentage of terraced houses and Northern Ireland a higher percentage of bungalows than any of the other countries. However there are some differences due to the way in which people in the different countries perceive their dwellings so some of the bungalows in Northern Ireland may have been recorded as detached if they had been in England. In general data collected for England, Scotland and Wales relies on the householder’s response whereas Northern Ireland data comes from a surveyor assessed survey.
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In Scotland flats make up 41% of the stock. England has the next highest percentage but this is only 17%. Wales has 37% of its stock as terraced housing whereas Northern Ireland, which is the next highest, has 30%. Northern Ireland has 20% of its stock as bungalows whereas Wales, which is the next highest has 11% and Scotland, which is the lowest, has only 1%. Northern Ireland also has the highest percentage of detached houses. For a given level of insulation the dwelling type with the lowest heat loss is the flat. Detached houses and bungalows, on the other hand, will have larger heat losses because of the greater surface to volume ratio. Thus, figure A would suggest that the average dwelling energy use in Scotland could be slightly lower than that in the other countries (but the colder winters in Scotland might be enough to offset this). Similarly, the average dwelling energy use in Northern Ireland could be higher, particularly since dwellings in Northern Ireland are also known to be larger (in 1996 the average dwelling floor area in England was 85m2, whilst in Northern Ireland it was 96m2. More recent data from the English House Condition Survey and the Northern Ireland House Condition Survey gives 86.7 m 2 for England and 101.5m2 for Northern Ireland).
Distribution of housing stock by age in 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales PRE 1918 1918-1938 1939-1959 1960-1975 1976Scotland
England
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure B Figure B shows the comparison of the age of the stock in different countries. As the Northern Ireland age bands in the source survey are different to those in the GB data it has to be assumed that the distribution of properties is uniform across each age band in order to produce comparable figures for Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland has the newest stock and Wales the oldest. In Northern Ireland 61% of the stock was built since 1959 whereas in Wales 61% of the stock was built before 1960. In Scotland 30% of the stock has been built since 1975. Newer dwellings are constructed to better standards of energy efficiency than their older counterparts so this suggests that homes in Wales might use more energy than average and homes in Northern Ireland might not have the higher energy use indicated by the dwelling type data shown in figure A. On the other
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hand, it has to be remembered that there has been considerable activity on improving the insulation standards in existing homes, as will be discussed later, so the differences between the age categories are not as marked as might be supposed. Thus, the dwelling age distribution is actually only fairly loosely related to the likely energy use. Probably just as important is the tenure distribution which, in all countries, has been steadily evolving towards greater owner occupation. Tenure as percentage of total stock in 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales Owner occupied Local Authority Private Rented Registered social landlord & others Scotland
England
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure C Figure C shows that for all countries the majority of homes are owner occupied. In England and Northern Ireland 70%-72% of homes are owner occupied. Scotland has the lowest percentage of owner occupation with only 59% in that category whilst Wales has 66%. Scotland and Wales have the highest percentage of properties owned by registered social landlords(13 or 14%) while Northern Ireland has the lowest at 3%. England has the lowest level of private rented properties at 6% whilst Wales has the lowest percentage of local authority properties (12%). In these categories the differences between the countries is small. For Great Britain the average energy consumption in owner occupied homes in 2005 was 90.2GJ, much higher than those owned by registered social landlords which had an average energy consumption of 50.4 GJ. As such Scotland with the lowest percentage of owner occupied homes and the highest percentage of homes owned by registered social landlords might be expected to have a lower energy consumption than other countries.
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Insulation measures 1.1
Loft insulation
Loft insulation ownership has increased in all countries. In 1979 there were only 41% of lofts with any insulation in Northern Ireland, whilst in the other three countries it was between 59% and 68%. By 2004 this had risen to 96% in Northern Ireland which is higher than any of the other three countries. Percentage of lofts with insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure D Figure D shows that only Wales has less than 90% of lofts insulated and that 88.4% were insulated in 2005. 73.6% of lofts in Northern Ireland had 100mm or more of insulation in 2004. In England this was only 57.1% of lofts in 2004. In Scotland and Wales it was even lower at 47.1% and 38.3%. Northern Ireland therefore has both a higher percentage of lofts insulated and to a higher standard than any of the other countries in the UK.
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1.2
Cavity wall insulation
Figure E shows the ownership of cavity wall insulation in each of the countries. Percentage of dwellings with cavity wall insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure E The percentage of cavity wall homes with insulation in Northern Ireland has risen from 7.6% in 1979 to 78.3% in 2004. In the same period in England the percentage with cavity wall insulation has increased from 7.4% to 36%. As the source of data is different in Northern Ireland the two figures are not exactly comparable. The data for England excludes a number of people who do not know if they have cavity wall insulation so should be treated as a minimum. However the English House Condition Survey records 39.6% of cavities insulated in 2005 as compared with 37% used for the data in this report. Similarly for Scotland and Wales where in 2004 45% and 38% respectively had cavity wall insulation. The general trends are evident from figure E, indicating the highest ownership in Northern Ireland, followed by Scotland, Wales and England. The pattern of cavity wall insulation will be influenced by the age of the stock. Cavity walls were uncommon before 1935 and solid walls became less common after 1950. However cavity walls were not generally built with insulation until the early 1990s. Therefore a country with a newer housing stock is likely to have a greater percentage of cavity walls insulated while a country with older stock and a higher percentage of solid walls has less scope for installing retrofitted cavity wall insulation
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1.3
Double glazing
Figure F shows the ownership of double glazing. Percentage of dwellings with double glazing 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure F In all countries the percentage of dwellings with some double glazing is similar at around 83%. In Northern Ireland 62.3% of homes were fully double glazed in 2004 whereas for England it was only 43.3% and for Scotland and Wales 44.2% and 31.7% respectively. Information on draught proofing is contained in the individual country sections of this report. The general definition for draught proofing counts dwellings as draught proofed if they have been draught proofed or have double glazing, as good quality double glazing includes draught seals. As the number of dwellings with double glazing increases, those that have draught stripping only, become a smaller percentage of the total draught proofed.
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1.4
Hot water tank insulation
Figure G shows the ownership of hot water tank insulation in each country. Ownership of hot water tank insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure G In all countries ownership of hot water tank insulation has been increasing. In Wales and Northern Ireland it is close to 90% while in England and Scotland it is more like 95%. This includes both jacket and factory sprayed foam insulation. The foam insulation is increasingly common on new and replacement tanks. In recent years the percentage of homes with hot water tanks has been falling due to the increased use of combination boilers.
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1.5
Insulation summary
T able A summarises the insulation ownership figures, as percentages of the relevant potentials, for 2004 in all countries. It will be clear from the earlier charts that figures for an individual year can be difficult to compare because of statistical fluctuations that occur from one year to the next. The figures in table A need to be viewed with this in mind. England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Any loft insulation
92.4%
91.8%
87.2%
96.0%
100mm or more loft insulation
57.1%
47.1%
38.3%
73.6%
Cavity wall insulation
36.0%
45.3%
38.3%
78.3%
Any double glazing
83.0%
82.5%
82.3%
81.5%
Full double glazing
43.3%
44.2%
31.7%
62.3%
Any draught proofing
86.3%
89.0%
84.5%
81.5%
Full draught proofing
44.0%
46.0%
32.0%
62.3%
Hot water tank insulation
94.9%
94.7%
89.6%
Not available
T able A Figures for draught proofing for Northern Ireland are given as the same as double glazing figures due to the lack of information for Northern Ireland in 2004. Considering the insulation figures for 2004, Wales appears to have the lowest standards and Northern Ireland the highest. This is in contrast to the previous country fact file where Northern Ireland had generally lower standards but was raising them at a faster rate than the rest of the UK.
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Central heating Another factor that strongly influences the energy use is the ownership of central heating. Figure H shows the ownership of central heating in the four countries. Central heating ownership 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure H Central heating ownership has increased more rapidly in Northern Ireland and in 2004 98.4% of homes had central heating. In England in 2004 91.5% of homes had central heating and in Scotland and Wales it was 93.3% and 89.9% respectively. Centrally heated dwellings tend to use more energy than non-centrally heated dwellings because of the ability to heat the whole dwelling instead of just a few rooms. On the other hand, central heating systems are generally more efficient than the individual appliances they replace.
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Energy consumption Figure I shows the energy consumption per dwelling for each of the four countries. These are actual consumptions and are not adjusted for external temperature. Average energy consumption per dwelling 160
140
120
GJ
100 England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
80
60
40
20
0 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure I As the preceding discussions have suggested, homes in Northern Ireland were using significantly more energy than homes in the other countries before 2000. However, in recent years it has fallen to a similar level to the other countries. The sharp increase in energy use in Northern Ireland in 1985 is partly related to being the second coldest year in the period shown. Probably more importantly, however, it immediately follows the coal industry strike of 1984. It also roughly coincides with a very sharp fall in the price of oil. These two factors have had a far bigger impact in Northern Ireland than in the rest of the UK because of the prevalence of solid fuel and oil heating in Northern Ireland, which are much less common in the other countries. Also as suggested previously, it can be seen that homes in Scotland use slightly less energy than those in England, despite the colder winters. Similarly homes in Wales use slightly more energy than homes in England, despite the warmer winters. In 2005 the average energy consumption per household in England was 78.0 GJ compared with 65.4GJ in Scotland, 82.5 GJ in Wales and 82.1 GJ in Northern Ireland. It can also be seen in Figure I that the average dwelling energy use has not increased with improved standards of living and improved comfort levels that result from the uptake of central heating systems.
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Fuel type Figure J shows the energy consumption by fuel type in each country. Percentage energy consumption by fuel 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales Solid fuel Gas Electricity Oil Scotland
England
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure J The mix of fuels is different in each country, as illustrated in Figure J for the year 2005. The predominant fuel in England, Scotland and Wales is gas, representing 72.9%, 63.3%, and 65.9% respectively. The use of gas is increasing in Northern Ireland and now represents 8.7% of domestic energy consumption. The predominant fuel in Northern Ireland is oil which represents 53.9% of consumption. Northern Ireland also uses a higher percentage of solid fuel (12.4%) compared with 3.5% in Wales and 3.6% in Scotland. England uses the lowest percentage of solid fuel at only 1.4%. Scotland uses the highest percentage of electricity (27.2%) which might be expected as it also has the highest percentage of flats which tend to use electric heating.
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Expenditure Figure K shows the percentage of total household expenditure spent on fuel, light and power for each of the four countries. Percentage of expenditure on fuel, light and power 12%
Percentage of expenditure
10%
8%
England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
6%
4%
2%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure K Expenditure on fuel, light and power per week in 2005 in England, Scotland and Wales is about £14-£15. In Northern Ireland it is higher at about £22. Figure K also shows that the percentage spent on fuel, light and power is higher than in the other countries, this is despite the higher insulation standards in Northern Ireland. This is partly because of the lower consumption of gas which is a comparatively cheaper fuel. It can also be seen that in the late 1970s and early 1980s there were likely to have been considerable problems with fuel poverty in Northern Ireland. An expenditure on energy of more than 10% of income is generally accepted as an indication of fuel poverty.
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Conclusion The composition of the housing stock varies by type, age and tenure between the four countries of the United Kingdom. In all countries levels of insulation are increasing but particularly in Northern Ireland which now has better levels of insulation than the other three countries. Hot water tank and loft insulation ownership are reaching saturation point in all countries at about 90-95% but cavity wall insulation is present in less than 50% of dwellings with cavities, except in Northern Ireland where it had reached 78.3% by 2004. The mix of fuels is changing with the use of solid fuel decreasing in all countries. The use of both gas and oil has increased in Northern Ireland, although gas still represents a fairly small proportion of the fuel consumed. The energy consumption per household has not increased despite the increasing use of household appliances and the increase in use of central heating systems. In Northern Ireland the trend is to lower consumption per household bringing it more in line with consumption levels in England, Scotland and Wales. Expenditure on fuel, light and power as a percentage of total expenditure has decreased in all countries, although, this does not reflect recent price increases. The detailed figures for individual countries are presented in the following four sections of the report.
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ENGLAND
The information on England is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power . This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is considered before an overall assessment of insulation is made. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature and heat losses for the average household are calculated. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different end uses and different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 44 to 63.
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Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – England The percentage of expenditure spent on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1E. Expenditure on fuel light and power 7.0%
6.0%
Percentage all goods
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1E It has decreased from 5.5% in 1976 to 2.9% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
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Figure 2E shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 25.00
600.00
500.00
400.00 15.00
300.00
10.00 200.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel, light and power
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
20.00
5.00
100.00
0.00 1976
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2E T able 1E on page 44 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
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Population and household numbers – England
The number of households continues to increase while the number of people per household falls. Figure 3E shows the household and population numbers for England. Households and population 60,000
50,000
(1,000s)
40,000
30,000
Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s)
20,000
10,000
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3E The average household size has decreased from 2.98 to 2.37 between 1970 and 2005. Since the previous Country fact file was published some government figures, for population and households in the years included in it, have been revised as a result of the 2001 census. This means there may be small differences in tables produced for this fact file from those in the earlier publication. T able 2E shows the population, number of households and average household size, for England, for the years 1970 – 2005.
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Age of the housing stock - England Figure 4E shows the age distribution within the housing stock. Housing stock distribution by age 25000
No of households (1,000s)
20000
15000
10000
19761960-1975 1939-1959 1918-1938 PRE 1918
5000
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 4E Although some older dwellings are demolished there is very little decrease in the number of older dwellings since some are also converted into multiple dwellings. The number of new dwellings built each year is increasing the post 1976 category. T able 3E shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1987 to 2005.
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Housing stock distribution by tenure – England
Figure 5E shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 25000
No of households (1,000s)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
Owner occupied
1987
1989
Local Authority
1991
1993
Private Rented
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Registered social landlord & others
Figure 5E Before 1987 figures for registered social landlords and private rented tenancies are combined. The numbers of those owning their houses is increasing. In 1977 56% of households were owner occupied. By 2005 this had risen to 70%. It is now rising more slowly than it was in the 1980s The increase in households in properties owned by registered social landlords is partly due to stock transfers from local authorities. T able 4E shows the number of households of each tenure from 1977 to 2005.
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House types – England Figure 6E shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 25000
No of households ( 1,000s)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Semi De- tached
1994
1995
T erra- ced
1996 Flat
1997
1998
De- tached
1999
Bung- alow
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Other
Figure 6E Although the number of households is increasing the proportion of each type has remained fairly consistent. Figure 7E shows the proportions of each house type in 2005.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Percentage of each dwelling type in 2005
Bungalow 9%
Other 0%
Semi Detached 30% Detached 16%
Flat 17%
T erraced 28%
Figure 7E The main change has been a decrease in terraced housing from 30% in 1987 to 28% in 2005 and an increase in the percentage of flats from 14% in 1987 to 17% in 2005. T able 5E shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1987 to 2005.
29
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – England The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8E. Ownership and depth of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
Not stated 3" (75mm) 604 685 794 1027 1005 1306 1548 1602 1584 1589 1591 1281 1535 1500 1652 1339 1544 1369 1677 1597 1092 928 944 1142 1154 1080 1084 1094
Not stated T otal with Potential 1270 1941 1743 972 611 547 639 665 1047 1290 1486 874 847 1125 839 888 939 1158 1212 961 927 685 815 910 904 1109 1132 1139 1152 1170
10688 11482 11628 12497 12993 13156 13396 13967 14435 15202 15322 15708 15754 16097 16127 16314 15954 15909 15997 15818 15634 16136 15449 15175 15101 14929 15084 15106 15224 15388
14110 14278 14206 14655 14869 14901 14979 15362 15660 16236 16331 16617 16760 16967 17034 17160 16882 16933 16881 16698 16466 16830 16403 16069 16083 15693 15881 15923 16050 16235
T otal Homes 16561 16680 16800 16929 17068 17362 17453 17585 17757 17942 18131 18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
55
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 12E Households with full and no insulation measures (1,000s) - England
Y ear 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal T otal households households with no with full T otal insulation insulation households 3231 3364 3191 2979 2976 2899 2854 2849 2846 2485 2261 2326 2537 2371 2605 2220 2003 1878 1476
Source: GfK Home Audit
560 772 851 875 992 1162 1199 1687 1904 1881 1750 2305 2567 2350 2636 2616 2985 3064 3455
18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
56
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 13E Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures - England
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average delivered external T otal energy temperature households (PJ) (oC) (1,000s) 16561 1279 5.7 16680 1322 6.4 16800 1347 6.1 16929 1445 5.0 17068 1391 5.6 17362 1389 5.3 17453 1369 6.1 17585 1358 6.5 17757 1325 6.0 17942 1457 5.0 18131 1516 5.5 18335 1509 5.3 18551 1477 6.4 18778 1409 6.4 18970 1431 7.3 19166 1571 5.9 19284 1548 5.6 19395 1591 5.7 19505 1531 6.8 19618 1498 6.4 19727 1688 5.3 19816 1568 7.0 19924 1620 7.2 20052 1615 7.1 20222 1638 6.6 20523 1683 6.0 20720 1663 7.1 20904 1660 6.1 21062 1695 6.5 21291 1660 6.6
Average consumption per dwelling (GJ) 77.2 79.2 80.2 85.4 81.5 80.0 78.5 77.2 74.6 81.2 83.6 82.3 79.6 75.0 75.4 82.0 80.3 82.0 78.5 76.4 85.6 79.1 81.3 80.6 81.0 82.0 80.3 79.4 80.5 78.0
Source: www.communities.gov.uk , Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, temperatures calculated from Degree Day figures for West Pennines.
