EE 113 Electric Energy Systems
EE 113 Electric Energy Systems Primary energy consumption and sources Dr. Paul Hines University of Vermont School of Engineering
NY City, Nov. 9, 1965 © Bob Gomel, Life
Important energy units •! •!
Energy is a measure of work (force exerted over a distance) Joule •! 1 N (force) for 1 meter, 1 kg
•!
m2
/
s2
British thermal unit •! Energy to heat 1 lb H2O 1 deg. F •! 1 btu (ISO) = 1.0545 kJ (varies depending on the standard)
•!
1 kW-hour •! 1000 J/s * 1hour ( * 3600 s/h = 3.6 MJ ) •! ~3000 btu
•!
Calorie •! Energy to heat 1 g water 1 deg. C ( ~4.184 J ) •! kCal - energy to heat 1 kg water … ( ~4.184 kJ )
•! Energy in Oil •! 1 barrel = 5.8 Mbtu (IRS) •! 42 gallons •! 6.12 GJ, 1.70 MWh
•! 1 metric tonne (1 Mg) ~ 7.2 barrels •! 6.12*7.2 = 44 GJ / tonne (42 from wikipedia)
•! Energy in Coal •! 29 GJ (28-35) / tonne
•! Energy in Natural Gas •! 39 MJ / m3 •! 0.7-0.9 kg/m3 => 31 GJ / tonne
2
Units of energy and power •! Joule (J) •! Wh (3.6kJ), kWh (3.6MJ), MWh (3.6GJ) •! btu (1.055kJ), Mbtu (~1MJ), MMbtu (~1GJ) •! calorie (4.18J) and kcal (Cal) •! barrel of oil equivalent
•! hp = 746 W •! 1 kW = 1.341 hp
•! 42 gal, 5.8 MMbtu (EIA) •! 0.136 tonne (7.35 Mg/barrel)
•! 1 gallon gas. (124 Mbtu) •! 1 (short) ton coal •! 20.169 MMbtu (EIA, depends)
•! 1 MCF natural gas •! 1028 btu •! Roughly: •!
1 MCF n.g. ~ 1 Mbtu ~ 1 MJ
3
Energy consumption •! Sources for energy information •! Services that consume energy •! Consumption by form •! Consumption by region over time •! Fossil fuels 4
Sources for Energy Info
http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 5
Sources for Energy Info
6
Sources for Energy Info
http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 7
Sources for Energy Info
http://www.iea.org/
8
Services the consume energy •! What people want is services, not energy. Energy is a means to various ends •! List of services: •! Transport, HVAC, communications, household electronics, radio, tv, satellite, water/septic, industrial process, metal working, construction equip, chemical production, lighting, computing, the internet, food, construction,
9
Energy consumption problem •! How much energy do you consume per day? •! Barrels of oil per year? •! If you were to buy this work from an hourly employee making $10/hour and working at a rate of 100W, how much would it cost?
10
Household appliances (EIA)
11
Residential electricity demand
12
TV energy consumption
Bigger TVs => more energy consumption 13
Global energy consumption by fuel BP
14
Regional consumption patterns
15
Per capita energy consumption
16
Energy consumption, 2008
17
US Energy Flow (DOE/EIA) EIA, 2006, Units in quadrillion (1015) btu 1.0551 kJ / btu
18
US electricity flow EIA, 2006, Units in quadrillion (1015) btu 1.0551 kJ / btu
19
Exponential vs. linear growth •! There are two time-domain growth functions that are important in long-term energy calculations •! Let: •! r be a growth rate (.01 indicates 1%/period--typically year) •! Q(t) be the consumption rate (or any other quantity) at time t
•! Exponential growth •! Q(t) = Q(0) ert
•! Linear growth •! Q(t) = Q(0)( 1 + rt )
20
US electricity consumption by fuel
Looks like exponential growth, Better build lots of power plants
21
US net electricity generation (consumption) -- EIA
22
Energy consumption by sector
23
Energy sources •! Mass-energy cannot be created or destroyed •! Types of “primary energy”
24
Kinetic vs. Potential •! Kinetic •! •! •! •! •!
Electric Energy Electromagnetic Energy Thermal Motion (mechanical) Sound
•! Potential •! Chemical •! Stored mechanical •! Nuclear •! fission/fusion
•! Gravitational
25
Kinetic energy
26
Electromagnetic energy
For 1 m2 1350 J/s
On surface 1000 W/m2 27
Thermal energy
28
Sound
29
Electric energy •! Sometimes when acted on electrons move to unnatural places (higher voltage) •! When given the chance they will return (current) •! Holes are atoms that are missing electrons •! Positive current flow
30
Gravitational potential energy
31
Chemical energy H
H
C
H
H
32
Stored mechanical energy
33
Nuclear energy
34
Nuclear fission
Wikipedia 35
Nuclear fusion
36
Conservation of mass-energy •! Mass-energy cannot be created or destroyed •! We can convert between forms •! Most of the time we are not smashing molecules, so we can ignore the mass part in mass-energy •! First law of thermodynamics
•! Efficiency:
37
Oil proved reserves
38
Petroleum proved reserves
39
Petroleum production
40
Oil prices
41
Oil prices
42
Natural gas proved reserves
43
Natural gas proved reserves
44
Coal proved reserves
45
Nuclear energy consumption
46
Hydroelectric energy consumption
47
Energy R/P ratios by fuel
48
NY City, Nov. 9, 1965 © Bob Gomel, Life
Important energy units •! •!
