ENERGY CONVERSION MME 9617a
ENERGY CONVERSION MME 9617a Kamran Siddiqui Course Website: Access through WebCT
Lecture 1 – Introduction Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering University of Western Ontario
Today’s class will cover: Outline of the course and course project ● A brief history of energy sources and energy usage ● World population growth and energy demand ● Introduction to some present day numbers and challenges
Course Objectives To introduce the basic technical and economic criteria for the design of efficient energy conversion systems, including traditional as well as alternative energy systems To discuss strategies for increased energy efficiency and more environmentally sound operation To assess design alternatives and selection criteria, based on long-term economic viability and overall energy management strategies
Topics Introduction to energy conversion Economic considerations in energy production Fuels Review of basic theory Thermal energy (e.g. heat exchangers) Mechanical energy (e.g. pumps, turbines) Solar energy Wind energy Nuclear energy Fuel cells Wave energy Hydro power Geothermal energy
Assessment
The course grade will be based on term work: Assignments (30%) Term research project report and presentation (70%)
A brief history of energy sources and energy usage
History of Energy use (Pre-Industrial Revolution) Fire (wood)
Heat
Cooking
Light
Warmth
Pottery
Metallurgy
Hot press work
Wind
Hydro
Wind mill
Water wheel
Significant Events in the History of Energy (By Fuel) Wood
Electricity
http://www.powermin.nic.in/teachers_and_students/learning_about_electricity%20.htm
Coal
Nuclear
http://www.powermin.nic.in/teachers_and_students/learning_about_electricity%20.htm
Oil
http://www.powermin.nic.in/teachers_and_students/learning_about_electricity%20.htm
Energy History Milestones 1629
Giovanni Branca
Jets of steam were used for the first time to rotate a turbine that then rotated to operate machinery
1698
Thomas Savery
Steam-driven pump
1785
James Watt
More efficient steam engine – First to produce sufficient power for broad-scale use
1839
Alexandre Becquerel
Photovoltaic effect (light-electricity conversion) was discovered
1862
Beau de Rochas
Four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignition internal combustion engine
1876
Baron Otto
Improved four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignition internal combustion engine
1877
Willoughby Smith
First solar cell was constructed
1880
Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company
Generated electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine
1881
Brush Electric Light Co., Philadelphia
First electric power plant
1888
Charles Brush
First use of a large windmill to generate electricity
1892
Rudolph Diesel
Diesel engine
1903
Fisk St. Sta., Commonwealth Edison Co. Chicago
First steam turbine-driven electric power plant
1903
Aegidius Elling
Building of first successful gas turbine using both rotary compressors and turbines - the first gas turbine with excess power.
1904
Prince Piero Ginori Conti
World’s first geothermal generator was tested
1938
Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassemann
Discovery of neutron-induced fission
1939
Ernst Heinkel Aircraft
First flight of a gas turbine jet
1942
Enrico Fermi
First man-made nuclear reactor
1951
Howard Zinn
First nuclear electricity production
1958
Atomic energy commission
First commercial nuclear electric power plant
Global Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) (By Fuel)
toe: ton of oil equivalent It is the amount of energy released by burning one ton of crude oil It is equivalent to approximately 42 GJ Mtoe: Million tonnes of oil equivalent
Source: International Energy Agency
Global Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) (By Region)
OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (30 member countries mostly developed)
Source: International Energy Agency
Crude Oil Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Natural Gas Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Coal Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Nuclear Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Hydroelectric Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Electricity Generation (By Fuel)
Source: International Energy Agency
Electricity Generation (By Region)
Source: International Energy Agency
Energy Balance (Global)
Source: International Energy Agency
World population growth and energy demand
World population
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Global Energy Consumption
Source: International Energy Agency
Percentage shares of world population, world GDP* and world commercial energy consumption for selected countries *