57
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 14E Heat loss of the average dwelling - England
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 16561 16680 16800 16929 17068 17362 17453 17585 17757 17942 18131 18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
Source: BREHOMES
Average dwelling Stock heat loss heat loss (GW/oC) (W/oC) 351.0 5.81 344.8 5.75 338.9 5.69 333.9 5.65 326.6 5.57 320.9 5.57 314.8 5.49 308.6 5.43 306.8 5.45 304.2 5.46 300.2 5.44 297.0 5.45 295.2 5.48 294.1 5.52 290.7 5.51 288.7 5.53 282.9 5.45 282.1 5.47 280.0 5.46 277.3 5.44 275.0 5.42 272.0 5.39 272.1 5.42 271.0 5.44 271.2 5.48 268.4 5.51 266.8 5.53 263.4 5.51 260.3 5.48 257.8 5.49
58
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 15E Central heating ownership (1,000s) - England
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
No central With central T otal heating heating households 5898 5651 5214 4887 4508 4482 4073 3904 3458 3292 3052 2778 2667 2567 2539 2254 2193 2239 2039 2059 1826 1796 1811
Source: GfK Home Audit
11687 12106 12728 13244 13827 14069 14705 15066 15708 15993 16343 16727 16951 17160 17277 17670 17859 17983 18484 18661 19078 19266 19479
17585 17757 17942 18131 18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
59
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 16E Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - England Electric Solid fuel storage 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1168 1013 1208 1174 1144 1161 962 957 972 785 729 645 587 607 613 541 538 453 464 515 380 226 173
Source: GfK Home Audit
779 1063 1038 934 1019 1083 1186 1285 1417 1489 1567 1449 1463 1613 1686 1595 1631 1622 1476 1563 1269 972 961
Electric other 444 529 448 376 311 355 446 369 342 324 301 391 306 298 318 202 387 352 315 414 362 494 501
All electric Gas 1223 1592 1487 1310 1331 1438 1632 1654 1759 1812 1868 1840 1769 1910 2004 1797 2017 1974 1792 1976 1632 1466 1462
Oil 8575 8854 9269 10065 10518 10621 11306 11591 12075 12567 12877 13363 13563 13422 13508 14322 14241 14540 15069 15042 16156 16525 16769
Other 485 463 434 429 495 520 465 484 535 490 556 527 588 716 749 609 665 656 757 839 705 835 745
T otal 237 184 331 266 340 330 340 380 368 338 314 352 444 504 404 401 398 362 402 288 205 215 330
11687 12106 12728 13244 13827 14069 14705 15066 15708 15993 16343 16727 16951 17160 17277 17670 17859 17983 18484 18661 19078 19266 19479
60
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 17E Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - England
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Solid fuel 1290 1202 1049 923 747 716 707 669 573 505 436 441 379 405 372 363 223 195 248 253 248 347 145
Source: GfK Home Audit
electric 741 684 576 477 505 562 442 458 364 390 355 346 390 338 472 336 333 415 587 773 645 422 816
Gas 3636 3601 3460 3340 3135 3068 2805 2686 2418 2305 2176 1918 1817 1756 1641 1498 1577 1591 1149 992 906 994 835
Oil 71 45 25 18 21 20 15 5 15 9 5 3 7 3 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 159 120 103 130 100 116 104 87 87 82 80 69 73 64 52 55 56 38 56 42 27 34 15
T otal 5898 5651 5214 4887 4508 4482 4073 3904 3458 3292 3052 2778 2667 2567 2539 2254 2193 2239 2039 2059 1826 1796 1811
61
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 18E Weighted average space heating efficiencies - England
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
NonCentral central heating heating Average efficiency efficiency efficiency 68.1% 68.8% 68.4% 68.0% 67.9% 68.1% 68.3% 68.3% 68.3% 68.4% 69.4% 69.3% 69.2% 69.9% 70.5% 70.7% 71.0% 71.0% 71.6% 72.6% 72.9% 73.7% 74.7%
Source: BREHOMES
50.5% 50.9% 50.6% 50.6% 51.3% 51.8% 51.1% 51.3% 51.2% 51.7% 51.9% 51.7% 52.7% 52.0% 53.5% 52.3% 53.6% 54.6% 57.2% 59.9% 58.6% 53.9% 63.4%
61.0% 61.8% 62.1% 62.2% 62.9% 63.3% 63.8% 64.1% 64.5% 64.8% 65.9% 66.1% 66.4% 66.9% 67.7% 68.0% 68.5% 68.7% 69.8% 71.1% 71.4% 71.5% 73.6%
62
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 19E Domestic energy consumption by end use - England
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Space heating (PJ) 720.4 764.9 789.7 878.7 828.5 826.1 809.2 797.9 762.4 889.0 931.5 919.8 878.2 803.2 824.5 956.9 936.6 971.5 911.8 874.7 1061.0 934.7 987.5 979.6 997.2 1031.4 1010.9 1001.8 1024.5 987.6
Source: BREHOMES
Water Lights & heating Cooking appliances All energy (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 357.2 73.3 128.1 1279 352.1 72.5 132.3 1322 350.1 71.4 135.9 1347 356.3 70.5 140.0 1445 348.5 69.5 144.4 1391 345.2 68.5 148.7 1388 340.3 67.2 152.5 1369 337.6 65.6 156.8 1358 336.2 63.9 162.3 1325 337.3 62.4 168.4 1457 349.1 60.6 174.5 1516 350.8 58.8 179.9 1509 357.3 57.0 184.3 1477 362.3 55.3 188.2 1409 361.4 53.6 191.3 1431 368.0 52.3 193.9 1571 364.3 51.0 196.4 1548 371.7 49.8 197.6 1591 370.4 48.9 199.6 1531 373.2 48.4 201.9 1498 375.5 47.8 203.9 1688 379.5 47.5 206.0 1568 376.8 47.1 208.2 1619 378.8 46.8 210.2 1615 381.3 46.4 212.8 1638 390.8 45.9 214.6 1683 389.7 45.9 216.5 1663 393.7 45.6 218.7 1660 401.4 45.7 223.0 1695 399.4 49.0 223.7 1660
Space heating All energy per per household household (GJ) (GJ) 43.5 77.2 45.9 79.2 47.0 80.2 51.9 85.4 48.5 81.5 47.6 80.0 46.4 78.5 45.4 77.2 42.9 74.6 49.6 81.2 51.4 83.6 50.2 82.3 47.3 79.6 42.8 75.0 43.5 75.4 49.9 82.0 48.6 80.3 50.1 82.0 46.7 78.5 44.6 76.4 53.8 85.6 47.2 79.1 49.6 81.3 48.9 80.6 49.3 81.0 50.3 82.0 48.8 80.3 47.9 79.4 48.6 80.5 46.4 78.0
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 20E Energy use of the housing stock by fuel (PJ) - England Y ear Solid fuel 1976 298 1977 301 1978 269 1979 270 1980 232 1981 219 1982 220 1983 209 1984 165 1985 210 1986 203 1987 174 1988 166 1989 132 1990 117 1991 129 1992 111 1993 121 1994 99 1995 75 1996 77 1997 64 1998 66 1999 66 2000 49 2001 58 2002 49 2003 33 2004 39 2005 23
Natural gas T own gas Gas (total) Electric 588 14 603 253 636 4 641 254 699 2 701 252 787 2 790 263 807 2 809 251 835 2 837 244 827 1 829 239 830 1 831 239 837 1 839 243 913 1 915 253 959 1 960 266 982 1 983 270 963 0 963 268 931 0 931 270 958 0 958 273 1062 0 1062 286 1051 0 1051 291 1080 0 1080 293 1043 0 1043 292 1034 0 1034 295 1198 0 1198 309 1099 0 1099 303 1129 0 1129 319 1133 0 1133 323 1165 0 1165 328 1185 0 1185 338 1175 0 1175 339 1199 0 1199 345 1238 0 1238 343 1210 0 1210 347
Oil 125 125 125 123 99 89 82 79 79 79 87 82 79 75 82 94 95 97 96 93 104 102 104 93 95 102 100 82 75 79
All fuels 1279 1322 1347 1445 1391 1388 1369 1358 1325 1457 1516 1509 1477 1409 1431 1571 1548 1591 1531 1498 1688 1568 1619 1615 1638 1683 1663 1660 1695 1660
Source: Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey
64
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
SCOTLAND
The information on Scotland is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power . This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is considered before an overall assessment of insulation is made. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature and heat losses for the average household are calculated. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different end uses and different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 87 to 106.
65
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Scotland The percentage of expenditure on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1S. Expenditure on fuel, light and power 8.0%
7.0%
Percentage all goods
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1S It has decreased from 5.9% in 1976 to 3.2% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
66
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 2S shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 25.00
500.00
450.00
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
350.00
15.00
300.00
250.00
10.00
200.00
150.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
100.00
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel light and power
20.00
400.00
5.00
50.00
0.00 1976
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2S T able 1S on page 87 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
67
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Population and household numbers – Scotland The number of households continues to increase while the number of people per household falls. Figure 3S shows the household and population numbers for Scotland. Households and population 6000
5000
(1,000s)
4000
3000
Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s)
2000
1000
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3S The average household size has decreased from 3.17 to 2.25 between 1970 and 2005. Since the previous Country fact file was published some government figures, for population and households in the years included in it, have been revised as a result of the 2001 census. This means there may be small differences in tables produced for this fact file from those in the earlier publication. T able 2S shows the population, number of households and average household size, for Scotland, for the years 1970-2005.
68
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Age of the housing stock – Scotland Figure 4S shows the age distribution within the housing stock. Housing stock distribution by age 2500
No of households (1,000s)
2000
1500
19761960-1975 1939-1959 1918-1938 PRE 1918
1000
500
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991 1992
1993 1994
1995 1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004
2005
Figure 4S The number of new dwellings built each year is increasing the post 1976 category. Variations in the other categories are made up from demolitions, conversions and statistical variations due to sample size. T able 3S shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1987 to 2005.
69
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Housing stock distribution by tenure – Scotland Figure 5S shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 2500
No of households (1,000s)
2000
1500
1000
500
0 1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
Owner occupied
1987
1989
Local Authority
1991
1993
Private Rented
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Registered social landlord (RSL)
Figure 5S Before 1987 figures for registered social landlords and private rented tenancies are combined. The number of those owning their houses is increasing. In 1977 35% of households were owner occupied. By 2005 this had risen to 59%. T able 4S shows the number of households of each tenure from 1977 to 2005.
70
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
House types – Scotland Figure 6S shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 2500
No of households (1,000s)
2000
1500
1000
500
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Semi detached
1995
T erraced
1996 Flat
1997 Detached
1998
1999
2000
Bungalow
Other
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Figure 6S Although the number of dwellings is increasing the proportions of each house type are changing very little. There is a slight increase in flats and detached houses and a corresponding drop in the proportion of semidetached and terraced. Figure 7S shows the proportion of each house type in 2005.
71
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Other 0% Bungalow 1% Detached 15%
Semi detached 18%
T erraced 24%
Flat 42%
Figure 7S T able 5S shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1987 to 2005.
72
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – Scotland The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8S. Ownership and depth of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
Not stated 3" or less 2" (50mm) 3" (75mm) or more (>75mm) Not stated T otal with 264 409 365 479 344 407 532 361 413 329 367 258 203 139 115 88 95 80 49 93 63 45 62 53 73 130 131 110 107 106
Source: GfK Home Audit
429 442 480 600 700 537 665 704 598 722 667 331 451 363 422 405 289 249 214 244 281 232 194 241 324 79 79 82 81 81
104 120 261 352 240 286 353 348 397 911 919 1012 1014 1026 1152 1199 1303 1367 1235 1239 1411 1180 1083 1292 1301 1274 1219 1220
279 177 -
121 71 76 70 78 91 89 123 122 122 119 116 107 111 128 107 120 40 96 158 110 58 126 73 73 71 67 67
218 229 284 123 91 122 99 154 157 139 192 107 84 114 122 161 116 153 99 130 140 96 78 37 93 115 116 117 111 111
1190 1258 1353 1393 1471 1489 1614 1596 1611 1661 1745 1729 1776 1745 1779 1791 1781 1788 1786 1874 1816 1771 1856 1570 1699 1689 1701 1654 1585 1586
T otal Potential households 1677 1671 1647 1703 1760 1753 1797 1810 1796 1840 1889 1854 1929 1924 1949 1931 1929 1911 1926 1995 1930 1907 1912 1648 1812 1783 1795 1750 1675 1675
1791 1810 1828 1847 1865 1884 1895 1908 1929 1945 1963 1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
98
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 12S Households with full and no insulation measures (1,000s) - Scotland
Y ear 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal T otal households households with no with full T otal insulation insulation households 568 527 473 539 479 517 393 485 427 383 297 241 300 318 401 386 333 300 289
Source: GfK Home Audit
69 105 126 105 136 152 126 182 251 300 401 406 415 390 382 384 412 418 418
1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
99
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 13S Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures - Scotland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average Average T otal delivered external consumption households energy temperature per dwelling (1,000s) (PJ) (oC) (GJ) 1791 130 4.8 72.5 1810 137 5.2 76.0 1828 142 5.0 77.4 1847 146 4.0 79.3 1865 141 4.7 75.8 1884 142 4.2 75.5 1895 139 5.0 73.2 1908 140 5.7 73.5 1929 132 5.0 68.7 1945 149 4.4 76.8 1963 158 4.7 80.7 1978 156 4.6 78.9 1995 148 5.6 74.4 2014 139 6.1 69.0 2032 143 6.4 70.5 2043 157 4.9 77.0 2059 152 4.7 74.0 2076 161 4.9 77.4 2094 161 5.5 76.8 2112 152 5.3 71.8 2126 167 4.8 78.4 2139 158 6.3 73.9 2153 161 6.2 74.7 2166 161 6.0 74.2 2177 171 4.7 78.6 2195 186 4.2 84.7 2209 178 4.9 80.4 2225 180 4.6 80.8 2246 175 4.9 77.9 2266 148 5.2 65.4
Source: www.communities.gov.uk , Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey, temperatures calculated from published Degree Day figures for East Scotland.
100
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 14S Heat loss of the average dwelling - Scotland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 1791 1810 1828 1847 1865 1884 1895 1908 1929 1945 1963 1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
Source: BREHOMES
Average dwelling Stock heat loss heat loss (GW/oC) (W/oC) 345.7 0.62 340.6 0.62 332.6 0.61 323.6 0.60 320.4 0.60 316.8 0.60 306.1 0.58 303.3 0.58 293.1 0.57 297.8 0.58 295.1 0.58 289.0 0.57 285.1 0.57 274.0 0.55 277.9 0.56 276.4 0.56 266.2 0.55 265.2 0.55 275.1 0.58 266.0 0.56 257.7 0.55 262.6 0.56 258.3 0.56 257.5 0.56 240.7 0.52 251.9 0.55 249.8 0.55 246.3 0.55 240.6 0.54 238.1 0.54
101
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 15S Central heating ownership (1,000s) - Scotland
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
No central heating 827 707 698 727 659 547 522 417 434 369 373 335 208 229 172 184 224 229 166 167 144 148 151
Source: GfK Home Audit
With central heating 1081 1222 1247 1236 1319 1448 1493 1615 1608 1691 1703 1759 1904 1897 1967 1969 1942 1949 2028 2042 2081 2097 2114
T otal households 1908 1929 1945 1963 1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
102
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 16S Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Scotland Y ear Solid fuel 1983 134 1984 133 1985 141 1986 165 1987 184 1988 182 1989 179 1990 197 1991 165 1992 142 1993 119 1994 142 1995 90 1996 110 1997 128 1998 89 1999 74 2000 91 2001 99 2002 90 2003 92 2004 80 2005 78
Source: GfK Home Audit
Electric storage 128 207 218 173 203 257 273 302 311 329 341 372 452 402 449 387 407 388 379 348 313 281 259
Electric other All electric 128 256 172 379 152 371 79 252 89 292 117 373 92 365 78 380 63 375 84 413 69 410 62 434 73 524 81 483 66 515 38 426 50 457 64 452 94 473 75 423 36 350 100 381 80 338
Gas 648 676 678 784 791 825 891 986 1004 1072 1098 1134 1225 1203 1217 1359 1319 1302 1350 1390 1511 1457 1550
Oil 29 25 34 24 34 39 26 29 32 30 46 30 33 75 62 66 72 67 78 97 97 142 104
Other 15 9 24 11 18 30 31 23 33 33 29 18 31 26 45 29 20 38 29 42 29 36 43
T otal 1081 1222 1247 1236 1319 1448 1493 1615 1608 1691 1703 1759 1904 1897 1967 1969 1942 1949 2028 2042 2081 2097 2114
103
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 17S Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Scotland Solid fuel 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
219 187 202 203 154 131 138 91 94 71 76 58 38 40 32 24 27 32 21 31 22 69 9
Source: GfK Home Audit
electric 266 225 218 208 174 156 160 148 126 119 117 117 68 90 65 69 93 99 84 83 68 48 121
Gas 286 259 255 285 303 230 191 156 190 152 163 148 95 84 67 84 100 92 56 49 39 28 12
Oil
Other 16 10 5 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 27 19 28 24 27 31 21 25 26 17 12 7 14 8 8 4 6 4 4 15 2 9
T otal 827 707 698 727 659 547 522 417 434 369 373 335 208 229 172 184 224 229 166 167 144 148 151
104
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 18S Weighted average space heating efficiencies - Scotland
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
NonCentral central heating heating Average efficiency efficiency efficiency 71.4% 73.4% 73.0% 70.5% 70.9% 71.9% 71.6% 71.4% 71.3% 71.7% 72.4% 72.6% 73.5% 73.3% 73.9% 73.4% 73.9% 73.9% 74.6% 74.9% 74.8% 76.1% 76.3%
Source: BREHOMES
55.9% 55.8% 54.5% 54.1% 54.3% 55.2% 55.4% 57.7% 55.9% 57.8% 56.6% 58.1% 57.1% 60.5% 59.0% 60.3% 61.3% 61.6% 65.4% 62.1% 65.2% 51.3% 84.2%
63.7% 65.8% 65.1% 63.4% 64.5% 66.4% 66.6% 68.2% 67.3% 68.7% 69.0% 69.8% 71.5% 71.7% 72.4% 72.0% 72.4% 72.4% 73.9% 73.8% 74.1% 73.8% 76.8%
105
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 19S Domestic energy consumption by end use - Scotland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Space heating (PJ) 73.3 79.8 82.9 88.4 84.1 84.6 81.6 82.5 74.8 90.9 97.6 94.8 87.2 76.8 81.1 94.4 89.9 95.8 95.2 86.9 101.8 92.6 95.8 95.2 106.0 119.6 110.5 110.9 107.4 83.9
Source: BREHOMES
Water Lights & heating Cooking appliances All energy (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 35.6 7.6 13.3 129.9 35.9 7.7 14.1 137.5 36.2 7.7 14.7 141.4 35.9 7.4 14.7 146.4 34.9 7.3 15.1 141.4 34.6 7.1 15.5 142.2 34.1 7.1 16.0 138.7 34.3 7.0 16.6 140.3 33.5 6.8 17.3 132.4 34.1 6.6 17.7 149.4 36.0 6.4 18.3 158.4 36.0 6.2 19.0 156.1 35.8 6.0 19.4 148.3 36.4 5.8 19.9 139.0 36.2 5.7 20.2 143.2 36.9 5.5 20.4 157.4 36.3 5.4 20.7 152.4 38.1 5.4 21.3 160.6 38.3 5.4 21.9 160.8 37.7 5.2 21.7 151.7 37.7 5.1 21.9 166.8 38.3 5.0 21.9 158.0 37.8 5.0 22.1 160.9 38.1 4.9 22.3 160.8 38.3 5.0 21.7 171.1 39.3 5.0 21.7 185.6 39.8 5.0 22.4 177.7 40.9 5.0 22.8 179.7 39.7 4.9 22.9 174.9 37.1 4.6 22.6 148.2
Space heating All energy per per household household (GJ) (GJ) 40.9 72.5 44.1 76.0 45.3 77.4 47.9 79.3 45.1 75.8 44.9 75.5 43.1 73.2 43.2 73.5 38.8 68.7 46.7 76.8 49.7 80.7 47.9 78.9 43.7 74.4 38.1 69.0 39.9 70.5 46.2 77.0 43.7 74.0 46.1 77.4 45.5 76.8 41.1 71.8 47.9 78.4 43.3 73.8 44.5 74.7 43.9 74.2 48.7 78.6 54.5 84.6 50.0 80.4 49.9 80.8 47.8 77.9 37.0 65.4
106
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 20S Energy use of the housing stock by fuel (PJ) - Scotland Y ear Solid fuel 1976 50 1977 53 1978 49 1979 47 1980 41 1981 38 1982 34 1983 30 1984 24 1985 32 1986 35 1987 30 1988 27 1989 24 1990 21 1991 21 1992 18 1993 19 1994 18 1995 11 1996 11 1997 11 1998 8 1999 8 2000 10 2001 11 2002 8 2003 5 2004 5 2005 5
Source: BREHOMES
Natural gas T own gas Gas (total) Electric 31 1 31 37 34 0 34 38 41 0 41 39 48 0 48 40 50 0 51 40 55 0 55 41 56 0 57 41 64 0 64 40 63 0 63 40 67 0 67 43 75 0 75 43 77 0 77 43 72 0 72 43 70 0 70 41 75 0 75 43 87 0 87 44 84 0 84 44 89 0 89 44 89 0 89 48 87 0 87 49 96 0 96 49 92 0 92 47 96 0 96 46 96 0 96 47 106 0 106 45 117 0 117 46 114 0 114 43 120 0 120 42 116 0 116 42 94 0 94 40
Oil 12 13 12 12 9 8 7 5 5 6 5 6 6 4 5 5 5 8 5 5 10 8 10 9 10 12 12 13 12 9
All fuels 130 137 142 146 141 142 139 140 132 149 158 156 148 139 143 157 152 161 161 152 167 158 161 161 171 186 178 180 175 148
107
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
WALES
The information on Wales is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power. This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is considered before an overall assessment of insulation is made. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature and heat losses for the average household are calculated. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different end uses and different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 130 to 149.