Energy is a measure of work (force exerted over a distance) Joule •! 1 N (force) for 1 meter, 1 kg
•!
m2
/
s2
British thermal unit •! Energy to heat 1 lb H2O 1 deg. F •! 1 btu (ISO) = 1.0545 kJ (varies depending on the standard)
•!
1 kW-hour •! 1000 J/s * 1hour ( * 3600 s/h = 3.6 MJ ) •! ~3000 btu
•!
Calorie •! Energy to heat 1 g water 1 deg. C ( ~4.184 J ) •! kCal - energy to heat 1 kg water … ( ~4.184 kJ )
•! Energy in Oil •! 1 barrel = 5.8 Mbtu (IRS) •! 42 gallons •! 6.12 GJ, 1.70 MWh
•! 1 metric tonne (1 Mg) ~ 7.2 barrels •! 6.12*7.2 = 44 GJ / tonne (42 from wikipedia)
•! Energy in Coal •! 29 GJ (28-35) / tonne
•! Energy in Natural Gas •! 39 MJ / m3 •! 0.7-0.9 kg/m3 => 31 GJ / tonne
2
Units of energy and power •! Joule (J) •! Wh (3.6kJ), kWh (3.6MJ), MWh (3.6GJ) •! btu (1.055kJ), Mbtu (~1MJ), MMbtu (~1GJ) •! calorie (4.18J) and kcal (Cal) •! barrel of oil equivalent
•! hp = 746 W •! 1 kW = 1.341 hp
•! 42 gal, 5.8 MMbtu (EIA) •! 0.136 tonne (7.35 Mg/barrel)
•! 1 gallon gas. (124 Mbtu) •! 1 (short) ton coal •! 20.169 MMbtu (EIA, depends)
•! 1 MCF natural gas •! 1028 btu •! Roughly: •!
1 MCF n.g. ~ 1 Mbtu ~ 1 MJ
3
Energy consumption •! Sources for energy information •! Services that consume energy •! Consumption by form •! Consumption by region over time •! Fossil fuels 4
Sources for Energy Info
http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 5
Sources for Energy Info
6
Sources for Energy Info
http://www.eia.doe.gov/ 7
Sources for Energy Info
http://www.iea.org/
8
Services the consume energy •! What people want is services, not energy. Energy is a means to various ends •! List of services: •! Transport, HVAC, communications, household electronics, radio, tv, satellite, water/septic, industrial process, metal working, construction equip, chemical production, lighting, computing, the internet, food, construction,
9
Energy consumption problem •! How much energy do you consume per day? •! Barrels of oil per year? •! If you were to buy this work from an hourly employee making $10/hour and working at a rate of 100W, how much would it cost?
10
Household appliances (EIA)
11
Residential electricity demand
12
TV energy consumption
Bigger TVs => more energy consumption 13
Global energy consumption by fuel BP
14
Regional consumption patterns
15
Per capita energy consumption
16
Energy consumption, 2008
17
US Energy Flow (DOE/EIA) EIA, 2006, Units in quadrillion (1015) btu 1.0551 kJ / btu
18
US electricity flow EIA, 2006, Units in quadrillion (1015) btu 1.0551 kJ / btu
19
Exponential vs. linear growth •! There are two time-domain growth functions that are important in long-term energy calculations •! Let: •! r be a growth rate (.01 indicates 1%/period--typically year) •! Q(t) be the consumption rate (or any other quantity) at time t
•! Exponential growth •! Q(t) = Q(0) ert
•! Linear growth •! Q(t) = Q(0)( 1 + rt )
20
US electricity consumption by fuel
Looks like exponential growth, Better build lots of power plants
21
US net electricity generation (consumption) -- EIA
22
Energy consumption by sector
23
Energy sources •! Mass-energy cannot be created or destroyed •! Types of “primary energy”
24
Kinetic vs. Potential •! Kinetic •! •! •! •! •!
Electric Energy Electromagnetic Energy Thermal Motion (mechanical) Sound
•! Potential •! Chemical •! Stored mechanical •! Nuclear •! fission/fusion
•! Gravitational
25
Kinetic energy
26
Electromagnetic energy
For 1 m2 1350 J/s
On surface 1000 W/m2 27
Thermal energy
28
Sound
29
Electric energy •! Sometimes when acted on electrons move to unnatural places (higher voltage) •! When given the chance they will return (current) •! Holes are atoms that are missing electrons •! Positive current flow
30
Gravitational potential energy
31
Chemical energy H
H
C
H
H
32
Stored mechanical energy
33
Nuclear energy
34
Nuclear fission
Wikipedia 35
Nuclear fusion
36
Conservation of mass-energy •! Mass-energy cannot be created or destroyed •! We can convert between forms •! Most of the time we are not smashing molecules, so we can ignore the mass part in mass-energy •! First law of thermodynamics
•! Efficiency:
37
Oil proved reserves
38
Petroleum proved reserves
39
Petroleum production
40
Oil prices
41
Oil prices
42
Natural gas proved reserves
43
Natural gas proved reserves
44
Coal proved reserves
45
Nuclear energy consumption
46
Hydroelectric energy consumption
47
Energy R/P ratios by fuel
48