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2000)
Edmonds J, Energy Policy 23, 4 – 5 (1995)
Introduction to some present day numbers and challenges
21st century trends • Increase in population leads to increasing demand for energy • Interest in developing local energy resources grows • Environmental and health concerns increase on all scales • Increased electrification • Infrastructure security concerns increase
The numbers are huge ! • • • •
• • • • •
Population 6,000,000,000 Land area 58,000,000 sq miles Population density 100+ people / sq mile Annual energy consumption over 400 Quads – 3.2 × 1012 gallons of gasoline – oil equivalent 72,000,000,000 bbl – coal equivalent 14,400,000,000 tonnes Registered car and trucks 700,000,0000 Electric generating capacity 3,000,000 MW Annual steel production 650,000,000 tonnes Annual aluminium production 20,000,000 tonnes Annual cement production 1,500,000,000 tonnes
1 Quad = 1015 BTU = 1.055 × 1018 J bbl = blue barrel (42 gallon barrel)
Progressing towards asymptotic ? • Population 6+ billion growing to 10 to 15+ billion (?) • Total primary energy – – 400 quads growing to 2000+ quads annually 73 billion growing to 365+ billion bbl of oil/yr
• Per capita energy per year – 10 BOE/yr-person growing to 25 BOE/yr-person BOE = Barrel of energy = energy released by burning one barrel (42 gallons) of oil
• Number of cars and trucks – – 750 million now growing to 5 + billion
• MW electric generating capacity – 3.5 million MW now growing to 15+ million MW
Other global concerns • Carbon emissions may be affecting climate • Health concerns over other emissions are growing • Global fossil energy resources are not uniformly distributed
Carbon emission factors from energy use CO2 = Pop x (GDP / pop) x (Btu / GDP) x (CO2 / Btu) – Seq - GDP / pop represents standard of living - Btu / pop represents energy intensity - CO2 / pop represents carbon intensity - Seq accounts for sequestered CO2
* British Thermal Unit - defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
pop = population Carbon sequestration: Long-term storage of CO2
CO2 Emissions (By fuel)
Source: International Energy Agency
CO2 Emissions (By region)
Source: International Energy Agency
Solutions:
TOP 10 GLOBAL CONCERNS
2003
Find alternatives to oil Solar energy etc Transport energy as energy, not as mass 2050
Nanotechnology ⇒ local energy storage (e.g. 100 kW) High voltage long distance transmission (100s GW rather than 1GW) * http://cohesion.rice.edu/ NaturalSciences/Smalley/emplibrary/ 120204%20MRS%20Boston.pdf
Energy questions • Can we satisfactorily reduce emissions and remediate wastes residing in our water and air basins? • Can we offset changes being introduced by our consumption of fossil fuels? • Can we significantly reduce our dependence on imported oil? • Can nuclear, renewable, and other nonfossil energy resources be deployed quickly enough to make a difference?
End use of energy forms • • • •
Thermal Electrical Electromagnetic Chemical – fuels for transportation – fuels for industrial processes
• Electrochemical • Mechanical ( KE or PE ) for power
Primary energy sources • Nuclear fission and fusion • Solar radiation • Chemical reactions, e.g. combustion of fossil and biomass fuels • Gravitational forces, planetary motion, and friction (⇒ tides, waves and wind)
Energy rate scaling • • • • • • • • • • • •
Food Average daily requirement Human heart Running 1 horsepower 747 jet plane Automobile Space shuttle (with boosters) Typical electric gen. plant 1 wind turbine Laptop computer Cell phone
250 kcal / candy bar 2000-3000 kcal / day = 100 W 2W 500 W 750 W 250 MW 100 kW 14 GW 1000 MW 1-3 MW 10 W 2W
US energy consumption per year: Worldwide energy consumption per year:
3.5 TW 15 TW
Sustainable energy technology characteristics • Non-depletable on a short time scale • Low impacts on natural resources - land, water, etc. across process life cycle • Accessible and well distributed – available close to demand • Emissions free – no NOx, SOx, CO2, particulates etc. • Scalable – from 1 kW to 1,000 MW • Dispatchable - for base load, peaking and distributed needs • Robust - simple, reliable, durable and safe to operate • Flexible - applications for electricity, heat, and cogen • Competitive economically
Energy supply options • Earth based energy – – – – –
Conventional fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) Unconventional fossil fuels (oil shale, tar sands) Nuclear fission – uranium, etc. Hydropower Geothermal heat
• Ocean based energy – Tidal – Waves
• Solar based energy – – – –