108
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Wales The percentage of expenditure spent on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1W.
Expenditure on fuel light and power 8.0%
7.0%
Percentage all goods
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1W It has decreased from 6.2% in 1976 to 3.7% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
109
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 2W shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 25.00
500.00
450.00
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
350.00
15.00
300.00
250.00
10.00
200.00
150.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
100.00
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel, light and power
20.00
400.00
5.00
50.00
0.00 1976
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2W T able 1W on page 130 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
110
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Population and household numbers – Wales The number of households continues to increase while the number of people per household falls. Figure 3W shows the household and population numbers for Wales. Households and population 3500
3000
2500
(1,000s)
2000 Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s) 1500
1000
500
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3W The average household size has decreased from 3.12 to 2.35 between 1970 and 2005. Since the previous Country fact file was published some government figures, for population and households in the years included in it, have been revised as a result of the 2001 census. This means there may be small differences in tables produced for this fact file from those in the earlier publication. T able 2W shows the population, number of households and average household size, for Wales, for the years 1970-2005.
111
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Age of the housing stock – Wales Figure 4W shows the age distribution within the housing stock. Housing stock distribution by age 1400
1200
No of households (1,000s)
1000
19761960-1975 1939-1959 1918-1938 PRE 1918
800
600
400
200
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991 1992
1993 1994
1995 1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004
2005
Figure 4W Although some older dwellings are demolished there is very little decrease in the number of older dwellings since some are also converted to multiple dwellings. The number of new dwellings built each year is increasing the post 1976 category. T able 3W shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1987 to 2005.
112
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Housing stock distribution by tenure – Wales Figure 5W shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 1400
1200
No of households (1,000s)
1000
800
600
400
200
0 1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
Owner occupied
1987
1989
Local Authority
1991
Private Rented
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Registered social landlord and others
Figure 5W Before 1987 figures for registered social landlords and private rented tenancies are combined. The number of those owning their house is increasing slowly from 62% in 1977 to 66% in 2005. Local authority ownership has decreased from 32% to 12% in the same period while registered social landlord ownership had risen to 13% by 2005. T able 4W shows the number of households of each tenure from 1977 to 2005.
113
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
House types – Wales Figure 6W shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 1400
1200
No of households (1,000s)
1000
800
600
400
200
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Semi deta- ched
1994
1995
T erra- ced
1996 Flat
1997
1998
Deta- ched
1999
Bung- alow
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Other
Figure 6W Although the number of households is increasing the proportion of each type has remained fairly consistent. Figure 7W shows the proportions of each house type in 2005.
114
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Percentage of each dwelling type in 2005
Bungalow 11%
Other 0% Semi detached 26%
Detached 15%
Flat 12%
T erraced 36%
Figure 7W Although there has been a decrease in semi detached houses from 35% in 1987 to 26% in 2005 this is at least partly due to statistical variations in the data. Over the same time period flats have increased from 7% to 12% of the stock again looking at the full range of years this is not a continuous trend. T able 5W shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1987 to 2005.
115
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – Wales The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8W. ownership of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
Not stated 3" or less 2" (50mm) 3" (75mm) or more (>75mm) Not stated T otal with 113 145 159 156 107 95 65 100 140 121 93 78 76 39 86 26 62 56 62 38 38 49 41 46 70 30 30 29 28 29
Source: GfK Home Audit
186 227 237 247 247 318 309 332 297 348 355 270 293 202 287 224 221 347 190 221 187 226 274 165 151 167 168 171 171 173
-
149 107 97 151 187 161 277 269 264 262 200 380 450 442 428 545 546 395 527 561 617 578 558 599 559 532 537 527 522 526
-
25 50 47 82 74 63 74 57 109 94 96 76 88 118 63 77 98 20 55 62 25 37 50 58 58 53 64 66
76 72 92 30 15 13 6 24 21 23 72 41 28 68 60 60 64 48 49 49 25 80 35 46 54 41 44 45 43 46
523 551 610 635 603 670 732 787 797 812 830 862 943 827 949 974 956 921 926 889 921 993 933 893 885 828 839 824 829 840
T otal Potential households 898 873 902 904 894 903 91 1 949 998 997 1006 1026 1058 982 1068 1065 1055 1051 1029 981 1008 1032 981 945 932 933 944 920 925 934
972 980 989 998 1007 1025 1027 1033 1042 1053 1065 1079 1097 11 13 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
141
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 12W Households with full and no insulation measures (1,000s) - Wales
Y ear 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal T otal households households with no with full T otal insulation insulation households 158 156 196 184 176 164 106 150 133 186 128 123 106 93 164 143 137 122 116
Source: GfK Home Audit
62 58 39 74 47 49 92 137 143 161 166 129 144 133 107 109 103 104 106
1079 1097 1113 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
142
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 13W Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures - Wales
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average Average T otal delivered external consumption households energy temperature per dwelling (1,000s) (PJ) (oC) (GJ) 972 82 6.2 83.9 980 81 7.1 82.8 989 85 7.0 86.1 998 96 5.9 96.2 1007 89 6.4 88.0 1025 85 6.3 83.1 1027 85 6.8 82.4 1033 86 7.1 83.5 1042 84 6.5 80.8 1053 91 5.7 86.0 1065 94 6.1 88.2 1079 94 5.7 86.9 1097 88 7.2 79.8 1113 81 7.5 72.8 1124 84 7.8 74.8 1137 91 6.3 80.1 1145 91 6.6 79.3 1153 96 6.5 83.6 1160 93 7.8 80.2 1166 89 7.3 76.0 1172 105 6.2 89.2 1178 95 7.6 81.0 1183 95 7.9 80.5 1188 97 7.8 81.6 1197 98 6.6 81.9 1209 103 6.0 85.6 1223 103 7.1 84.5 1236 108 6.1 87.5 1247 112 6.5 90.1 1260 104 6.6 82.5
Source: www.communities.gov.uk, Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey, temperatures calculated from published Degree Day figures for Wales.
143
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 14W Heat loss of the average dwelling - Wales
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 972 980 989 998 1007 1025 1027 1033 1042 1053 1065 1079 1097 1113 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
Source: BREHOMES
Average dwelling Stock heat loss heat loss (GW/oC) (W/oC) 363.4 0.35 357.1 0.35 352.9 0.35 353.0 0.35 346.1 0.35 330.7 0.34 328.9 0.34 325.4 0.34 318.2 0.33 318.4 0.34 312.8 0.33 309.2 0.33 303.8 0.33 300.7 0.33 304.8 0.34 294.0 0.33 292.4 0.33 283.8 0.33 278.5 0.32 270.9 0.32 285.8 0.33 277.4 0.33 272.0 0.32 278.8 0.33 280.0 0.34 281.1 0.34 278.4 0.34 273.9 0.34 270.4 0.34 267.7 0.34
144
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 15W Central heating ownership (1,000s) - Wales
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
No central heating 362 370 308 281 317 270 239 244 182 189 136 135 110 198 122 93 108 104 138 140 132 126 127
Source: BREHOMES
With central heating 671 671 745 784 762 827 874 880 955 956 1017 1025 1056 974 1056 1090 1080 1093 1071 1083 1104 1121 1132
T otal households 1033 1042 1053 1065 1079 1097 1113 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
145
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 16W Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Wales
Solid fuel 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
155 125 167 179 166 174 147 127 127 120 125 90 96 107 137 91 89 108 90 90 71 55 35
Source: BREHOMES
Electric storage 41 49 54 43 41 42 53 53 71 55 65 58 42 56 63 70 72 64 58 45 34 38 43
Electric other 14 8 32 10 3 2 5 6 6 9 3 8 9 3 7 9 15 7 11 7 25 13 13
All electric 55 57 86 53 44 44 58 60 77 64 68 66 51 59 70 79 86 70 71 52 59 51 56
Gas 417 422 427 504 504 559 604 632 679 708 747 785 797 671 699 796 798 799 794 807 844 850 883
Oil
Other 31 63 58 35 33 40 44 44 53 46 52 61 87 106 99 86 81 93 92 109 105 144 141
13 5 7 12 15 10 20 17 19 18 25 22 24 31 51 38 25 22 25 24 23 20 17
T otal 671 671 745 784 762 827 874 880 955 956 1017 1025 1056 974 1056 1090 1080 1093 1071 1083 1104 1121 1132
146
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 17W Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Wales Solid fuel 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
161 163 137 119 127 97 74 77 61 63 46 45 35 65 60 37 34 36 36 36 28 36 25
Source: BREHOMES
electric 30 31 20 17 31 29 29 22 13 18 9 15 4 26 13 17 12 17 59 36 34 40 41
Gas 151 163 144 137 150 138 134 132 102 100 75 74 70 106 44 34 58 45 44 67 67 36 56
Oil
Other 4 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 12 5 7 8 6 3 13 6 6 6 2 1 1 4 5 4 5 2 0 6 15 5
T otal 362 370 308 281 317 270 239 244 182 189 136 135 110 198 122 93 108 104 138 140 132 126 127
147
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 18W Weighted average space heating efficiencies - Wales
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
NonCentral central heating heating Average efficiency efficiency efficiency 67.2% 67.3% 68.0% 66.9% 66.7% 66.6% 67.0% 67.1% 67.4% 67.1% 67.9% 68.0% 67.7% 68.2% 68.7% 69.5% 69.8% 70.1% 71.0% 71.5% 72.5% 73.5% 74.7%
Source: BREHOMES
46.4% 46.5% 45.7% 45.9% 47.0% 47.8% 48.8% 48.7% 47.5% 48.2% 47.7% 48.1% 46.7% 48.5% 46.1% 49.4% 48.7% 49.8% 57.3% 53.6% 53.4% 56.7% 56.7%
58.1% 58.1% 59.5% 59.7% 59.4% 60.8% 62.0% 62.1% 63.2% 63.1% 64.7% 64.9% 64.9% 63.9% 65.3% 67.4% 67.1% 67.7% 69.1% 68.9% 69.9% 71.4% 72.4%
148
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 19W Domestic energy consumption by end use – Wales
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Space heating (PJ) 47.0 48.1 51.2 60.1 54.5 51.8 51.4 52.3 49.9 56.7 59.2 58.5 53.1 46.8 49.7 56.1 56.0 59.2 55.6 51.3 67.1 57.7 58.0 59.6 59.7 63.6 62.8 65.3 69.5 63.0
Source: BREHOMES
Water Lights & heating Cooking appliances All energy (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 22.5 4.4 7.6 82 21.3 4.2 7.6 81 21.7 4.2 8.0 85 22.9 4.3 8.5 96 21.5 4.1 8.4 89 20.9 3.9 8.6 85 20.7 3.9 8.8 85 20.8 3.8 9.3 86 21.1 3.8 9.5 84 20.5 3.6 9.8 91 21.2 3.5 10.1 94 21.3 3.4 10.5 94 21.0 3.2 10.4 88 20.7 3.1 10.5 81 20.7 3.0 10.7 84 21.2 2.9 10.9 91 21.1 2.8 11.0 91 22.6 2.9 11.8 96 22.8 2.9 11.8 93 22.6 2.8 11.9 89 22.9 2.8 11.9 105 23.1 2.8 12.1 96 22.4 2.7 12.2 95 22.5 2.7 12.3 97 22.9 2.7 12.8 98 23.7 2.8 13.4 103 24.1 2.8 13.6 103 25.2 3.1 14.6 108 25.0 3.1 14.7 112 24.8 2.9 13.2 104
Space heating All energy per per household household (GJ) (GJ) 48.4 83.9 49.1 82.8 51.8 86.1 60.2 96.2 54.1 88.0 50.5 83.1 50.1 82.4 50.6 83.5 47.8 80.8 53.9 86.0 55.6 88.2 54.2 86.9 48.4 79.9 42.1 72.9 44.2 74.8 49.3 80.1 48.9 79.4 51.3 83.6 47.9 80.2 44.0 76.0 57.3 89.2 48.9 81.1 49.1 80.6 50.2 81.6 49.8 81.9 52.6 85.6 51.4 84.5 52.8 87.5 55.7 90.1 50.0 82.5
149
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 20W Energy use of the housing stock by fuel (PJ) - Wales Y ear Solid fuel 1976 44 1977 42 1978 43 1979 47 1980 42 1981 37 1982 34 1983 28 1984 22 1985 27 1986 28 1987 26 1988 22 1989 16 1990 14 1991 15 1992 15 1993 17 1994 13 1995 9 1996 12 1997 13 1998 10 1999 11 2000 10 2001 9 2002 8 2003 5 2004 7 2005 4
Natural gas T own gas Gas (total) Electric 17 0 17 11 19 0 19 11 23 0 23 11 29 0 29 13 30 0 30 12 32 0 32 12 33 0 33 12 40 0 40 13 40 0 40 12 40 0 40 13 45 0 45 14 47 0 47 15 46 0 46 13 45 0 45 13 49 0 49 14 53 0 53 15 53 0 53 14 56 0 56 15 55 0 55 16 53 0 53 14 60 0 60 18 53 0 53 15 55 0 55 17 59 0 59 16 60 60 18 64 64 20 65 65 18 68 68 20 72 72 21 68 68 20
Oil
All fuels 9 82 9 81 8 85 7 96 5 89 5 85 5 85 5 86 10 84 10 91 7 94 6 94 6 88 7 81 7 84 8 91 9 91 8 96 10 93 12 89 15 105 13 95 14 95 11 97 10 98 11 103 12 103 15 108 13 112 12 104
Source: Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey.
150
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
NORTHERN IRELAND
The information on Northern Ireland is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power . This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is also included. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 169 to 178.
151
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Northern Ireland The percentage expenditure on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1N Expenditure on fuel light and power 12.0%
10.0%
Percentage all goods
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1N It has decreased from 7.7% in 1976 to 5% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
152
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 2N shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 35.00
600.00
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
25.00 400.00 20.00 300.00 15.00 200.00 10.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
100.00
0.00 1976
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel, light and power
30.00
500.00
5.00
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2N T able 1N on page 169 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
153
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Population and household numbers – Northern Ireland The number of households continues to increase while the number per household falls. Figure 3N shows the household and population numbers for Northern Ireland. Households and population 2000
1800
1600
1400
(1,000s)
1200
1000
Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s)
800
600
400
200
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3N The average household size has decreased from 3.67 to 2.64 between 1970 and 2005. T able 2N shows the population, number of households and average households size, for Northern Ireland, for the years 1970 to 2005.
154
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Age of the housing stock – Northern Ireland Figure 4N shows the age distribution of the housing stock in Northern Ireland. Housing stock distribution by age 700
600
No of households (1,000s)
500 post 1980 1965-80 post 1960 1945-64 1945-60 post 1944 1919-44 Pre 1919
400
300
200
100
0 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 4N The information on age for the Northern Ireland stock is more complicated than for GB. In some years there is no breakdown for the post 1960 stock. There is also a split after 1990 where the category 1945 -1960 changes to 1945 -1964. However, it is possible to see that stock built before 1945 is decreasing slowly and overall stock is increasing. T able 3N shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1979 to 2004 in those years where the information is available.
155
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Housing stock distribution by tenure – Northern Ireland Figure 5N shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 700
600
No of households (1,000s)
500
400
300
200
100
0 1974
1976
1978
1980
Owner occupied
1982
1984
Private rented & other
1986
1988
1990
1992
Housing Executive (local authority)
1994
1996
1998
Housing assoc-iation (RSL)
2000
2002
2004
Tied & others
Figure 5N The number of those owning their houses is increasing. In 1974 48.4% of households were owner occupied. By 2004 this had risen to 71.7% and is continuing to increase. The other main tenure in Northern Ireland is Housing Executive homes. These have decreased from 34.9% of households in 1974 to 15.5% in 2004. T able 4N shows the number of households in each tenure from 1974 to 2004 in the years when data is available. It also gives the number of vacant dwellings.
156
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
House types – Northern Ireland Figure 6N shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 700
600
No of households
500
400
300
200
100
0 1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
Semi detached
1984 T erraced
1986
1988
Purpose built flat
1990
1992
Converted flat
1994
1996
Detached
1998
Bungalow
2000
2002
2004
Other
Figure 6N The proportions of each house type have changed over the years. In the earlier years bungalows are not recorded separately.
157
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 7N shows the proportions of each house type in 2004. Percentage of each dwelling type in 2004
Other 0% Bungalow 20%
Semi detached 22%
Detached 21%
Converted flat 2%
T erraced 29%
Purpose built flat 6%
Figure 7N Figure 7N shows that in 2004 20% of the stock was bungalows. If bungalows are excluded there has been a decrease in the percentage of terraced housing in the stock between 1974 and 2004 and an increase in semi detached housing. T able 5N shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1974 to 2004 for the years in which data is available.
158
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – Northern Ireland The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8N. Ownership of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 8N In 2004 96% of lofts had some insulation. This has risen from 41.3% in 1979. Ownership of loft insulation is continuing to risen but the rate of increase has slowed between 2001 and 2004. Less information is available about depth of loft insulation in Northern Ireland
159
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 9N shows the information available for depth of loft insulation in Northern Ireland. Ownership and depth of loft insulation 600
No of households (1,000s)
500
400
unknown depth 100mm or more less than 100 mm
300
200
100
0 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 9N For the three years where depth of loft insulation is available the number with 100mm or more is increasing while that for less than 100mm is fairly static. T able 6N shows the ownership and depth of loft insulation for the years where data is available between 1979 and 2005.
160
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Cavity wall insulation – Northern Ireland Figure 10N shows the ownership of cavity wall insulation. Ownership of cavity wall onsulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 10N Cavity wall insulation ownership has increased from 7.6% of dwellings with cavity walls in 1979 to 78.3% in 2004. T able 7N shows the number of households with cavity wall insulation as well as the total number of cavity wall dwellings (potential) in Northern Ireland in the years between 1979 and 2004 for which data is available. In some cases the number of cavity walls in occupied dwellings has been estimated. Full details are given below T able 7N.
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Double glazing ownership – Northern Ireland Figure 11N shows the ownership of double glazing. Ownership of double glazing 90%
80%
70%
Percentage of potential
60%
50% Part Full 40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 11N Double glazing ownership has risen from 6.9% of potential in 1984 to 81.5% in 2004. This refers to any house with any number of windows double glazed. However, between 1984 and 2004 the percentage with full double glazing has increased from 3.3% to 62.3%. T able 8N gives the number of households with full, part or no double glazing.
162
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Draught proofing - Northern Ireland Figure 12N shows the ownership of draught proofing. Ownership of draughtproofing 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% full draught proofing partial draught proofing
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Figure 12N Detailed information on draught stripping and its use in single glazed houses is not available for Northern Ireland. T able 9N gives the number of homes with draught proofing and the number draught proofed. This does not include those draught proofed due to double glazing.
163
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Hot water tank insulation – Northern Ireland The ownership of hot water tank insulation is shown in figure 13N. Ownership of hot water tank insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Figure 13N Ownership of hot water tank insulation has increased from 85.6% of dwellings with hot water tanks in 1991 to 89.1% in 2001. This includes both foam insulation and jackets. Data is not available from all the house condition surveys in Northern Ireland. T able 10N shows the number of households with foam or jacket hot water tank insulation in the years available.
164
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Energy consumption and external temperatures – Northern Ireland Figure 14N shows the delivered energy and average external temperatures from 1976 to 2005. Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures 70
8.0
7.0
60
6.0
5.0 40 4.0 30 3.0
T otal delivered energy (PJ) Average external temperature (oC)
External temperature (oC)
Delivered energy (PJ)
50
20 2.0
10
0 1976
1.0
0.0 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 14N From 1976 to 2005 delivered energy has increased by 18% while the number of households has increased by 47%. Figure 14N shows the relationship between average external temperature and delivered energy. In general it can be seen in colder years delivered energy increases. T able 11N shows the total delivered energy, the average external temperature and average energy consumption per dwelling.
165
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Central heating ownership – Northern Ireland Figure 15N shows the ownership of central heating. Ownership of central heating 100%
Percentage of households with central heating
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Figure 15N Central heating ownership has been increasing. In 2004 98.5% of households had central heating this compares with 36.3% in 1979. T able 12N shows the number of households with and without central heating.
2005
166
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Heating appliances – central heating – Northern Ireland Figure 16N shows the main form of heating in centrally heated homes. Ownership of central heating systems 100%
Percentage of houses with different types of central heating
90%
80%
70%
60%
other oil gas electric solid
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 16N Figure 16N shows that the main central heating fuel is oil. In 1979 39.1% of centrally heated homes used oil while by 2004 this had risen to 67.7%. In 1979 there was virtually no gas used for central heating but by 2004 8.2% of centrally heated homes used gas. The percentages using electricity and solid fuel have both fallen between 1979 and 2004 with solid fuel use falling faster than electricity use. T able 13N shows the number of households using each fuel type.
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Heating appliances – non central heating – Northern Ireland Figure 17N shows the percentage of households using non central heating and the fuel they use.
Ownership of non central heating systems
Percentage of homes with different types of non central heating
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
unheated oil other electric solid fuel
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 17N In 1979 63.8% of homes used some form of non central heating as their main heating system. In 2004 this had reduced to 1.6%. T able 14N shows the number of households with non central heating and the type of fuel they use.
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Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Northern Ireland Figure 18N shows the energy use of the housing stock by fuel. Energy use of the housing stock by fuel 70
60
Delivered energy (PJ)
50
40
Oil Electricity Gas Solid fuel
30
20
10
0 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 18N In 1976 69.3% of domestic energy consumption was solid fuel compared with 12.4% in 2005. In the same period oil consumption has increased from 11.7% to 53.9%. T able 15N shows the energy use of the housing stock by different fuels.
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Tables – Northern Ireland T able 1N Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power (£/week) – Northern Ireland Contemporary prices
Y ear All goods 1976 55.75 1977 62.78 1978 71.31 1979 83.40 1980 100.72 1981 106.81 1982 115.89 1983 126.51 1984 129.49 1985 147.72 1986 164.17 1987 178.54 1988 199.68 1989 200.99 1990 202.56 1991 222.30 1992 256.55 1993 255.32 1994 295.33 1995 265.83 1996 287.27 1997 293.10 1998 299.01 1999 325.64 2000 312.75 2001 405.05 2002 383.57 2003 413.01 2004 410.00 2005 444.82
2005 prices
% fuel, Fuel,light Fuel,light light and and power All goods and power power 4.31 268.88 20.79 7.7% 6.24 261.41 25.98 9.9% 7.40 273.77 28.41 10.4% 7.78 282.35 26.34 9.3% 9.57 289.43 27.50 9.5% 10.86 274.10 27.87 10.2% 12.40 273.96 29.31 10.7% 13.11 286.03 29.64 10.4% 13.40 278.66 28.84 10.3% 14.10 299.74 28.61 9.5% 15.52 322.22 30.46 9.5% 16.15 336.33 30.42 9.0% 15.34 358.56 27.55 7.7% 14.86 334.91 24.76 7.4% 14.23 308.35 21.66 7.0% 14.80 319.64 21.28 6.7% 14.43 355.57 20.00 5.6% 16.90 348.33 23.06 6.6% 16.10 393.40 21.44 5.5% 14.88 342.24 19.16 5.6% 16.12 361.12 20.26 5.6% 16.04 357.22 19.55 5.5% 14.90 352.35 17.55 5.0% 14.89 377.92 17.28 4.6% 17.42 352.52 19.63 5.6% 17.99 448.65 19.93 4.4% 17.99 417.87 19.59 4.7% 15.76 437.20 16.68 3.8% 18.73 421.70 19.26 4.6% 22.22 444.82 22.22 5.0%
Source: Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey.
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T able 2N Population, households and household size – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 416 422 427 432 438 441 444 447 450 453 456 460 464 468 471 476 482 487 501 515 529 544 549 554 560 565 570 575 580 585 601 611 625 635 644 653
Population (1,000s) 1527 1540 1539 1530 1527 1524 1524 1523 1523 1528 1533 1543 1545 1551 1557 1565 1574 1582 1585 1590 1596 1607 1623 1636 1644 1649 1662 1671 1678 1679 1683 1689 1697 1703 1710 1724
Average household size 3.67 3.65 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.46 3.43 3.41 3.38 3.37 3.36 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.31 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.16 3.09 3.02 2.95 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.92 2.92 2.91 2.89 2.87 2.80 2.76 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Years where there is no House Condition Survey data numbers have been extrapolated or interpolated.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 3N Housing stock distribution by age (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
1979 1984 1987 1991 1996 2001 2004
current Pre 1919 1919-44 post 1944 1945-60 1945-64 post 1960 1965-80 post 1980 households 116 69 91 177 453 104 63 304 471 106 56 89 237 487 104 61 126 159 94 544 108 65 123 155 123 570 99 64 123 155 170 611 95 64 122 140 222 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
T able 4N Housing stock distribution by tenure (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
1974 1979 1984 1987 1991 1996 2001 2004
Owner occupied 212 226 257 293 347 381 430 462
Housing Private Executive Housing rented & (local association other authority) (RSL) 72 153 53 175 38 172 26 162 5 29 158 10 32 141 13 49 115 17 63 100 19
Tied & others -
T otal households 438 453 4 471 487 544 6 574 611 644
T otal Vacant dwellings 18 456 18 471 21 492 24 511 30 574 29 603 32 648 36 680
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey T able 4N shows number of vacant dwellings as well as number of households. Figures in table 3N and the following tables relate to households rather than dwellings. In some cases or some years figures have been manipulated to relate to households rather than dwellings. This is noted under relevant tables.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 5N Housing stock distribution by type of dwelling (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
1974 1979 1984 1987 1991 1996 2001 2004
Semi Purpose Converted detached T erraced built flat flat Detached Bungalow 90 191 24 3 126 97 190 28 0 128 108 192 32 2 134 113 193 35 2 142 135 199 36 7 167 107 194 39 7 88 138 120 190 40 6 108 148 142 190 37 11 133 131
Other 4 10 2 2 -
T otal households 438 453 470 487 544 573 611 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note that bungalows were included within the other individual dwelling types in the surveys prior to 1996.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 6N Ownership and depth of loft/roof insulation (1,000s) – Northern Ireland T otal % has No house households Less than 100mm or loft/roof loft/roof holds with with lofts Y ear 100mm more insulation insulation lofts insulated 1979 180 256 436 41.3% 1984 314 146 461 68.1% 1987 1991 441 65 506 87.2% 1996 127 320 447 61 508 88.0% 2001 129 355 506 29 534 94.8% 2004 113 421 549 23 572 96.0%
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: 1984 figures have been adjusted for vacant properties. 1991 figures have been converted to households by using the ratio of households to dwellings.
T able 7N Ownership of cavity wall insulation (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1979 1984 1991 1996 2001 2004
Dwellings with cavity wall insulation 20 66 223 216 323 407
Potential (total houses T otal with cavity walls) households 267 453 286 471 361 544 390 574 445 611 520 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Potential for 1979,1984 and 1991 is based on known number of non cavity wall dwellings in 1996 – assuming that these were present in previous years. 1974 & 1984 figures have been converted to households by using the ratio of households to dwellings for those years. 1991 figures may include wall insulation which is not cavity wall insulation, although this should be less than 10%. It includes adjustments for 2347 households which were not recorded.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 8N Ownership of double glazing (1,000s) – Northern Ireland Y ear 1984 1991 1996 2001 2004
Full 16 78 143 292 401
Part 17 44 92 136 124
Any 32 122 235 428 525
T otal None households 438 471 422 544 338 574 183 611 118 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Figures for 1984 and 1991 have been adjusted to households from dwellings.
T able 9N Ownership of draught proofing (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1991 1996 2001 2004
With draught proofing 253 346 410 -
Fully draught T otal proofed households 544 227 574 611 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 10N Ownership of hot water tank insulation (1,000s) – Northern Ireland Y ear 1991 1996 2001 2004
Foam 73 132 -
Jacket 407 401 -
None
-
T otal T otal insulated Potential households 78 464 542 544 82 480 562 574 65 533 598 611 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 11N Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average Average T otal delivered external consumption households energy temperature per household (1,000s) (PJ) (oC) (GJ) 444 46 5.3 102.8 447 48 5.8 107.9 450 48 6.0 106.6 453 55 4.6 120.3 456 49 5.4 107.2 460 47 5.4 102.0 464 50 5.7 108.7 468 50 6.4 106.6 471 46 5.4 97.7 476 65 4.9 136.2 482 62 5.3 129.4 487 61 5.4 125.1 501 60 6.3 120.7 515 56 6.6 108.7 529 48 6.7 90.8 544 55 5.7 100.7 549 53 5.5 96.8 554 59 5.7 106.6 560 55 6.4 98.3 565 49 6.2 86.1 570 55 5.6 96.9 575 53 7.0 92.4 580 55 7.2 95.4 585 57 6.6 98.2 601 53 6.5 87.6 611 59 6.4 96.6 625 54 7.3 86.0 635 53 6.5 84.1 644 56 6.6 86.5 653 54 7.0 82.1
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey, Digest of UK Energy Statistics, temperatures are calculated from published Degree Days figures for Northern Ireland.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 12N Central heating ownership (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1979 1984 1991 1996 2001 2004
No central heating 289 211 93 65 21 10
With central T otal heating households 165 453 259 471 451 544 508 574 590 611 634 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
T able 13N Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Year Solid fuel 1979 56 1991 46 1996 6 2001 2004 -
Solid fuel T otal solid Electric back boiler fuel storage 56 210 255 47 172 178 49 88 39 -
Electric other 32 3 1 -
T otal electric 32 50 50 49 40
Gas -
Oil 3 8 20 52
Other 13 30 63 68 73
64 112 210 364 429
T otal households with central heating 165 451 508 590 634
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Data for 1979 has been adjusted to households
T able 14N Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Year 1979 1991 1996 2001 2004
Solid fuel Solid fuel stove/ T otal solid Electric Electric open fire spaceheater fuel fixed portable 249 58 20 78 10 3 37 11 48 9 5 25 1 -
T otal electric 26 14 14 8 20
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Data for 1979, 2001 and 2004 has been adjusted to households
Other 10 2 3 1 -
Oil 3 -
Un-heated 2 -
T otal house holds 289 93 65 33 21
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 15N Energy use of the housing stock by fuel – Northern Ireland
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Solid fuel 31.6 33.5 32.8 38.2 34.4 33.1 36.8 36.8 32.2 49.6 44.8 43.4 41.3 35.9 30.8 35.0 32.2 36.6 31.6 24.2 26.6 24.3 23.9 26.5 20.2 15.9 12.6 10.4 9.0 6.7
Gas 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.5 2.9 3.5 4.2 4.7
Electricity 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.1 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.8 7.3 7.6 7.7 7.9 7.8 8.1 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.6 10.3 10.1 10.8 11.1 11.5 12.3 12.4 12.8 13.0 13.4
Oil 5.3 5.8 6.5 7.1 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.6 6.1 7.1 9.4 9.6 11.2 12.2 9.2 11.1 12.1 13.4 14.1 14.9 18.4 18.7 20.6 19.8 20.8 28.4 25.8 26.7 29.4 28.9
T otal 45.6 48.2 48.0 54.5 48.9 46.9 50.4 49.9 46.0 64.8 62.4 60.9 60.5 56.0 48.0 54.8 53.1 59.1 55.1 48.7 55.3 53.1 55.3 57.4 52.6 59.0 53.8 53.4 55.7 53.7
Source: Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey.
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REFERENCES
1
Domestic energy fact file 2003, L D Shorrock and J I Utley, BR 457, 2003.
2
Domestic energy fact file England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, J I Utley, L D Shorrock and J H F Bown, BR 427, 2001.
In addition a number of sources have been referred to in compiling this report. The relevant sources are listed below. In most cases several editions of these sources have been consulted. GfK Home Audit. GfK Marketing Services Ltd. Home heating and insulation ownership reports. Produced annually. Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics. Department of Trade and Industry (now the Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform). Published annually. Family Expenditure Survey. Office of National Statistics. Published annually, recently replaced by Expenditure and Food Survey. Office for National Statistics. Northern Ireland House Condition Survey. Housing Executive . Both the main report and interim report for the years quoted. Also the following web sites have been consulted to obtain some information: www.statistics.gov.uk www.defra.gov.uk www.berr.gov.uk/energy www.communities.gov.uk
This Domestic energy fact file has been prepared by BRE with the support of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), now Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), through a contract managed by the Energy Saving Trust. Work under Defra’s Market Transformation Programme has also been important for improving the estimates of heating system efficiencies used in BREHOMES and in this report. The continuing development and maintenance of the BREHOMES model was essential to much of the information presented in this report and the assistance of Hugh Bown with this task and provision of some of the tables is gratefully acknowledged.
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
This Report has been prepared by BRE Housing with the support of the ‘Climate, Energy and Ozone: Science and Analysis’ section of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)[now Department of Energy and Climate Change] through a contract managed by the Energy Saving Trust. For any further information please contact [email protected] Authors: Janet Utley & Les Shorrock. BRE. © Crown Copyright. 2008.
3
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Summary •
This publication updates the previous country based fact file providing information on trends in energy use and energy efficiency for homes in the four countries of the United Kingdom. An overview of all four countries is followed by a section on the trends in each individual country. Where available, data is provided on an annual basis from 1970 to 2005.
•
The households of the United Kingdom divide approximately as 84% in England, 9% in Scotland, 5% in Wales and 2% in Northern Ireland.
•
The composition of the stock varies by type, age and tenure across the four countries.
•
Northern Ireland has the highest percentage of bungalows and the lowest percentage of flats. Wales has the highest percentage of terraced houses and Scotland has the highest percentage of flats.
•
Northern Ireland has the newest stock with 61% of the stock built since 1959, whereas, Wales has the oldest with 61% built before 1960.
•
In each country the majority of households are owner occupiers. Scotland and Wales have the highest percentage of homes owned by registered social landlords (13-14%), while Northern Ireland has only 3%.
•
Insulation ownership has increased in all countries, but at a faster rate in Northern Ireland.
•
The percentage of households with any loft insulation appears to be reaching saturation point at about 90% in all countries, although, the depth of loft insulation is increasing. In Northern Ireland 74% of lofts had 100mm or more of loft insulation in 2004. In England it was 57% and in Scotland and Wales it was even lower at 47% and 38%.
•
The percentage of cavity walls insulated is increasing in all countries. However, less than 50% of cavity walls are insulated in all countries except Northern Ireland where 78% were insulated in 2004.
•
Around 83% of homes in each country have some double glazing. Northern Ireland has a higher percentage of homes which are fully double glazed, 62%, compared with 32-44% in the other countries.
•
90-95% of hot water tanks are insulated either with loose jackets or factory sprayed foam in all of the countries.
•
Central heating has become more common and at least 90% of homes in each country are now centrally heated.
•
Northern Ireland has the highest percentage of households using oil for heating and the lowest percentage using gas. Scotland has the highest percentage using electricity. Gas is the main fuel in England, Scotland and Wales.
•
Energy consumption per household has remained at about 80GJ although there are slight variations between countries related more strongly to stock mix rather than temperature. Northern Ireland consumption per household has decreased so that it is now similar to the other countries.
4
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Contents
General introduction Overview Introduction Basic housing stock characteristics Insulation measures 1.1 Loft insulation 1.2 Cavity wall insulation 1.3 Double glazing 1.4 Hot water tank insulation 1.5 Insulation summary Central heating Energy consumption Fuel type Expenditure Conclusion
ENGLAND Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – England Population and household numbers – England Age of the housing stock - England Housing stock distribution by tenure – England House types – England Loft insulation – England Cavity wall insulation – England Double glazing ownership – England Draught proofing – England Hot water tank insulation – England Insulation measures ownership – England Energy consumption and external temperatures - England Heat loss of the average dwelling – England Central heating ownership - England Heating appliances – central heating – England Heating appliances – non central heating – England Heating appliances and efficiencies – England Energy consumption by end use – England Domestic energy consumption by fuel – England T ables – England
SCOTLAND Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Scotland Population and household numbers – Scotland Age of the housing stock – Scotland Housing stock distribution by tenure – Scotland House types – Scotland Loft insulation – Scotland Cavity wall insulation – Scotland Double glazing ownership – Scotland Draught proofing – Scotland
6 7 8 8 11 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 24 25 26 27 29 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
64 65 67 68 69 70 72 74 75 76
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Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Hot water tank insulation – Scotland Insulation measures ownership – Scotland Energy consumption and external temperatures – Scotland Heat loss of the average dwelling – Scotland Central heating ownership – Scotland Heating appliances – central heating – Scotland Heating appliances – non central heating – Scotland Heating appliances and efficiencies – Scotland Energy consumption by end use - Scotland Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Scotland T ables – Scotland
WALES Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Wales Population and household numbers – Wales Age of the housing stock – Wales Housing stock distribution by tenure – Wales House types – Wales Loft insulation – Wales Cavity wall insulation – Wales Double glazing ownership – Wales Draught proofing – Wales Hot water tank insulation – Wales Insulation measures ownership – Wales Energy consumption and external temperatures – Wales Heat loss of average dwelling – Wales Central heating ownership – Wales Heating appliances – central heating – Wales Heating appliances – non central heating – Wales Heating appliances and efficiencies – Wales Energy consumption by end use – Wales Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Wales T ables – Wales
NORTHERN IRELAND Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Northern Ireland Population and household numbers – Northern Ireland Age of the housing stock – Northern Ireland Housing stock distribution by tenure – Northern Ireland House types – Northern Ireland Loft insulation – Northern Ireland Cavity wall insulation – Northern Ireland Double glazing ownership – Northern Ireland Draught proofing - Northern Ireland Hot water tank insulation – Northern Ireland Energy consumption and external temperatures – Northern Ireland Central heating ownership – Northern Ireland Heating appliances – central heating – Northern Ireland Heating appliances – non central heating – Northern Ireland Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Northern Ireland T ables – Northern Ireland
References
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
107 108 110 111 112 113 115 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
150 151 153 154 155 156 158 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169
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6
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
This report provides information on trends relating to energy use and energy efficiency in homes in the UK from the mid 1970s to 2005. It is broken down by the different countries of the UK. Information on Northern Ireland is more limited and figures for each individual year are not available. The tables, graphs and charts are equivalent to those in the Domestic energy fact file 2003 (1) which covers Great Britain (GB) i.e. England, Scotland and Wales. This report updates the previous country based fact file (2). As far as possible information is consistent with that in the main Domestic energy fact file (2003). However in some cases the numbers for the individual countries in GB do not add up to totals for GB. This may be due to rounding of figures. Any tables for which scaling of numbers is involved can also lead to small differences. Scaling at individual country level and adding up the numbers does not necessarily give the same result as scaling at the entire stock level. Household numbers have been revised in line with the latest government numbers some of which were revised following the 2001 census. This means there may be changes to some of the figures previously published. Also revisions to the delivered energy figures in the later years of the previous fact file will give small changes in energy consumption. A comparison of all countries is followed by sections on each individual country. T ables are presented for 1970 – 2005 where possible. In some cases the data is not available as far back as 1970 and in the case of Northern Ireland it is only available at roughly five year intervals rather than on an annual basis. This report deals with the differences between countries. Additional information is available on the GB stock in the main Domestic energy fact file 2003 (1). Where tables that are in the main fact file have not been included it is because information is not available at the country level, is common to all countries, or it does not make sense to attempt to present the information at the individual country level. For example there is insufficient information available on carbon emission factors for individual countries to give carbon emission figures for the individual countries. The tables for England, Scotland and Wales for insulation measures and heating systems are based on GfK Home Audit data. Data for Scotland and Wales comes from smaller sample sizes and should be treated with caution in individual years although trends should not be affected by small statistical variations. Data for Northern Ireland is taken from the Northern Ireland House Condition Surveys and is therefore less extensive than the data for the other countries. Due to the smaller number of households, again for some categories, it is the trends that should be considered rather than the absolute numbers. Certain topics have been omitted in Northern Ireland due to the lack of data. Other data is taken from the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics and the Expenditure and Food Survey.