Solar thermal Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Fossil and nuclear options • Fossil – oil and gas resources are depletable and maldistributed worldwide and carbon sequestration will be costly and not a permanent solution • Fissile – no carbon emissions but wastes, proliferation and safety remain as dominant public acceptance issues • Fusion – technology not ready with uncertain costs and performance
Renewable energy technologies have high sustainability index scores – – – – –
Solar Wind Biomass Geothermal Hydro
Costs relative to fossil fuels remain high
1 TW = 1000,000 MW
Source: Stanford University
Seek collateral opportunities • Combined heat and power (co-generation) to increase resource utilization efficiency • Integrated high efficiency building designs • Hybrid energy use with distributed generation • Manufacturing processes that use less materials and energy
Energy chains • Locating a source – solar, fossil, geothermal, nuclear • Recovery and/or capture • Storage of a resource, or storage due to the intermittency of a renewable energy supply • Conversion, upgrading, refining, etc. • Storage as a refined product • Transmission and distribution • Use and re-use • Dissipation as degraded energy and/or wastes
Resource assessment • Global energy resources are not uniformly distributed and vary widely in quality • Characterization inadequate for developed countries and very poor for developing countries • Energy resource bases and energy reserves are not the same • New technology enhancements exist to significantly improve resolution and quantification of assessments • Resource assessment is under-valued and under-supported nationally and internationally
Global resources bases Estimating resource bases is highly uncertain – (i) for mineral-based resources like oil, gas, and coal – dependence on technology and has limited data. (ii) for renewables land-use and capture efficiency are critical
Lecture 1 – Introduction Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering University of Western Ontario
Today’s class will cover: Outline of the course and course project ● A brief history of energy sources and energy usage ● World population growth and energy demand ● Introduction to some present day numbers and challenges
Course Objectives To introduce the basic technical and economic criteria for the design of efficient energy conversion systems, including traditional as well as alternative energy systems To discuss strategies for increased energy efficiency and more environmentally sound operation To assess design alternatives and selection criteria, based on long-term economic viability and overall energy management strategies
Topics Introduction to energy conversion Economic considerations in energy production Fuels Review of basic theory Thermal energy (e.g. heat exchangers) Mechanical energy (e.g. pumps, turbines) Solar energy Wind energy Nuclear energy Fuel cells Wave energy Hydro power Geothermal energy
Assessment
The course grade will be based on term work: Assignments (30%) Term research project report and presentation (70%)
A brief history of energy sources and energy usage
History of Energy use (Pre-Industrial Revolution) Fire (wood)
Heat
Cooking
Light
Warmth
Pottery
Metallurgy
Hot press work
Wind
Hydro
Wind mill
Water wheel
Significant Events in the History of Energy (By Fuel) Wood
Electricity
http://www.powermin.nic.in/teachers_and_students/learning_about_electricity%20.htm
Coal
Nuclear
http://www.powermin.nic.in/teachers_and_students/learning_about_electricity%20.htm
Oil
http://www.powermin.nic.in/teachers_and_students/learning_about_electricity%20.htm
Energy History Milestones 1629
Giovanni Branca
Jets of steam were used for the first time to rotate a turbine that then rotated to operate machinery
1698
Thomas Savery
Steam-driven pump
1785
James Watt
More efficient steam engine – First to produce sufficient power for broad-scale use
1839
Alexandre Becquerel
Photovoltaic effect (light-electricity conversion) was discovered
1862
Beau de Rochas
Four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignition internal combustion engine
1876
Baron Otto
Improved four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignition internal combustion engine
1877
Willoughby Smith
First solar cell was constructed
1880
Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company
Generated electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine
1881
Brush Electric Light Co., Philadelphia
First electric power plant
1888
Charles Brush
First use of a large windmill to generate electricity
1892
Rudolph Diesel
Diesel engine
1903
Fisk St. Sta., Commonwealth Edison Co. Chicago
First steam turbine-driven electric power plant
1903
Aegidius Elling
Building of first successful gas turbine using both rotary compressors and turbines - the first gas turbine with excess power.