7
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
OVERVIEW
This overview compares information from all the countries of the United Kingdom – England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The tables on which it is based are in the sections devoted to the individual countries. For each country the tables appear at the end of the section. The source of the data is listed below the table and full references to the publications are given at the end of the report. In some cases the relevant publications appear on an annual basis and relate only to a single year. In these cases the publications for each individual year have been consulted in preparing this fact file. In publications where data for previous years is revised, such as the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics, the values used will be those available at the time this work was started. In general, this means that the publication used was that in which 2005 data was being presented for the first time. Web sites quoted were accessed at the beginning of 2007 so any more recent updates have not been included.
8
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Introduction England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland represent approximately 84%, 9%, 5% and 2% of the households in the United Kingdom respectively. In this overview the stock, insulation measures and fuel consumption have been looked at separately for each country. Where figures are available for each year from the mid-1970s they have been used while others start from the mid -1980s. Figures for Northern Ireland are not available for every year and they are sourced differently from those for Great Britain. Nonetheless, there is sufficient information for Northern Ireland to allow meaningful comparisons with the other countries to be drawn. As the following will illustrate, these comparisons tend to show that, although there are some important differences, England, Scotland and Wales are reasonably similar to one another in terms of energy use and energy efficiency characteristics, but Northern Ireland often stands out as being different.
Basic housing stock characteristics The housing stock in the individual United Kingdom countries is different in composition by both type and age of stock. The comparisons are based on 2005 for England, Scotland and Wales and 2004 for Northern Ireland. These are the most recent years available for each country. Changes in percentage of total stock are slow so the differences for Northern Ireland between 2004 and 2005 will be negligible. Housing stock distribution by type of dwelling in 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales Semi Detached T erraced Flat Detached Bungalow Other
Scotland
England
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure A Figure A shows the composition of the stock by type of house in the most recent year for which data is available for each of the countries. It is easy to see that Scotland has a higher percentage of flats, Wales a higher percentage of terraced houses and Northern Ireland a higher percentage of bungalows than any of the other countries. However there are some differences due to the way in which people in the different countries perceive their dwellings so some of the bungalows in Northern Ireland may have been recorded as detached if they had been in England. In general data collected for England, Scotland and Wales relies on the householder’s response whereas Northern Ireland data comes from a surveyor assessed survey.
9
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
In Scotland flats make up 41% of the stock. England has the next highest percentage but this is only 17%. Wales has 37% of its stock as terraced housing whereas Northern Ireland, which is the next highest, has 30%. Northern Ireland has 20% of its stock as bungalows whereas Wales, which is the next highest has 11% and Scotland, which is the lowest, has only 1%. Northern Ireland also has the highest percentage of detached houses. For a given level of insulation the dwelling type with the lowest heat loss is the flat. Detached houses and bungalows, on the other hand, will have larger heat losses because of the greater surface to volume ratio. Thus, figure A would suggest that the average dwelling energy use in Scotland could be slightly lower than that in the other countries (but the colder winters in Scotland might be enough to offset this). Similarly, the average dwelling energy use in Northern Ireland could be higher, particularly since dwellings in Northern Ireland are also known to be larger (in 1996 the average dwelling floor area in England was 85m2, whilst in Northern Ireland it was 96m2. More recent data from the English House Condition Survey and the Northern Ireland House Condition Survey gives 86.7 m 2 for England and 101.5m2 for Northern Ireland).
Distribution of housing stock by age in 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales PRE 1918 1918-1938 1939-1959 1960-1975 1976Scotland
England
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure B Figure B shows the comparison of the age of the stock in different countries. As the Northern Ireland age bands in the source survey are different to those in the GB data it has to be assumed that the distribution of properties is uniform across each age band in order to produce comparable figures for Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland has the newest stock and Wales the oldest. In Northern Ireland 61% of the stock was built since 1959 whereas in Wales 61% of the stock was built before 1960. In Scotland 30% of the stock has been built since 1975. Newer dwellings are constructed to better standards of energy efficiency than their older counterparts so this suggests that homes in Wales might use more energy than average and homes in Northern Ireland might not have the higher energy use indicated by the dwelling type data shown in figure A. On the other
10
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
hand, it has to be remembered that there has been considerable activity on improving the insulation standards in existing homes, as will be discussed later, so the differences between the age categories are not as marked as might be supposed. Thus, the dwelling age distribution is actually only fairly loosely related to the likely energy use. Probably just as important is the tenure distribution which, in all countries, has been steadily evolving towards greater owner occupation. Tenure as percentage of total stock in 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales Owner occupied Local Authority Private Rented Registered social landlord & others Scotland
England
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Figure C Figure C shows that for all countries the majority of homes are owner occupied. In England and Northern Ireland 70%-72% of homes are owner occupied. Scotland has the lowest percentage of owner occupation with only 59% in that category whilst Wales has 66%. Scotland and Wales have the highest percentage of properties owned by registered social landlords(13 or 14%) while Northern Ireland has the lowest at 3%. England has the lowest level of private rented properties at 6% whilst Wales has the lowest percentage of local authority properties (12%). In these categories the differences between the countries is small. For Great Britain the average energy consumption in owner occupied homes in 2005 was 90.2GJ, much higher than those owned by registered social landlords which had an average energy consumption of 50.4 GJ. As such Scotland with the lowest percentage of owner occupied homes and the highest percentage of homes owned by registered social landlords might be expected to have a lower energy consumption than other countries.
11
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Insulation measures 1.1
Loft insulation
Loft insulation ownership has increased in all countries. In 1979 there were only 41% of lofts with any insulation in Northern Ireland, whilst in the other three countries it was between 59% and 68%. By 2004 this had risen to 96% in Northern Ireland which is higher than any of the other three countries. Percentage of lofts with insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure D Figure D shows that only Wales has less than 90% of lofts insulated and that 88.4% were insulated in 2005. 73.6% of lofts in Northern Ireland had 100mm or more of insulation in 2004. In England this was only 57.1% of lofts in 2004. In Scotland and Wales it was even lower at 47.1% and 38.3%. Northern Ireland therefore has both a higher percentage of lofts insulated and to a higher standard than any of the other countries in the UK.
12
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
1.2
Cavity wall insulation
Figure E shows the ownership of cavity wall insulation in each of the countries. Percentage of dwellings with cavity wall insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure E The percentage of cavity wall homes with insulation in Northern Ireland has risen from 7.6% in 1979 to 78.3% in 2004. In the same period in England the percentage with cavity wall insulation has increased from 7.4% to 36%. As the source of data is different in Northern Ireland the two figures are not exactly comparable. The data for England excludes a number of people who do not know if they have cavity wall insulation so should be treated as a minimum. However the English House Condition Survey records 39.6% of cavities insulated in 2005 as compared with 37% used for the data in this report. Similarly for Scotland and Wales where in 2004 45% and 38% respectively had cavity wall insulation. The general trends are evident from figure E, indicating the highest ownership in Northern Ireland, followed by Scotland, Wales and England. The pattern of cavity wall insulation will be influenced by the age of the stock. Cavity walls were uncommon before 1935 and solid walls became less common after 1950. However cavity walls were not generally built with insulation until the early 1990s. Therefore a country with a newer housing stock is likely to have a greater percentage of cavity walls insulated while a country with older stock and a higher percentage of solid walls has less scope for installing retrofitted cavity wall insulation
13
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
1.3
Double glazing
Figure F shows the ownership of double glazing. Percentage of dwellings with double glazing 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure F In all countries the percentage of dwellings with some double glazing is similar at around 83%. In Northern Ireland 62.3% of homes were fully double glazed in 2004 whereas for England it was only 43.3% and for Scotland and Wales 44.2% and 31.7% respectively. Information on draught proofing is contained in the individual country sections of this report. The general definition for draught proofing counts dwellings as draught proofed if they have been draught proofed or have double glazing, as good quality double glazing includes draught seals. As the number of dwellings with double glazing increases, those that have draught stripping only, become a smaller percentage of the total draught proofed.
14
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
1.4
Hot water tank insulation
Figure G shows the ownership of hot water tank insulation in each country. Ownership of hot water tank insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure G In all countries ownership of hot water tank insulation has been increasing. In Wales and Northern Ireland it is close to 90% while in England and Scotland it is more like 95%. This includes both jacket and factory sprayed foam insulation. The foam insulation is increasingly common on new and replacement tanks. In recent years the percentage of homes with hot water tanks has been falling due to the increased use of combination boilers.
15
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
1.5
Insulation summary
T able A summarises the insulation ownership figures, as percentages of the relevant potentials, for 2004 in all countries. It will be clear from the earlier charts that figures for an individual year can be difficult to compare because of statistical fluctuations that occur from one year to the next. The figures in table A need to be viewed with this in mind. England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Any loft insulation
92.4%
91.8%
87.2%
96.0%
100mm or more loft insulation
57.1%
47.1%
38.3%
73.6%
Cavity wall insulation
36.0%
45.3%
38.3%
78.3%
Any double glazing
83.0%
82.5%
82.3%
81.5%
Full double glazing
43.3%
44.2%
31.7%
62.3%
Any draught proofing
86.3%
89.0%
84.5%
81.5%
Full draught proofing
44.0%
46.0%
32.0%
62.3%
Hot water tank insulation
94.9%
94.7%
89.6%
Not available
T able A Figures for draught proofing for Northern Ireland are given as the same as double glazing figures due to the lack of information for Northern Ireland in 2004. Considering the insulation figures for 2004, Wales appears to have the lowest standards and Northern Ireland the highest. This is in contrast to the previous country fact file where Northern Ireland had generally lower standards but was raising them at a faster rate than the rest of the UK.
16
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Central heating Another factor that strongly influences the energy use is the ownership of central heating. Figure H shows the ownership of central heating in the four countries. Central heating ownership 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure H Central heating ownership has increased more rapidly in Northern Ireland and in 2004 98.4% of homes had central heating. In England in 2004 91.5% of homes had central heating and in Scotland and Wales it was 93.3% and 89.9% respectively. Centrally heated dwellings tend to use more energy than non-centrally heated dwellings because of the ability to heat the whole dwelling instead of just a few rooms. On the other hand, central heating systems are generally more efficient than the individual appliances they replace.
17
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Energy consumption Figure I shows the energy consumption per dwelling for each of the four countries. These are actual consumptions and are not adjusted for external temperature. Average energy consumption per dwelling 160
140
120
GJ
100 England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
80
60
40
20
0 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure I As the preceding discussions have suggested, homes in Northern Ireland were using significantly more energy than homes in the other countries before 2000. However, in recent years it has fallen to a similar level to the other countries. The sharp increase in energy use in Northern Ireland in 1985 is partly related to being the second coldest year in the period shown. Probably more importantly, however, it immediately follows the coal industry strike of 1984. It also roughly coincides with a very sharp fall in the price of oil. These two factors have had a far bigger impact in Northern Ireland than in the rest of the UK because of the prevalence of solid fuel and oil heating in Northern Ireland, which are much less common in the other countries. Also as suggested previously, it can be seen that homes in Scotland use slightly less energy than those in England, despite the colder winters. Similarly homes in Wales use slightly more energy than homes in England, despite the warmer winters. In 2005 the average energy consumption per household in England was 78.0 GJ compared with 65.4GJ in Scotland, 82.5 GJ in Wales and 82.1 GJ in Northern Ireland. It can also be seen in Figure I that the average dwelling energy use has not increased with improved standards of living and improved comfort levels that result from the uptake of central heating systems.
18
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Fuel type Figure J shows the energy consumption by fuel type in each country. Percentage energy consumption by fuel 2005
Northern Ireland
Wales Solid fuel Gas Electricity Oil Scotland
England
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure J The mix of fuels is different in each country, as illustrated in Figure J for the year 2005. The predominant fuel in England, Scotland and Wales is gas, representing 72.9%, 63.3%, and 65.9% respectively. The use of gas is increasing in Northern Ireland and now represents 8.7% of domestic energy consumption. The predominant fuel in Northern Ireland is oil which represents 53.9% of consumption. Northern Ireland also uses a higher percentage of solid fuel (12.4%) compared with 3.5% in Wales and 3.6% in Scotland. England uses the lowest percentage of solid fuel at only 1.4%. Scotland uses the highest percentage of electricity (27.2%) which might be expected as it also has the highest percentage of flats which tend to use electric heating.
19
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Expenditure Figure K shows the percentage of total household expenditure spent on fuel, light and power for each of the four countries. Percentage of expenditure on fuel, light and power 12%
Percentage of expenditure
10%
8%
England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland
6%
4%
2%
0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure K Expenditure on fuel, light and power per week in 2005 in England, Scotland and Wales is about £14-£15. In Northern Ireland it is higher at about £22. Figure K also shows that the percentage spent on fuel, light and power is higher than in the other countries, this is despite the higher insulation standards in Northern Ireland. This is partly because of the lower consumption of gas which is a comparatively cheaper fuel. It can also be seen that in the late 1970s and early 1980s there were likely to have been considerable problems with fuel poverty in Northern Ireland. An expenditure on energy of more than 10% of income is generally accepted as an indication of fuel poverty.
20
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Conclusion The composition of the housing stock varies by type, age and tenure between the four countries of the United Kingdom. In all countries levels of insulation are increasing but particularly in Northern Ireland which now has better levels of insulation than the other three countries. Hot water tank and loft insulation ownership are reaching saturation point in all countries at about 90-95% but cavity wall insulation is present in less than 50% of dwellings with cavities, except in Northern Ireland where it had reached 78.3% by 2004. The mix of fuels is changing with the use of solid fuel decreasing in all countries. The use of both gas and oil has increased in Northern Ireland, although gas still represents a fairly small proportion of the fuel consumed. The energy consumption per household has not increased despite the increasing use of household appliances and the increase in use of central heating systems. In Northern Ireland the trend is to lower consumption per household bringing it more in line with consumption levels in England, Scotland and Wales. Expenditure on fuel, light and power as a percentage of total expenditure has decreased in all countries, although, this does not reflect recent price increases. The detailed figures for individual countries are presented in the following four sections of the report.
21
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
ENGLAND
The information on England is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power . This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is considered before an overall assessment of insulation is made. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature and heat losses for the average household are calculated. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different end uses and different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 44 to 63.
22
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – England The percentage of expenditure spent on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1E. Expenditure on fuel light and power 7.0%
6.0%
Percentage all goods
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1E It has decreased from 5.5% in 1976 to 2.9% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
23
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 2E shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 25.00
600.00
500.00
400.00 15.00
300.00
10.00 200.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel, light and power
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
20.00
5.00
100.00
0.00 1976
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2E T able 1E on page 44 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
24
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Population and household numbers – England
The number of households continues to increase while the number of people per household falls. Figure 3E shows the household and population numbers for England. Households and population 60,000
50,000
(1,000s)
40,000
30,000
Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s)
20,000
10,000
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3E The average household size has decreased from 2.98 to 2.37 between 1970 and 2005. Since the previous Country fact file was published some government figures, for population and households in the years included in it, have been revised as a result of the 2001 census. This means there may be small differences in tables produced for this fact file from those in the earlier publication. T able 2E shows the population, number of households and average household size, for England, for the years 1970 – 2005.
25
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Age of the housing stock - England Figure 4E shows the age distribution within the housing stock. Housing stock distribution by age 25000
No of households (1,000s)
20000
15000
10000
19761960-1975 1939-1959 1918-1938 PRE 1918
5000
0 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 4E Although some older dwellings are demolished there is very little decrease in the number of older dwellings since some are also converted into multiple dwellings. The number of new dwellings built each year is increasing the post 1976 category. T able 3E shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1987 to 2005.
26
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Housing stock distribution by tenure – England
Figure 5E shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 25000
No of households (1,000s)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
Owner occupied
1987
1989
Local Authority
1991
1993
Private Rented
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Registered social landlord & others
Figure 5E Before 1987 figures for registered social landlords and private rented tenancies are combined. The numbers of those owning their houses is increasing. In 1977 56% of households were owner occupied. By 2005 this had risen to 70%. It is now rising more slowly than it was in the 1980s The increase in households in properties owned by registered social landlords is partly due to stock transfers from local authorities. T able 4E shows the number of households of each tenure from 1977 to 2005.
27
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
House types – England Figure 6E shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 25000
No of households ( 1,000s)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Semi De- tached
1994
1995
T erra- ced
1996 Flat
1997
1998
De- tached
1999
Bung- alow
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Other
Figure 6E Although the number of households is increasing the proportion of each type has remained fairly consistent. Figure 7E shows the proportions of each house type in 2005.
28
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Percentage of each dwelling type in 2005
Bungalow 9%
Other 0%
Semi Detached 30% Detached 16%
Flat 17%
T erraced 28%
Figure 7E The main change has been a decrease in terraced housing from 30% in 1987 to 28% in 2005 and an increase in the percentage of flats from 14% in 1987 to 17% in 2005. T able 5E shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1987 to 2005.
29
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – England The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8E. Ownership and depth of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
Not stated 3" (75mm) 604 685 794 1027 1005 1306 1548 1602 1584 1589 1591 1281 1535 1500 1652 1339 1544 1369 1677 1597 1092 928 944 1142 1154 1080 1084 1094
Not stated T otal with Potential 1270 1941 1743 972 611 547 639 665 1047 1290 1486 874 847 1125 839 888 939 1158 1212 961 927 685 815 910 904 1109 1132 1139 1152 1170
10688 11482 11628 12497 12993 13156 13396 13967 14435 15202 15322 15708 15754 16097 16127 16314 15954 15909 15997 15818 15634 16136 15449 15175 15101 14929 15084 15106 15224 15388
14110 14278 14206 14655 14869 14901 14979 15362 15660 16236 16331 16617 16760 16967 17034 17160 16882 16933 16881 16698 16466 16830 16403 16069 16083 15693 15881 15923 16050 16235
T otal Homes 16561 16680 16800 16929 17068 17362 17453 17585 17757 17942 18131 18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
55
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 12E Households with full and no insulation measures (1,000s) - England
Y ear 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal T otal households households with no with full T otal insulation insulation households 3231 3364 3191 2979 2976 2899 2854 2849 2846 2485 2261 2326 2537 2371 2605 2220 2003 1878 1476
Source: GfK Home Audit
560 772 851 875 992 1162 1199 1687 1904 1881 1750 2305 2567 2350 2636 2616 2985 3064 3455
18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
56
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 13E Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures - England
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average delivered external T otal energy temperature households (PJ) (oC) (1,000s) 16561 1279 5.7 16680 1322 6.4 16800 1347 6.1 16929 1445 5.0 17068 1391 5.6 17362 1389 5.3 17453 1369 6.1 17585 1358 6.5 17757 1325 6.0 17942 1457 5.0 18131 1516 5.5 18335 1509 5.3 18551 1477 6.4 18778 1409 6.4 18970 1431 7.3 19166 1571 5.9 19284 1548 5.6 19395 1591 5.7 19505 1531 6.8 19618 1498 6.4 19727 1688 5.3 19816 1568 7.0 19924 1620 7.2 20052 1615 7.1 20222 1638 6.6 20523 1683 6.0 20720 1663 7.1 20904 1660 6.1 21062 1695 6.5 21291 1660 6.6
Average consumption per dwelling (GJ) 77.2 79.2 80.2 85.4 81.5 80.0 78.5 77.2 74.6 81.2 83.6 82.3 79.6 75.0 75.4 82.0 80.3 82.0 78.5 76.4 85.6 79.1 81.3 80.6 81.0 82.0 80.3 79.4 80.5 78.0
Source: www.communities.gov.uk , Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, temperatures calculated from Degree Day figures for West Pennines.
57
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 14E Heat loss of the average dwelling - England
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 16561 16680 16800 16929 17068 17362 17453 17585 17757 17942 18131 18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
Source: BREHOMES
Average dwelling Stock heat loss heat loss (GW/oC) (W/oC) 351.0 5.81 344.8 5.75 338.9 5.69 333.9 5.65 326.6 5.57 320.9 5.57 314.8 5.49 308.6 5.43 306.8 5.45 304.2 5.46 300.2 5.44 297.0 5.45 295.2 5.48 294.1 5.52 290.7 5.51 288.7 5.53 282.9 5.45 282.1 5.47 280.0 5.46 277.3 5.44 275.0 5.42 272.0 5.39 272.1 5.42 271.0 5.44 271.2 5.48 268.4 5.51 266.8 5.53 263.4 5.51 260.3 5.48 257.8 5.49
58
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 15E Central heating ownership (1,000s) - England
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
No central With central T otal heating heating households 5898 5651 5214 4887 4508 4482 4073 3904 3458 3292 3052 2778 2667 2567 2539 2254 2193 2239 2039 2059 1826 1796 1811
Source: GfK Home Audit
11687 12106 12728 13244 13827 14069 14705 15066 15708 15993 16343 16727 16951 17160 17277 17670 17859 17983 18484 18661 19078 19266 19479
17585 17757 17942 18131 18335 18551 18778 18970 19166 19284 19395 19505 19618 19727 19816 19924 20052 20222 20523 20720 20904 21062 21291
59
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 16E Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - England Electric Solid fuel storage 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1168 1013 1208 1174 1144 1161 962 957 972 785 729 645 587 607 613 541 538 453 464 515 380 226 173
Source: GfK Home Audit
779 1063 1038 934 1019 1083 1186 1285 1417 1489 1567 1449 1463 1613 1686 1595 1631 1622 1476 1563 1269 972 961
Electric other 444 529 448 376 311 355 446 369 342 324 301 391 306 298 318 202 387 352 315 414 362 494 501
All electric Gas 1223 1592 1487 1310 1331 1438 1632 1654 1759 1812 1868 1840 1769 1910 2004 1797 2017 1974 1792 1976 1632 1466 1462
Oil 8575 8854 9269 10065 10518 10621 11306 11591 12075 12567 12877 13363 13563 13422 13508 14322 14241 14540 15069 15042 16156 16525 16769
Other 485 463 434 429 495 520 465 484 535 490 556 527 588 716 749 609 665 656 757 839 705 835 745
T otal 237 184 331 266 340 330 340 380 368 338 314 352 444 504 404 401 398 362 402 288 205 215 330
11687 12106 12728 13244 13827 14069 14705 15066 15708 15993 16343 16727 16951 17160 17277 17670 17859 17983 18484 18661 19078 19266 19479
60
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 17E Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - England
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Solid fuel 1290 1202 1049 923 747 716 707 669 573 505 436 441 379 405 372 363 223 195 248 253 248 347 145
Source: GfK Home Audit
electric 741 684 576 477 505 562 442 458 364 390 355 346 390 338 472 336 333 415 587 773 645 422 816
Gas 3636 3601 3460 3340 3135 3068 2805 2686 2418 2305 2176 1918 1817 1756 1641 1498 1577 1591 1149 992 906 994 835
Oil 71 45 25 18 21 20 15 5 15 9 5 3 7 3 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 159 120 103 130 100 116 104 87 87 82 80 69 73 64 52 55 56 38 56 42 27 34 15
T otal 5898 5651 5214 4887 4508 4482 4073 3904 3458 3292 3052 2778 2667 2567 2539 2254 2193 2239 2039 2059 1826 1796 1811
61
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 18E Weighted average space heating efficiencies - England
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
NonCentral central heating heating Average efficiency efficiency efficiency 68.1% 68.8% 68.4% 68.0% 67.9% 68.1% 68.3% 68.3% 68.3% 68.4% 69.4% 69.3% 69.2% 69.9% 70.5% 70.7% 71.0% 71.0% 71.6% 72.6% 72.9% 73.7% 74.7%
Source: BREHOMES
50.5% 50.9% 50.6% 50.6% 51.3% 51.8% 51.1% 51.3% 51.2% 51.7% 51.9% 51.7% 52.7% 52.0% 53.5% 52.3% 53.6% 54.6% 57.2% 59.9% 58.6% 53.9% 63.4%
61.0% 61.8% 62.1% 62.2% 62.9% 63.3% 63.8% 64.1% 64.5% 64.8% 65.9% 66.1% 66.4% 66.9% 67.7% 68.0% 68.5% 68.7% 69.8% 71.1% 71.4% 71.5% 73.6%
62
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 19E Domestic energy consumption by end use - England
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Space heating (PJ) 720.4 764.9 789.7 878.7 828.5 826.1 809.2 797.9 762.4 889.0 931.5 919.8 878.2 803.2 824.5 956.9 936.6 971.5 911.8 874.7 1061.0 934.7 987.5 979.6 997.2 1031.4 1010.9 1001.8 1024.5 987.6
Source: BREHOMES
Water Lights & heating Cooking appliances All energy (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 357.2 73.3 128.1 1279 352.1 72.5 132.3 1322 350.1 71.4 135.9 1347 356.3 70.5 140.0 1445 348.5 69.5 144.4 1391 345.2 68.5 148.7 1388 340.3 67.2 152.5 1369 337.6 65.6 156.8 1358 336.2 63.9 162.3 1325 337.3 62.4 168.4 1457 349.1 60.6 174.5 1516 350.8 58.8 179.9 1509 357.3 57.0 184.3 1477 362.3 55.3 188.2 1409 361.4 53.6 191.3 1431 368.0 52.3 193.9 1571 364.3 51.0 196.4 1548 371.7 49.8 197.6 1591 370.4 48.9 199.6 1531 373.2 48.4 201.9 1498 375.5 47.8 203.9 1688 379.5 47.5 206.0 1568 376.8 47.1 208.2 1619 378.8 46.8 210.2 1615 381.3 46.4 212.8 1638 390.8 45.9 214.6 1683 389.7 45.9 216.5 1663 393.7 45.6 218.7 1660 401.4 45.7 223.0 1695 399.4 49.0 223.7 1660
Space heating All energy per per household household (GJ) (GJ) 43.5 77.2 45.9 79.2 47.0 80.2 51.9 85.4 48.5 81.5 47.6 80.0 46.4 78.5 45.4 77.2 42.9 74.6 49.6 81.2 51.4 83.6 50.2 82.3 47.3 79.6 42.8 75.0 43.5 75.4 49.9 82.0 48.6 80.3 50.1 82.0 46.7 78.5 44.6 76.4 53.8 85.6 47.2 79.1 49.6 81.3 48.9 80.6 49.3 81.0 50.3 82.0 48.8 80.3 47.9 79.4 48.6 80.5 46.4 78.0
63
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 20E Energy use of the housing stock by fuel (PJ) - England Y ear Solid fuel 1976 298 1977 301 1978 269 1979 270 1980 232 1981 219 1982 220 1983 209 1984 165 1985 210 1986 203 1987 174 1988 166 1989 132 1990 117 1991 129 1992 111 1993 121 1994 99 1995 75 1996 77 1997 64 1998 66 1999 66 2000 49 2001 58 2002 49 2003 33 2004 39 2005 23
Natural gas T own gas Gas (total) Electric 588 14 603 253 636 4 641 254 699 2 701 252 787 2 790 263 807 2 809 251 835 2 837 244 827 1 829 239 830 1 831 239 837 1 839 243 913 1 915 253 959 1 960 266 982 1 983 270 963 0 963 268 931 0 931 270 958 0 958 273 1062 0 1062 286 1051 0 1051 291 1080 0 1080 293 1043 0 1043 292 1034 0 1034 295 1198 0 1198 309 1099 0 1099 303 1129 0 1129 319 1133 0 1133 323 1165 0 1165 328 1185 0 1185 338 1175 0 1175 339 1199 0 1199 345 1238 0 1238 343 1210 0 1210 347
Oil 125 125 125 123 99 89 82 79 79 79 87 82 79 75 82 94 95 97 96 93 104 102 104 93 95 102 100 82 75 79
All fuels 1279 1322 1347 1445 1391 1388 1369 1358 1325 1457 1516 1509 1477 1409 1431 1571 1548 1591 1531 1498 1688 1568 1619 1615 1638 1683 1663 1660 1695 1660
Source: Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey
64
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
SCOTLAND
The information on Scotland is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power . This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is considered before an overall assessment of insulation is made. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature and heat losses for the average household are calculated. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different end uses and different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 87 to 106.
65
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Scotland The percentage of expenditure on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1S. Expenditure on fuel, light and power 8.0%
7.0%
Percentage all goods
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1S It has decreased from 5.9% in 1976 to 3.2% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
66
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 2S shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 25.00
500.00
450.00
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
350.00
15.00
300.00
250.00
10.00
200.00
150.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
100.00
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel light and power
20.00
400.00
5.00
50.00
0.00 1976
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2S T able 1S on page 87 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
67
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Population and household numbers – Scotland The number of households continues to increase while the number of people per household falls. Figure 3S shows the household and population numbers for Scotland. Households and population 6000
5000
(1,000s)
4000
3000
Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s)
2000
1000
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3S The average household size has decreased from 3.17 to 2.25 between 1970 and 2005. Since the previous Country fact file was published some government figures, for population and households in the years included in it, have been revised as a result of the 2001 census. This means there may be small differences in tables produced for this fact file from those in the earlier publication. T able 2S shows the population, number of households and average household size, for Scotland, for the years 1970-2005.
68
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Age of the housing stock – Scotland Figure 4S shows the age distribution within the housing stock. Housing stock distribution by age 2500
No of households (1,000s)
2000
1500
19761960-1975 1939-1959 1918-1938 PRE 1918
1000
500
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991 1992
1993 1994
1995 1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004
2005
Figure 4S The number of new dwellings built each year is increasing the post 1976 category. Variations in the other categories are made up from demolitions, conversions and statistical variations due to sample size. T able 3S shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1987 to 2005.
69
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Housing stock distribution by tenure – Scotland Figure 5S shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 2500
No of households (1,000s)
2000
1500
1000
500
0 1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
Owner occupied
1987
1989
Local Authority
1991
1993
Private Rented
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Registered social landlord (RSL)
Figure 5S Before 1987 figures for registered social landlords and private rented tenancies are combined. The number of those owning their houses is increasing. In 1977 35% of households were owner occupied. By 2005 this had risen to 59%. T able 4S shows the number of households of each tenure from 1977 to 2005.
70
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
House types – Scotland Figure 6S shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 2500
No of households (1,000s)
2000
1500
1000
500
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
Semi detached
1995
T erraced
1996 Flat
1997 Detached
1998
1999
2000
Bungalow
Other
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Figure 6S Although the number of dwellings is increasing the proportions of each house type are changing very little. There is a slight increase in flats and detached houses and a corresponding drop in the proportion of semidetached and terraced. Figure 7S shows the proportion of each house type in 2005.
71
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Other 0% Bungalow 1% Detached 15%
Semi detached 18%
T erraced 24%
Flat 42%
Figure 7S T able 5S shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1987 to 2005.
72
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – Scotland The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8S. Ownership and depth of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
Not stated 3" or less 2" (50mm) 3" (75mm) or more (>75mm) Not stated T otal with 264 409 365 479 344 407 532 361 413 329 367 258 203 139 115 88 95 80 49 93 63 45 62 53 73 130 131 110 107 106
Source: GfK Home Audit
429 442 480 600 700 537 665 704 598 722 667 331 451 363 422 405 289 249 214 244 281 232 194 241 324 79 79 82 81 81
104 120 261 352 240 286 353 348 397 911 919 1012 1014 1026 1152 1199 1303 1367 1235 1239 1411 1180 1083 1292 1301 1274 1219 1220
279 177 -
121 71 76 70 78 91 89 123 122 122 119 116 107 111 128 107 120 40 96 158 110 58 126 73 73 71 67 67
218 229 284 123 91 122 99 154 157 139 192 107 84 114 122 161 116 153 99 130 140 96 78 37 93 115 116 117 111 111
1190 1258 1353 1393 1471 1489 1614 1596 1611 1661 1745 1729 1776 1745 1779 1791 1781 1788 1786 1874 1816 1771 1856 1570 1699 1689 1701 1654 1585 1586
T otal Potential households 1677 1671 1647 1703 1760 1753 1797 1810 1796 1840 1889 1854 1929 1924 1949 1931 1929 1911 1926 1995 1930 1907 1912 1648 1812 1783 1795 1750 1675 1675
1791 1810 1828 1847 1865 1884 1895 1908 1929 1945 1963 1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
98
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 12S Households with full and no insulation measures (1,000s) - Scotland
Y ear 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal T otal households households with no with full T otal insulation insulation households 568 527 473 539 479 517 393 485 427 383 297 241 300 318 401 386 333 300 289
Source: GfK Home Audit
69 105 126 105 136 152 126 182 251 300 401 406 415 390 382 384 412 418 418
1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
99
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 13S Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures - Scotland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average Average T otal delivered external consumption households energy temperature per dwelling (1,000s) (PJ) (oC) (GJ) 1791 130 4.8 72.5 1810 137 5.2 76.0 1828 142 5.0 77.4 1847 146 4.0 79.3 1865 141 4.7 75.8 1884 142 4.2 75.5 1895 139 5.0 73.2 1908 140 5.7 73.5 1929 132 5.0 68.7 1945 149 4.4 76.8 1963 158 4.7 80.7 1978 156 4.6 78.9 1995 148 5.6 74.4 2014 139 6.1 69.0 2032 143 6.4 70.5 2043 157 4.9 77.0 2059 152 4.7 74.0 2076 161 4.9 77.4 2094 161 5.5 76.8 2112 152 5.3 71.8 2126 167 4.8 78.4 2139 158 6.3 73.9 2153 161 6.2 74.7 2166 161 6.0 74.2 2177 171 4.7 78.6 2195 186 4.2 84.7 2209 178 4.9 80.4 2225 180 4.6 80.8 2246 175 4.9 77.9 2266 148 5.2 65.4
Source: www.communities.gov.uk , Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey, temperatures calculated from published Degree Day figures for East Scotland.