1904
Prince Piero Ginori Conti
World’s first geothermal generator was tested
1938
Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassemann
Discovery of neutron-induced fission
1939
Ernst Heinkel Aircraft
First flight of a gas turbine jet
1942
Enrico Fermi
First man-made nuclear reactor
1951
Howard Zinn
First nuclear electricity production
1958
Atomic energy commission
First commercial nuclear electric power plant
Global Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) (By Fuel)
toe: ton of oil equivalent It is the amount of energy released by burning one ton of crude oil It is equivalent to approximately 42 GJ Mtoe: Million tonnes of oil equivalent
Source: International Energy Agency
Global Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) (By Region)
OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (30 member countries mostly developed)
Source: International Energy Agency
Crude Oil Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Natural Gas Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Coal Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Nuclear Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Hydroelectric Production
Source: International Energy Agency
Electricity Generation (By Fuel)
Source: International Energy Agency
Electricity Generation (By Region)
Source: International Energy Agency
Energy Balance (Global)
Source: International Energy Agency
World population growth and energy demand
World population
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Global Energy Consumption
Source: International Energy Agency
Percentage shares of world population, world GDP* and world commercial energy consumption for selected countries *
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
BP Statistical Review of World Energy (2000)
Edmonds J, Energy Policy 23, 4 – 5 (1995)
Introduction to some present day numbers and challenges
21st century trends • Increase in population leads to increasing demand for energy • Interest in developing local energy resources grows • Environmental and health concerns increase on all scales • Increased electrification • Infrastructure security concerns increase
The numbers are huge ! • • • •
• • • • •
Population 6,000,000,000 Land area 58,000,000 sq miles Population density 100+ people / sq mile Annual energy consumption over 400 Quads – 3.2 × 1012 gallons of gasoline – oil equivalent 72,000,000,000 bbl – coal equivalent 14,400,000,000 tonnes Registered car and trucks 700,000,0000 Electric generating capacity 3,000,000 MW Annual steel production 650,000,000 tonnes Annual aluminium production 20,000,000 tonnes Annual cement production 1,500,000,000 tonnes
1 Quad = 1015 BTU = 1.055 × 1018 J bbl = blue barrel (42 gallon barrel)
Progressing towards asymptotic ? • Population 6+ billion growing to 10 to 15+ billion (?) • Total primary energy – – 400 quads growing to 2000+ quads annually 73 billion growing to 365+ billion bbl of oil/yr
• Per capita energy per year – 10 BOE/yr-person growing to 25 BOE/yr-person BOE = Barrel of energy = energy released by burning one barrel (42 gallons) of oil
• Number of cars and trucks – – 750 million now growing to 5 + billion
• MW electric generating capacity – 3.5 million MW now growing to 15+ million MW
Other global concerns • Carbon emissions may be affecting climate • Health concerns over other emissions are growing • Global fossil energy resources are not uniformly distributed
Carbon emission factors from energy use CO2 = Pop x (GDP / pop) x (Btu / GDP) x (CO2 / Btu) – Seq - GDP / pop represents standard of living - Btu / pop represents energy intensity - CO2 / pop represents carbon intensity - Seq accounts for sequestered CO2
* British Thermal Unit - defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
pop = population Carbon sequestration: Long-term storage of CO2
CO2 Emissions (By fuel)
Source: International Energy Agency
CO2 Emissions (By region)
Source: International Energy Agency
Solutions:
TOP 10 GLOBAL CONCERNS
2003
Find alternatives to oil Solar energy etc Transport energy as energy, not as mass 2050
Nanotechnology ⇒ local energy storage (e.g. 100 kW) High voltage long distance transmission (100s GW rather than 1GW) * http://cohesion.rice.edu/ NaturalSciences/Smalley/emplibrary/ 120204%20MRS%20Boston.pdf
Energy questions • Can we satisfactorily reduce emissions and remediate wastes residing in our water and air basins? • Can we offset changes being introduced by our consumption of fossil fuels? • Can we significantly reduce our dependence on imported oil? • Can nuclear, renewable, and other nonfossil energy resources be deployed quickly enough to make a difference?