100
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 14S Heat loss of the average dwelling - Scotland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 1791 1810 1828 1847 1865 1884 1895 1908 1929 1945 1963 1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
Source: BREHOMES
Average dwelling Stock heat loss heat loss (GW/oC) (W/oC) 345.7 0.62 340.6 0.62 332.6 0.61 323.6 0.60 320.4 0.60 316.8 0.60 306.1 0.58 303.3 0.58 293.1 0.57 297.8 0.58 295.1 0.58 289.0 0.57 285.1 0.57 274.0 0.55 277.9 0.56 276.4 0.56 266.2 0.55 265.2 0.55 275.1 0.58 266.0 0.56 257.7 0.55 262.6 0.56 258.3 0.56 257.5 0.56 240.7 0.52 251.9 0.55 249.8 0.55 246.3 0.55 240.6 0.54 238.1 0.54
101
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 15S Central heating ownership (1,000s) - Scotland
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
No central heating 827 707 698 727 659 547 522 417 434 369 373 335 208 229 172 184 224 229 166 167 144 148 151
Source: GfK Home Audit
With central heating 1081 1222 1247 1236 1319 1448 1493 1615 1608 1691 1703 1759 1904 1897 1967 1969 1942 1949 2028 2042 2081 2097 2114
T otal households 1908 1929 1945 1963 1978 1995 2014 2032 2043 2059 2076 2094 2112 2126 2139 2153 2166 2177 2195 2209 2225 2246 2266
102
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 16S Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Scotland Y ear Solid fuel 1983 134 1984 133 1985 141 1986 165 1987 184 1988 182 1989 179 1990 197 1991 165 1992 142 1993 119 1994 142 1995 90 1996 110 1997 128 1998 89 1999 74 2000 91 2001 99 2002 90 2003 92 2004 80 2005 78
Source: GfK Home Audit
Electric storage 128 207 218 173 203 257 273 302 311 329 341 372 452 402 449 387 407 388 379 348 313 281 259
Electric other All electric 128 256 172 379 152 371 79 252 89 292 117 373 92 365 78 380 63 375 84 413 69 410 62 434 73 524 81 483 66 515 38 426 50 457 64 452 94 473 75 423 36 350 100 381 80 338
Gas 648 676 678 784 791 825 891 986 1004 1072 1098 1134 1225 1203 1217 1359 1319 1302 1350 1390 1511 1457 1550
Oil 29 25 34 24 34 39 26 29 32 30 46 30 33 75 62 66 72 67 78 97 97 142 104
Other 15 9 24 11 18 30 31 23 33 33 29 18 31 26 45 29 20 38 29 42 29 36 43
T otal 1081 1222 1247 1236 1319 1448 1493 1615 1608 1691 1703 1759 1904 1897 1967 1969 1942 1949 2028 2042 2081 2097 2114
103
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 17S Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Scotland Solid fuel 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
219 187 202 203 154 131 138 91 94 71 76 58 38 40 32 24 27 32 21 31 22 69 9
Source: GfK Home Audit
electric 266 225 218 208 174 156 160 148 126 119 117 117 68 90 65 69 93 99 84 83 68 48 121
Gas 286 259 255 285 303 230 191 156 190 152 163 148 95 84 67 84 100 92 56 49 39 28 12
Oil
Other 16 10 5 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 27 19 28 24 27 31 21 25 26 17 12 7 14 8 8 4 6 4 4 15 2 9
T otal 827 707 698 727 659 547 522 417 434 369 373 335 208 229 172 184 224 229 166 167 144 148 151
104
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 18S Weighted average space heating efficiencies - Scotland
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
NonCentral central heating heating Average efficiency efficiency efficiency 71.4% 73.4% 73.0% 70.5% 70.9% 71.9% 71.6% 71.4% 71.3% 71.7% 72.4% 72.6% 73.5% 73.3% 73.9% 73.4% 73.9% 73.9% 74.6% 74.9% 74.8% 76.1% 76.3%
Source: BREHOMES
55.9% 55.8% 54.5% 54.1% 54.3% 55.2% 55.4% 57.7% 55.9% 57.8% 56.6% 58.1% 57.1% 60.5% 59.0% 60.3% 61.3% 61.6% 65.4% 62.1% 65.2% 51.3% 84.2%
63.7% 65.8% 65.1% 63.4% 64.5% 66.4% 66.6% 68.2% 67.3% 68.7% 69.0% 69.8% 71.5% 71.7% 72.4% 72.0% 72.4% 72.4% 73.9% 73.8% 74.1% 73.8% 76.8%
105
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 19S Domestic energy consumption by end use - Scotland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Space heating (PJ) 73.3 79.8 82.9 88.4 84.1 84.6 81.6 82.5 74.8 90.9 97.6 94.8 87.2 76.8 81.1 94.4 89.9 95.8 95.2 86.9 101.8 92.6 95.8 95.2 106.0 119.6 110.5 110.9 107.4 83.9
Source: BREHOMES
Water Lights & heating Cooking appliances All energy (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 35.6 7.6 13.3 129.9 35.9 7.7 14.1 137.5 36.2 7.7 14.7 141.4 35.9 7.4 14.7 146.4 34.9 7.3 15.1 141.4 34.6 7.1 15.5 142.2 34.1 7.1 16.0 138.7 34.3 7.0 16.6 140.3 33.5 6.8 17.3 132.4 34.1 6.6 17.7 149.4 36.0 6.4 18.3 158.4 36.0 6.2 19.0 156.1 35.8 6.0 19.4 148.3 36.4 5.8 19.9 139.0 36.2 5.7 20.2 143.2 36.9 5.5 20.4 157.4 36.3 5.4 20.7 152.4 38.1 5.4 21.3 160.6 38.3 5.4 21.9 160.8 37.7 5.2 21.7 151.7 37.7 5.1 21.9 166.8 38.3 5.0 21.9 158.0 37.8 5.0 22.1 160.9 38.1 4.9 22.3 160.8 38.3 5.0 21.7 171.1 39.3 5.0 21.7 185.6 39.8 5.0 22.4 177.7 40.9 5.0 22.8 179.7 39.7 4.9 22.9 174.9 37.1 4.6 22.6 148.2
Space heating All energy per per household household (GJ) (GJ) 40.9 72.5 44.1 76.0 45.3 77.4 47.9 79.3 45.1 75.8 44.9 75.5 43.1 73.2 43.2 73.5 38.8 68.7 46.7 76.8 49.7 80.7 47.9 78.9 43.7 74.4 38.1 69.0 39.9 70.5 46.2 77.0 43.7 74.0 46.1 77.4 45.5 76.8 41.1 71.8 47.9 78.4 43.3 73.8 44.5 74.7 43.9 74.2 48.7 78.6 54.5 84.6 50.0 80.4 49.9 80.8 47.8 77.9 37.0 65.4
106
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 20S Energy use of the housing stock by fuel (PJ) - Scotland Y ear Solid fuel 1976 50 1977 53 1978 49 1979 47 1980 41 1981 38 1982 34 1983 30 1984 24 1985 32 1986 35 1987 30 1988 27 1989 24 1990 21 1991 21 1992 18 1993 19 1994 18 1995 11 1996 11 1997 11 1998 8 1999 8 2000 10 2001 11 2002 8 2003 5 2004 5 2005 5
Source: BREHOMES
Natural gas T own gas Gas (total) Electric 31 1 31 37 34 0 34 38 41 0 41 39 48 0 48 40 50 0 51 40 55 0 55 41 56 0 57 41 64 0 64 40 63 0 63 40 67 0 67 43 75 0 75 43 77 0 77 43 72 0 72 43 70 0 70 41 75 0 75 43 87 0 87 44 84 0 84 44 89 0 89 44 89 0 89 48 87 0 87 49 96 0 96 49 92 0 92 47 96 0 96 46 96 0 96 47 106 0 106 45 117 0 117 46 114 0 114 43 120 0 120 42 116 0 116 42 94 0 94 40
Oil 12 13 12 12 9 8 7 5 5 6 5 6 6 4 5 5 5 8 5 5 10 8 10 9 10 12 12 13 12 9
All fuels 130 137 142 146 141 142 139 140 132 149 158 156 148 139 143 157 152 161 161 152 167 158 161 161 171 186 178 180 175 148
107
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
WALES
The information on Wales is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power. This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is considered before an overall assessment of insulation is made. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature and heat losses for the average household are calculated. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different end uses and different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 130 to 149.
108
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Wales The percentage of expenditure spent on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1W.
Expenditure on fuel light and power 8.0%
7.0%
Percentage all goods
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1W It has decreased from 6.2% in 1976 to 3.7% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
109
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 2W shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 25.00
500.00
450.00
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
350.00
15.00
300.00
250.00
10.00
200.00
150.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
100.00
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel, light and power
20.00
400.00
5.00
50.00
0.00 1976
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2W T able 1W on page 130 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
110
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Population and household numbers – Wales The number of households continues to increase while the number of people per household falls. Figure 3W shows the household and population numbers for Wales. Households and population 3500
3000
2500
(1,000s)
2000 Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s) 1500
1000
500
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3W The average household size has decreased from 3.12 to 2.35 between 1970 and 2005. Since the previous Country fact file was published some government figures, for population and households in the years included in it, have been revised as a result of the 2001 census. This means there may be small differences in tables produced for this fact file from those in the earlier publication. T able 2W shows the population, number of households and average household size, for Wales, for the years 1970-2005.
111
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Age of the housing stock – Wales Figure 4W shows the age distribution within the housing stock. Housing stock distribution by age 1400
1200
No of households (1,000s)
1000
19761960-1975 1939-1959 1918-1938 PRE 1918
800
600
400
200
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991 1992
1993 1994
1995 1996 1997
1998 1999
2000 2001
2002 2003
2004
2005
Figure 4W Although some older dwellings are demolished there is very little decrease in the number of older dwellings since some are also converted to multiple dwellings. The number of new dwellings built each year is increasing the post 1976 category. T able 3W shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1987 to 2005.
112
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Housing stock distribution by tenure – Wales Figure 5W shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 1400
1200
No of households (1,000s)
1000
800
600
400
200
0 1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
Owner occupied
1987
1989
Local Authority
1991
Private Rented
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Registered social landlord and others
Figure 5W Before 1987 figures for registered social landlords and private rented tenancies are combined. The number of those owning their house is increasing slowly from 62% in 1977 to 66% in 2005. Local authority ownership has decreased from 32% to 12% in the same period while registered social landlord ownership had risen to 13% by 2005. T able 4W shows the number of households of each tenure from 1977 to 2005.
113
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
House types – Wales Figure 6W shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 1400
1200
No of households (1,000s)
1000
800
600
400
200
0 1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Semi deta- ched
1994
1995
T erra- ced
1996 Flat
1997
1998
Deta- ched
1999
Bung- alow
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Other
Figure 6W Although the number of households is increasing the proportion of each type has remained fairly consistent. Figure 7W shows the proportions of each house type in 2005.
114
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Percentage of each dwelling type in 2005
Bungalow 11%
Other 0% Semi detached 26%
Detached 15%
Flat 12%
T erraced 36%
Figure 7W Although there has been a decrease in semi detached houses from 35% in 1987 to 26% in 2005 this is at least partly due to statistical variations in the data. Over the same time period flats have increased from 7% to 12% of the stock again looking at the full range of years this is not a continuous trend. T able 5W shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1987 to 2005.
115
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – Wales The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8W. ownership of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
Not stated 3" or less 2" (50mm) 3" (75mm) or more (>75mm) Not stated T otal with 113 145 159 156 107 95 65 100 140 121 93 78 76 39 86 26 62 56 62 38 38 49 41 46 70 30 30 29 28 29
Source: GfK Home Audit
186 227 237 247 247 318 309 332 297 348 355 270 293 202 287 224 221 347 190 221 187 226 274 165 151 167 168 171 171 173
-
149 107 97 151 187 161 277 269 264 262 200 380 450 442 428 545 546 395 527 561 617 578 558 599 559 532 537 527 522 526
-
25 50 47 82 74 63 74 57 109 94 96 76 88 118 63 77 98 20 55 62 25 37 50 58 58 53 64 66
76 72 92 30 15 13 6 24 21 23 72 41 28 68 60 60 64 48 49 49 25 80 35 46 54 41 44 45 43 46
523 551 610 635 603 670 732 787 797 812 830 862 943 827 949 974 956 921 926 889 921 993 933 893 885 828 839 824 829 840
T otal Potential households 898 873 902 904 894 903 91 1 949 998 997 1006 1026 1058 982 1068 1065 1055 1051 1029 981 1008 1032 981 945 932 933 944 920 925 934
972 980 989 998 1007 1025 1027 1033 1042 1053 1065 1079 1097 11 13 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
141
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 12W Households with full and no insulation measures (1,000s) - Wales
Y ear 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal T otal households households with no with full T otal insulation insulation households 158 156 196 184 176 164 106 150 133 186 128 123 106 93 164 143 137 122 116
Source: GfK Home Audit
62 58 39 74 47 49 92 137 143 161 166 129 144 133 107 109 103 104 106
1079 1097 1113 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
142
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 13W Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures - Wales
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average Average T otal delivered external consumption households energy temperature per dwelling (1,000s) (PJ) (oC) (GJ) 972 82 6.2 83.9 980 81 7.1 82.8 989 85 7.0 86.1 998 96 5.9 96.2 1007 89 6.4 88.0 1025 85 6.3 83.1 1027 85 6.8 82.4 1033 86 7.1 83.5 1042 84 6.5 80.8 1053 91 5.7 86.0 1065 94 6.1 88.2 1079 94 5.7 86.9 1097 88 7.2 79.8 1113 81 7.5 72.8 1124 84 7.8 74.8 1137 91 6.3 80.1 1145 91 6.6 79.3 1153 96 6.5 83.6 1160 93 7.8 80.2 1166 89 7.3 76.0 1172 105 6.2 89.2 1178 95 7.6 81.0 1183 95 7.9 80.5 1188 97 7.8 81.6 1197 98 6.6 81.9 1209 103 6.0 85.6 1223 103 7.1 84.5 1236 108 6.1 87.5 1247 112 6.5 90.1 1260 104 6.6 82.5
Source: www.communities.gov.uk, Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey, temperatures calculated from published Degree Day figures for Wales.
143
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 14W Heat loss of the average dwelling - Wales
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 972 980 989 998 1007 1025 1027 1033 1042 1053 1065 1079 1097 1113 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
Source: BREHOMES
Average dwelling Stock heat loss heat loss (GW/oC) (W/oC) 363.4 0.35 357.1 0.35 352.9 0.35 353.0 0.35 346.1 0.35 330.7 0.34 328.9 0.34 325.4 0.34 318.2 0.33 318.4 0.34 312.8 0.33 309.2 0.33 303.8 0.33 300.7 0.33 304.8 0.34 294.0 0.33 292.4 0.33 283.8 0.33 278.5 0.32 270.9 0.32 285.8 0.33 277.4 0.33 272.0 0.32 278.8 0.33 280.0 0.34 281.1 0.34 278.4 0.34 273.9 0.34 270.4 0.34 267.7 0.34
144
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 15W Central heating ownership (1,000s) - Wales
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
No central heating 362 370 308 281 317 270 239 244 182 189 136 135 110 198 122 93 108 104 138 140 132 126 127
Source: BREHOMES
With central heating 671 671 745 784 762 827 874 880 955 956 1017 1025 1056 974 1056 1090 1080 1093 1071 1083 1104 1121 1132
T otal households 1033 1042 1053 1065 1079 1097 1113 1124 1137 1145 1153 1160 1166 1172 1178 1183 1188 1197 1209 1223 1236 1247 1260
145
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 16W Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Wales
Solid fuel 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
155 125 167 179 166 174 147 127 127 120 125 90 96 107 137 91 89 108 90 90 71 55 35
Source: BREHOMES
Electric storage 41 49 54 43 41 42 53 53 71 55 65 58 42 56 63 70 72 64 58 45 34 38 43
Electric other 14 8 32 10 3 2 5 6 6 9 3 8 9 3 7 9 15 7 11 7 25 13 13
All electric 55 57 86 53 44 44 58 60 77 64 68 66 51 59 70 79 86 70 71 52 59 51 56
Gas 417 422 427 504 504 559 604 632 679 708 747 785 797 671 699 796 798 799 794 807 844 850 883
Oil
Other 31 63 58 35 33 40 44 44 53 46 52 61 87 106 99 86 81 93 92 109 105 144 141
13 5 7 12 15 10 20 17 19 18 25 22 24 31 51 38 25 22 25 24 23 20 17
T otal 671 671 745 784 762 827 874 880 955 956 1017 1025 1056 974 1056 1090 1080 1093 1071 1083 1104 1121 1132
146
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 17W Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) - Wales Solid fuel 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
161 163 137 119 127 97 74 77 61 63 46 45 35 65 60 37 34 36 36 36 28 36 25
Source: BREHOMES
electric 30 31 20 17 31 29 29 22 13 18 9 15 4 26 13 17 12 17 59 36 34 40 41
Gas 151 163 144 137 150 138 134 132 102 100 75 74 70 106 44 34 58 45 44 67 67 36 56
Oil
Other 4 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
14 12 5 7 8 6 3 13 6 6 6 2 1 1 4 5 4 5 2 0 6 15 5
T otal 362 370 308 281 317 270 239 244 182 189 136 135 110 198 122 93 108 104 138 140 132 126 127
147
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 18W Weighted average space heating efficiencies - Wales
Y ear 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
NonCentral central heating heating Average efficiency efficiency efficiency 67.2% 67.3% 68.0% 66.9% 66.7% 66.6% 67.0% 67.1% 67.4% 67.1% 67.9% 68.0% 67.7% 68.2% 68.7% 69.5% 69.8% 70.1% 71.0% 71.5% 72.5% 73.5% 74.7%
Source: BREHOMES
46.4% 46.5% 45.7% 45.9% 47.0% 47.8% 48.8% 48.7% 47.5% 48.2% 47.7% 48.1% 46.7% 48.5% 46.1% 49.4% 48.7% 49.8% 57.3% 53.6% 53.4% 56.7% 56.7%
58.1% 58.1% 59.5% 59.7% 59.4% 60.8% 62.0% 62.1% 63.2% 63.1% 64.7% 64.9% 64.9% 63.9% 65.3% 67.4% 67.1% 67.7% 69.1% 68.9% 69.9% 71.4% 72.4%
148
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 19W Domestic energy consumption by end use – Wales
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Space heating (PJ) 47.0 48.1 51.2 60.1 54.5 51.8 51.4 52.3 49.9 56.7 59.2 58.5 53.1 46.8 49.7 56.1 56.0 59.2 55.6 51.3 67.1 57.7 58.0 59.6 59.7 63.6 62.8 65.3 69.5 63.0
Source: BREHOMES
Water Lights & heating Cooking appliances All energy (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) (PJ) 22.5 4.4 7.6 82 21.3 4.2 7.6 81 21.7 4.2 8.0 85 22.9 4.3 8.5 96 21.5 4.1 8.4 89 20.9 3.9 8.6 85 20.7 3.9 8.8 85 20.8 3.8 9.3 86 21.1 3.8 9.5 84 20.5 3.6 9.8 91 21.2 3.5 10.1 94 21.3 3.4 10.5 94 21.0 3.2 10.4 88 20.7 3.1 10.5 81 20.7 3.0 10.7 84 21.2 2.9 10.9 91 21.1 2.8 11.0 91 22.6 2.9 11.8 96 22.8 2.9 11.8 93 22.6 2.8 11.9 89 22.9 2.8 11.9 105 23.1 2.8 12.1 96 22.4 2.7 12.2 95 22.5 2.7 12.3 97 22.9 2.7 12.8 98 23.7 2.8 13.4 103 24.1 2.8 13.6 103 25.2 3.1 14.6 108 25.0 3.1 14.7 112 24.8 2.9 13.2 104
Space heating All energy per per household household (GJ) (GJ) 48.4 83.9 49.1 82.8 51.8 86.1 60.2 96.2 54.1 88.0 50.5 83.1 50.1 82.4 50.6 83.5 47.8 80.8 53.9 86.0 55.6 88.2 54.2 86.9 48.4 79.9 42.1 72.9 44.2 74.8 49.3 80.1 48.9 79.4 51.3 83.6 47.9 80.2 44.0 76.0 57.3 89.2 48.9 81.1 49.1 80.6 50.2 81.6 49.8 81.9 52.6 85.6 51.4 84.5 52.8 87.5 55.7 90.1 50.0 82.5
149
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 20W Energy use of the housing stock by fuel (PJ) - Wales Y ear Solid fuel 1976 44 1977 42 1978 43 1979 47 1980 42 1981 37 1982 34 1983 28 1984 22 1985 27 1986 28 1987 26 1988 22 1989 16 1990 14 1991 15 1992 15 1993 17 1994 13 1995 9 1996 12 1997 13 1998 10 1999 11 2000 10 2001 9 2002 8 2003 5 2004 7 2005 4
Natural gas T own gas Gas (total) Electric 17 0 17 11 19 0 19 11 23 0 23 11 29 0 29 13 30 0 30 12 32 0 32 12 33 0 33 12 40 0 40 13 40 0 40 12 40 0 40 13 45 0 45 14 47 0 47 15 46 0 46 13 45 0 45 13 49 0 49 14 53 0 53 15 53 0 53 14 56 0 56 15 55 0 55 16 53 0 53 14 60 0 60 18 53 0 53 15 55 0 55 17 59 0 59 16 60 60 18 64 64 20 65 65 18 68 68 20 72 72 21 68 68 20
Oil
All fuels 9 82 9 81 8 85 7 96 5 89 5 85 5 85 5 86 10 84 10 91 7 94 6 94 6 88 7 81 7 84 8 91 9 91 8 96 10 93 12 89 15 105 13 95 14 95 11 97 10 98 11 103 12 103 15 108 13 112 12 104
Source: Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey.
150
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
NORTHERN IRELAND
The information on Northern Ireland is divided into a number of sections which are listed in the main contents table. It starts by looking at household expenditure and the money spent on fuel, light and power . This is followed by charts that relate to the number of households and the houses they live in. Sections on the different types of insulation in the fabric of the house follow. Hot water tank insulation is also included. Energy consumption is compared to changes in external temperature. The following sections relate to heating systems. Finally the energy consumption is split into different fuels. Charts illustrating the information appear within the text but the tables on which they are based appear at the end of the section on pages 169 to 178.
151
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Household expenditure on fuel, light and power – Northern Ireland The percentage expenditure on fuel, light and power is decreasing as shown in figure 1N Expenditure on fuel light and power 12.0%
10.0%
Percentage all goods
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0% 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Figure 1N It has decreased from 7.7% in 1976 to 5% in 2005.
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
152
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 2N shows how expenditure on all goods has risen compared to that on fuel, light and power. Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power at 2005 prices 35.00
600.00
Expenditure (£/week) - all goods
25.00 400.00 20.00 300.00 15.00 200.00 10.00 All goods Fuel,light and power
100.00
0.00 1976
Expenditure (£/week) - fuel, light and power
30.00
500.00
5.00
0.00 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 2N T able 1N on page 169 shows the average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power both in contemporary prices and adjusted to 2005 prices by using the retail price index.
153
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Population and household numbers – Northern Ireland The number of households continues to increase while the number per household falls. Figure 3N shows the household and population numbers for Northern Ireland. Households and population 2000
1800
1600
1400
(1,000s)
1200
1000
Households (1,000s) Population (1,000s)
800
600
400
200
0 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Figure 3N The average household size has decreased from 3.67 to 2.64 between 1970 and 2005. T able 2N shows the population, number of households and average households size, for Northern Ireland, for the years 1970 to 2005.
154
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Age of the housing stock – Northern Ireland Figure 4N shows the age distribution of the housing stock in Northern Ireland. Housing stock distribution by age 700
600
No of households (1,000s)
500 post 1980 1965-80 post 1960 1945-64 1945-60 post 1944 1919-44 Pre 1919
400
300
200
100
0 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 4N The information on age for the Northern Ireland stock is more complicated than for GB. In some years there is no breakdown for the post 1960 stock. There is also a split after 1990 where the category 1945 -1960 changes to 1945 -1964. However, it is possible to see that stock built before 1945 is decreasing slowly and overall stock is increasing. T able 3N shows the number of dwellings in each age category from 1979 to 2004 in those years where the information is available.
155
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Housing stock distribution by tenure – Northern Ireland Figure 5N shows the tenure distribution of the housing stock. Distribution of households by tenure 700
600
No of households (1,000s)
500
400
300
200
100
0 1974
1976
1978
1980
Owner occupied
1982
1984
Private rented & other
1986
1988
1990
1992
Housing Executive (local authority)
1994
1996
1998
Housing assoc-iation (RSL)
2000
2002
2004
Tied & others
Figure 5N The number of those owning their houses is increasing. In 1974 48.4% of households were owner occupied. By 2004 this had risen to 71.7% and is continuing to increase. The other main tenure in Northern Ireland is Housing Executive homes. These have decreased from 34.9% of households in 1974 to 15.5% in 2004. T able 4N shows the number of households in each tenure from 1974 to 2004 in the years when data is available. It also gives the number of vacant dwellings.
156
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
House types – Northern Ireland Figure 6N shows the distribution of the housing stock by type of dwelling. Housing stock distribution by dwelling type 700
600
No of households
500
400
300
200
100
0 1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
Semi detached
1984 T erraced
1986
1988
Purpose built flat
1990
1992
Converted flat
1994
1996
Detached
1998
Bungalow
2000
2002
2004
Other
Figure 6N The proportions of each house type have changed over the years. In the earlier years bungalows are not recorded separately.
157
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 7N shows the proportions of each house type in 2004. Percentage of each dwelling type in 2004
Other 0% Bungalow 20%
Semi detached 22%
Detached 21%
Converted flat 2%
T erraced 29%
Purpose built flat 6%
Figure 7N Figure 7N shows that in 2004 20% of the stock was bungalows. If bungalows are excluded there has been a decrease in the percentage of terraced housing in the stock between 1974 and 2004 and an increase in semi detached housing. T able 5N shows the number of households in each dwelling type from 1974 to 2004 for the years in which data is available.
158
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Loft insulation – Northern Ireland The ownership of loft insulation is shown in figure 8N. Ownership of loft insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Figure 8N In 2004 96% of lofts had some insulation. This has risen from 41.3% in 1979. Ownership of loft insulation is continuing to risen but the rate of increase has slowed between 2001 and 2004. Less information is available about depth of loft insulation in Northern Ireland
159
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Figure 9N shows the information available for depth of loft insulation in Northern Ireland. Ownership and depth of loft insulation 600
No of households (1,000s)
500
400
unknown depth 100mm or more less than 100 mm
300
200
100
0 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 9N For the three years where depth of loft insulation is available the number with 100mm or more is increasing while that for less than 100mm is fairly static. T able 6N shows the ownership and depth of loft insulation for the years where data is available between 1979 and 2005.
160
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Cavity wall insulation – Northern Ireland Figure 10N shows the ownership of cavity wall insulation. Ownership of cavity wall onsulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 10N Cavity wall insulation ownership has increased from 7.6% of dwellings with cavity walls in 1979 to 78.3% in 2004. T able 7N shows the number of households with cavity wall insulation as well as the total number of cavity wall dwellings (potential) in Northern Ireland in the years between 1979 and 2004 for which data is available. In some cases the number of cavity walls in occupied dwellings has been estimated. Full details are given below T able 7N.
161
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Double glazing ownership – Northern Ireland Figure 11N shows the ownership of double glazing. Ownership of double glazing 90%
80%
70%
Percentage of potential
60%
50% Part Full 40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 11N Double glazing ownership has risen from 6.9% of potential in 1984 to 81.5% in 2004. This refers to any house with any number of windows double glazed. However, between 1984 and 2004 the percentage with full double glazing has increased from 3.3% to 62.3%. T able 8N gives the number of households with full, part or no double glazing.
162
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Draught proofing - Northern Ireland Figure 12N shows the ownership of draught proofing. Ownership of draughtproofing 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60% full draught proofing partial draught proofing
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Figure 12N Detailed information on draught stripping and its use in single glazed houses is not available for Northern Ireland. T able 9N gives the number of homes with draught proofing and the number draught proofed. This does not include those draught proofed due to double glazing.
163
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Hot water tank insulation – Northern Ireland The ownership of hot water tank insulation is shown in figure 13N. Ownership of hot water tank insulation 100%
90%
80%
Percentage of potential
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Figure 13N Ownership of hot water tank insulation has increased from 85.6% of dwellings with hot water tanks in 1991 to 89.1% in 2001. This includes both foam insulation and jackets. Data is not available from all the house condition surveys in Northern Ireland. T able 10N shows the number of households with foam or jacket hot water tank insulation in the years available.
164
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Energy consumption and external temperatures – Northern Ireland Figure 14N shows the delivered energy and average external temperatures from 1976 to 2005. Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures 70
8.0
7.0
60
6.0
5.0 40 4.0 30 3.0
T otal delivered energy (PJ) Average external temperature (oC)
External temperature (oC)
Delivered energy (PJ)
50
20 2.0
10
0 1976
1.0
0.0 1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 14N From 1976 to 2005 delivered energy has increased by 18% while the number of households has increased by 47%. Figure 14N shows the relationship between average external temperature and delivered energy. In general it can be seen in colder years delivered energy increases. T able 11N shows the total delivered energy, the average external temperature and average energy consumption per dwelling.
165
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Central heating ownership – Northern Ireland Figure 15N shows the ownership of central heating. Ownership of central heating 100%
Percentage of households with central heating
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Figure 15N Central heating ownership has been increasing. In 2004 98.5% of households had central heating this compares with 36.3% in 1979. T able 12N shows the number of households with and without central heating.
2005
166
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Heating appliances – central heating – Northern Ireland Figure 16N shows the main form of heating in centrally heated homes. Ownership of central heating systems 100%
Percentage of houses with different types of central heating
90%
80%
70%
60%
other oil gas electric solid
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 16N Figure 16N shows that the main central heating fuel is oil. In 1979 39.1% of centrally heated homes used oil while by 2004 this had risen to 67.7%. In 1979 there was virtually no gas used for central heating but by 2004 8.2% of centrally heated homes used gas. The percentages using electricity and solid fuel have both fallen between 1979 and 2004 with solid fuel use falling faster than electricity use. T able 13N shows the number of households using each fuel type.
167
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Heating appliances – non central heating – Northern Ireland Figure 17N shows the percentage of households using non central heating and the fuel they use.
Ownership of non central heating systems
Percentage of homes with different types of non central heating
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
unheated oil other electric solid fuel
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Figure 17N In 1979 63.8% of homes used some form of non central heating as their main heating system. In 2004 this had reduced to 1.6%. T able 14N shows the number of households with non central heating and the type of fuel they use.
168
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Domestic energy consumption by fuel – Northern Ireland Figure 18N shows the energy use of the housing stock by fuel. Energy use of the housing stock by fuel 70
60
Delivered energy (PJ)
50
40
Oil Electricity Gas Solid fuel
30
20
10
0 1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Figure 18N In 1976 69.3% of domestic energy consumption was solid fuel compared with 12.4% in 2005. In the same period oil consumption has increased from 11.7% to 53.9%. T able 15N shows the energy use of the housing stock by different fuels.
169
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
Tables – Northern Ireland T able 1N Average weekly expenditure on all goods and on fuel, light and power (£/week) – Northern Ireland Contemporary prices
Y ear All goods 1976 55.75 1977 62.78 1978 71.31 1979 83.40 1980 100.72 1981 106.81 1982 115.89 1983 126.51 1984 129.49 1985 147.72 1986 164.17 1987 178.54 1988 199.68 1989 200.99 1990 202.56 1991 222.30 1992 256.55 1993 255.32 1994 295.33 1995 265.83 1996 287.27 1997 293.10 1998 299.01 1999 325.64 2000 312.75 2001 405.05 2002 383.57 2003 413.01 2004 410.00 2005 444.82
2005 prices
% fuel, Fuel,light Fuel,light light and and power All goods and power power 4.31 268.88 20.79 7.7% 6.24 261.41 25.98 9.9% 7.40 273.77 28.41 10.4% 7.78 282.35 26.34 9.3% 9.57 289.43 27.50 9.5% 10.86 274.10 27.87 10.2% 12.40 273.96 29.31 10.7% 13.11 286.03 29.64 10.4% 13.40 278.66 28.84 10.3% 14.10 299.74 28.61 9.5% 15.52 322.22 30.46 9.5% 16.15 336.33 30.42 9.0% 15.34 358.56 27.55 7.7% 14.86 334.91 24.76 7.4% 14.23 308.35 21.66 7.0% 14.80 319.64 21.28 6.7% 14.43 355.57 20.00 5.6% 16.90 348.33 23.06 6.6% 16.10 393.40 21.44 5.5% 14.88 342.24 19.16 5.6% 16.12 361.12 20.26 5.6% 16.04 357.22 19.55 5.5% 14.90 352.35 17.55 5.0% 14.89 377.92 17.28 4.6% 17.42 352.52 19.63 5.6% 17.99 448.65 19.93 4.4% 17.99 417.87 19.59 4.7% 15.76 437.20 16.68 3.8% 18.73 421.70 19.26 4.6% 22.22 444.82 22.22 5.0%
Source: Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey.
170
Domestic Energy Fact File (2007)
T able 2N Population, households and household size – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Households (1,000s) 416 422 427 432 438 441 444 447 450 453 456 460 464 468 471 476 482 487 501 515 529 544 549 554 560 565 570 575 580 585 601 611 625 635 644 653
Population (1,000s) 1527 1540 1539 1530 1527 1524 1524 1523 1523 1528 1533 1543 1545 1551 1557 1565 1574 1582 1585 1590 1596 1607 1623 1636 1644 1649 1662 1671 1678 1679 1683 1689 1697 1703 1710 1724
Average household size 3.67 3.65 3.60 3.54 3.49 3.46 3.43 3.41 3.38 3.37 3.36 3.35 3.33 3.31 3.31 3.29 3.27 3.25 3.16 3.09 3.02 2.95 2.96 2.95 2.94 2.92 2.92 2.91 2.89 2.87 2.80 2.76 2.71 2.68 2.66 2.64
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Years where there is no House Condition Survey data numbers have been extrapolated or interpolated.
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T able 3N Housing stock distribution by age (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
1979 1984 1987 1991 1996 2001 2004
current Pre 1919 1919-44 post 1944 1945-60 1945-64 post 1960 1965-80 post 1980 households 116 69 91 177 453 104 63 304 471 106 56 89 237 487 104 61 126 159 94 544 108 65 123 155 123 570 99 64 123 155 170 611 95 64 122 140 222 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
T able 4N Housing stock distribution by tenure (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
1974 1979 1984 1987 1991 1996 2001 2004
Owner occupied 212 226 257 293 347 381 430 462
Housing Private Executive Housing rented & (local association other authority) (RSL) 72 153 53 175 38 172 26 162 5 29 158 10 32 141 13 49 115 17 63 100 19
Tied & others -
T otal households 438 453 4 471 487 544 6 574 611 644
T otal Vacant dwellings 18 456 18 471 21 492 24 511 30 574 29 603 32 648 36 680
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey T able 4N shows number of vacant dwellings as well as number of households. Figures in table 3N and the following tables relate to households rather than dwellings. In some cases or some years figures have been manipulated to relate to households rather than dwellings. This is noted under relevant tables.
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T able 5N Housing stock distribution by type of dwelling (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
1974 1979 1984 1987 1991 1996 2001 2004
Semi Purpose Converted detached T erraced built flat flat Detached Bungalow 90 191 24 3 126 97 190 28 0 128 108 192 32 2 134 113 193 35 2 142 135 199 36 7 167 107 194 39 7 88 138 120 190 40 6 108 148 142 190 37 11 133 131
Other 4 10 2 2 -
T otal households 438 453 470 487 544 573 611 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note that bungalows were included within the other individual dwelling types in the surveys prior to 1996.
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T able 6N Ownership and depth of loft/roof insulation (1,000s) – Northern Ireland T otal % has No house households Less than 100mm or loft/roof loft/roof holds with with lofts Y ear 100mm more insulation insulation lofts insulated 1979 180 256 436 41.3% 1984 314 146 461 68.1% 1987 1991 441 65 506 87.2% 1996 127 320 447 61 508 88.0% 2001 129 355 506 29 534 94.8% 2004 113 421 549 23 572 96.0%
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: 1984 figures have been adjusted for vacant properties. 1991 figures have been converted to households by using the ratio of households to dwellings.
T able 7N Ownership of cavity wall insulation (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1979 1984 1991 1996 2001 2004
Dwellings with cavity wall insulation 20 66 223 216 323 407
Potential (total houses T otal with cavity walls) households 267 453 286 471 361 544 390 574 445 611 520 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Potential for 1979,1984 and 1991 is based on known number of non cavity wall dwellings in 1996 – assuming that these were present in previous years. 1974 & 1984 figures have been converted to households by using the ratio of households to dwellings for those years. 1991 figures may include wall insulation which is not cavity wall insulation, although this should be less than 10%. It includes adjustments for 2347 households which were not recorded.
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T able 8N Ownership of double glazing (1,000s) – Northern Ireland Y ear 1984 1991 1996 2001 2004
Full 16 78 143 292 401
Part 17 44 92 136 124
Any 32 122 235 428 525
T otal None households 438 471 422 544 338 574 183 611 118 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Figures for 1984 and 1991 have been adjusted to households from dwellings.
T able 9N Ownership of draught proofing (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1991 1996 2001 2004
With draught proofing 253 346 410 -
Fully draught T otal proofed households 544 227 574 611 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
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T able 10N Ownership of hot water tank insulation (1,000s) – Northern Ireland Y ear 1991 1996 2001 2004
Foam 73 132 -
Jacket 407 401 -
None
-
T otal T otal insulated Potential households 78 464 542 544 82 480 562 574 65 533 598 611 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
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T able 11N Domestic energy consumption and external temperatures – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
T otal Average Average T otal delivered external consumption households energy temperature per household (1,000s) (PJ) (oC) (GJ) 444 46 5.3 102.8 447 48 5.8 107.9 450 48 6.0 106.6 453 55 4.6 120.3 456 49 5.4 107.2 460 47 5.4 102.0 464 50 5.7 108.7 468 50 6.4 106.6 471 46 5.4 97.7 476 65 4.9 136.2 482 62 5.3 129.4 487 61 5.4 125.1 501 60 6.3 120.7 515 56 6.6 108.7 529 48 6.7 90.8 544 55 5.7 100.7 549 53 5.5 96.8 554 59 5.7 106.6 560 55 6.4 98.3 565 49 6.2 86.1 570 55 5.6 96.9 575 53 7.0 92.4 580 55 7.2 95.4 585 57 6.6 98.2 601 53 6.5 87.6 611 59 6.4 96.6 625 54 7.3 86.0 635 53 6.5 84.1 644 56 6.6 86.5 653 54 7.0 82.1
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey, Digest of UK Energy Statistics, temperatures are calculated from published Degree Days figures for Northern Ireland.
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T able 12N Central heating ownership (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Y ear 1979 1984 1991 1996 2001 2004
No central heating 289 211 93 65 21 10
With central T otal heating households 165 453 259 471 451 544 508 574 590 611 634 644
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey
T able 13N Main form of heating – centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Year Solid fuel 1979 56 1991 46 1996 6 2001 2004 -
Solid fuel T otal solid Electric back boiler fuel storage 56 210 255 47 172 178 49 88 39 -
Electric other 32 3 1 -
T otal electric 32 50 50 49 40
Gas -
Oil 3 8 20 52
Other 13 30 63 68 73
64 112 210 364 429
T otal households with central heating 165 451 508 590 634
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Data for 1979 has been adjusted to households
T able 14N Main form of heating – non centrally heated dwellings (1,000s) – Northern Ireland
Year 1979 1991 1996 2001 2004
Solid fuel Solid fuel stove/ T otal solid Electric Electric open fire spaceheater fuel fixed portable 249 58 20 78 10 3 37 11 48 9 5 25 1 -
T otal electric 26 14 14 8 20
Source: Northern Ireland House Condition Survey Note: Data for 1979, 2001 and 2004 has been adjusted to households
Other 10 2 3 1 -
Oil 3 -
Un-heated 2 -
T otal house holds 289 93 65 33 21
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T able 15N Energy use of the housing stock by fuel – Northern Ireland
1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Solid fuel 31.6 33.5 32.8 38.2 34.4 33.1 36.8 36.8 32.2 49.6 44.8 43.4 41.3 35.9 30.8 35.0 32.2 36.6 31.6 24.2 26.6 24.3 23.9 26.5 20.2 15.9 12.6 10.4 9.0 6.7
Gas 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.5 2.9 3.5 4.2 4.7
Electricity 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.3 7.1 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.8 7.3 7.6 7.7 7.9 7.8 8.1 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.4 9.6 10.3 10.1 10.8 11.1 11.5 12.3 12.4 12.8 13.0 13.4
Oil 5.3 5.8 6.5 7.1 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.6 6.1 7.1 9.4 9.6 11.2 12.2 9.2 11.1 12.1 13.4 14.1 14.9 18.4 18.7 20.6 19.8 20.8 28.4 25.8 26.7 29.4 28.9
T otal 45.6 48.2 48.0 54.5 48.9 46.9 50.4 49.9 46.0 64.8 62.4 60.9 60.5 56.0 48.0 54.8 53.1 59.1 55.1 48.7 55.3 53.1 55.3 57.4 52.6 59.0 53.8 53.4 55.7 53.7
Source: Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Family Expenditure Survey, Expenditure and Food Survey.
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REFERENCES
1
Domestic energy fact file 2003, L D Shorrock and J I Utley, BR 457, 2003.
2
Domestic energy fact file England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, J I Utley, L D Shorrock and J H F Bown, BR 427, 2001.
In addition a number of sources have been referred to in compiling this report. The relevant sources are listed below. In most cases several editions of these sources have been consulted. GfK Home Audit. GfK Marketing Services Ltd. Home heating and insulation ownership reports. Produced annually. Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics. Department of Trade and Industry (now the Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform). Published annually. Family Expenditure Survey. Office of National Statistics. Published annually, recently replaced by Expenditure and Food Survey. Office for National Statistics. Northern Ireland House Condition Survey. Housing Executive . Both the main report and interim report for the years quoted. Also the following web sites have been consulted to obtain some information: www.statistics.gov.uk www.defra.gov.uk www.berr.gov.uk/energy www.communities.gov.uk
This Domestic energy fact file has been prepared by BRE with the support of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), now Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), through a contract managed by the Energy Saving Trust. Work under Defra’s Market Transformation Programme has also been important for improving the estimates of heating system efficiencies used in BREHOMES and in this report. The continuing development and maintenance of the BREHOMES model was essential to much of the information presented in this report and the assistance of Hugh Bown with this task and provision of some of the tables is gratefully acknowledged.