End use of energy forms • • • •
Thermal Electrical Electromagnetic Chemical – fuels for transportation – fuels for industrial processes
• Electrochemical • Mechanical ( KE or PE ) for power
Primary energy sources • Nuclear fission and fusion • Solar radiation • Chemical reactions, e.g. combustion of fossil and biomass fuels • Gravitational forces, planetary motion, and friction (⇒ tides, waves and wind)
Energy rate scaling • • • • • • • • • • • •
Food Average daily requirement Human heart Running 1 horsepower 747 jet plane Automobile Space shuttle (with boosters) Typical electric gen. plant 1 wind turbine Laptop computer Cell phone
250 kcal / candy bar 2000-3000 kcal / day = 100 W 2W 500 W 750 W 250 MW 100 kW 14 GW 1000 MW 1-3 MW 10 W 2W
US energy consumption per year: Worldwide energy consumption per year:
3.5 TW 15 TW
Sustainable energy technology characteristics • Non-depletable on a short time scale • Low impacts on natural resources - land, water, etc. across process life cycle • Accessible and well distributed – available close to demand • Emissions free – no NOx, SOx, CO2, particulates etc. • Scalable – from 1 kW to 1,000 MW • Dispatchable - for base load, peaking and distributed needs • Robust - simple, reliable, durable and safe to operate • Flexible - applications for electricity, heat, and cogen • Competitive economically
Energy supply options • Earth based energy – – – – –
Conventional fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) Unconventional fossil fuels (oil shale, tar sands) Nuclear fission – uranium, etc. Hydropower Geothermal heat
• Ocean based energy – Tidal – Waves
• Solar based energy – – – –
Solar thermal Photovoltaics Wind Biomass
Fossil and nuclear options • Fossil – oil and gas resources are depletable and maldistributed worldwide and carbon sequestration will be costly and not a permanent solution • Fissile – no carbon emissions but wastes, proliferation and safety remain as dominant public acceptance issues • Fusion – technology not ready with uncertain costs and performance
Renewable energy technologies have high sustainability index scores – – – – –
Solar Wind Biomass Geothermal Hydro
Costs relative to fossil fuels remain high
1 TW = 1000,000 MW
Source: Stanford University
Seek collateral opportunities • Combined heat and power (co-generation) to increase resource utilization efficiency • Integrated high efficiency building designs • Hybrid energy use with distributed generation • Manufacturing processes that use less materials and energy
Energy chains • Locating a source – solar, fossil, geothermal, nuclear • Recovery and/or capture • Storage of a resource, or storage due to the intermittency of a renewable energy supply • Conversion, upgrading, refining, etc. • Storage as a refined product • Transmission and distribution • Use and re-use • Dissipation as degraded energy and/or wastes
Resource assessment • Global energy resources are not uniformly distributed and vary widely in quality • Characterization inadequate for developed countries and very poor for developing countries • Energy resource bases and energy reserves are not the same • New technology enhancements exist to significantly improve resolution and quantification of assessments • Resource assessment is under-valued and under-supported nationally and internationally
Global resources bases Estimating resource bases is highly uncertain – (i) for mineral-based resources like oil, gas, and coal – dependence on technology and has limited data. (ii) for renewables land-use and capture efficiency are critical
