ENVS3005 Animal Behaviour
ENVS3005 Animal Behaviour Section 1: Geoff’s Section 1) Experimental Design 2) Proximate & Ultimate Questions 3) Sexual Selection
Section 2: Andrea’s Section 1) Classical Conditioning 2) Communication 3) Social Behaviour 4) Animal development
Experimental Design Hypotheses/Predictions Types of Experiments: Mensurative = natural treatments (vertebrates) Manipulative = directly manipulate environment Correlative = as one variable increases, does the other? Replication: - Treatment level replication; - Different treatments, eg, 4 salinity levels in parts per thousand (replicate the 4 salinity levels in regards to human error in measuring salinity) - 20 individuals in each treatment (treatment being the 4 salinity levels) - Choose 5/20 individuals at random - Average the 5 values obtained from the 5 individuals from that treatment - Should be one control to compare against Salinity level
0.4ppt
0.5ppt
0.6ppt
0.7ppt
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
5/20 averaged per replication
20
5/20 averaged 5/20 averaged per replication per replication
20
5/20 averaged per replication
Pseudo replication: - When you think your replication when you really are not (when you don’t average as well when you should have) Controls: - Compare against what is normal
Dependant Variable: - What you measure in the experiment, eg, motility of larvae in different salinity levels
EXAMPLES Do larger semaphore crabs maintain larger territories? Correlative and Mensurative: Does territory size increase with body size? Dependant Variable = territory size Independent Variable = crab size - Assuming everyone has a territory - Determine what is large for a crab body size, what is medium and what is small Treatment = body size Replication; - 5 – 10 individuals in each size group and measure distance to nearest neighbour - Each individual is a treatment replicate - Would not average Is dieback in blue gum/ ironbark forests related to bell miner densities? Correlative and Mensurative: does die back increase with bell miner increases? Dependant Variable = Bell miner density Independent Variable = Die back Control = No die back Treatment = die back level Replication; -
2 – 3 replicates each of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 70% die back Transect for dependant variable, 50m wide and 200m long Spend 20 minutes walking along transect 5 times (replicate) Average transect counts
Is cormorant dive duration and surface pause related to habitat? Mensurative/ Correlative: Does dive duration increase with habitat density? Dependant Variable = habitat types Independent Variable = dive duration and surface pause Control = no control
Treatment = sea grass coverage (100%, 50% and 0%) Replication; - 3 lots each of grass coverage with 5 individuals at each location - 5 focal individuals with continuous sampling methods - Average dive duration and pause time at each location as it is dependent on habitat types - Can use each individuals result in a nested ANVOA without averaging (takes into account each individuals variation) Do chestnut teal females engage in greater vigilance when caring for offspring? Mensurative/Correlative: Vigilance increase when offspring is present? Dependant Variable = vigilance level Independent Variable = Offspring or no offspring Control = no offspring Treatment = offspring or no offspring (age of offspring?) Replication; -
Control over many individuals Females with offspring – replicate with 5 females ( 5 replicates) 5 females without offspring Sampling technique = focal/ continuous Do not average
Do male crickets require experience with females during their ontogeny to allow successful reproductive interactions in adulthood? Manipulative Dependant Variable = measuring successful reproductive interactions Independent Variable = raised with or without females Control = no control Treatment = raising 10 individuals without subjection to females, and raising 10 individuals with subjection to females Replication; -
Half each clutch size and separate into each treatment so there is a genetic variance Replicate the whole treatments numerous times Introduce males from each treatment to females at adulthood Average reproductive success
Section 2: Andrea’s Section 1) Classical Conditioning 2) Communication 3) Social Behaviour 4) Animal development
Experimental Design Hypotheses/Predictions Types of Experiments: Mensurative = natural treatments (vertebrates) Manipulative = directly manipulate environment Correlative = as one variable increases, does the other? Replication: - Treatment level replication; - Different treatments, eg, 4 salinity levels in parts per thousand (replicate the 4 salinity levels in regards to human error in measuring salinity) - 20 individuals in each treatment (treatment being the 4 salinity levels) - Choose 5/20 individuals at random - Average the 5 values obtained from the 5 individuals from that treatment - Should be one control to compare against Salinity level
0.4ppt
0.5ppt
0.6ppt
0.7ppt
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
5/20 averaged per replication
20
5/20 averaged 5/20 averaged per replication per replication
20
5/20 averaged per replication
Pseudo replication: - When you think your replication when you really are not (when you don’t average as well when you should have) Controls: - Compare against what is normal
Dependant Variable: - What you measure in the experiment, eg, motility of larvae in different salinity levels
EXAMPLES Do larger semaphore crabs maintain larger territories? Correlative and Mensurative: Does territory size increase with body size? Dependant Variable = territory size Independent Variable = crab size - Assuming everyone has a territory - Determine what is large for a crab body size, what is medium and what is small Treatment = body size Replication; - 5 – 10 individuals in each size group and measure distance to nearest neighbour - Each individual is a treatment replicate - Would not average Is dieback in blue gum/ ironbark forests related to bell miner densities? Correlative and Mensurative: does die back increase with bell miner increases? Dependant Variable = Bell miner density Independent Variable = Die back Control = No die back Treatment = die back level Replication; -
2 – 3 replicates each of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 70% die back Transect for dependant variable, 50m wide and 200m long Spend 20 minutes walking along transect 5 times (replicate) Average transect counts
Is cormorant dive duration and surface pause related to habitat? Mensurative/ Correlative: Does dive duration increase with habitat density? Dependant Variable = habitat types Independent Variable = dive duration and surface pause Control = no control
Treatment = sea grass coverage (100%, 50% and 0%) Replication; - 3 lots each of grass coverage with 5 individuals at each location - 5 focal individuals with continuous sampling methods - Average dive duration and pause time at each location as it is dependent on habitat types - Can use each individuals result in a nested ANVOA without averaging (takes into account each individuals variation) Do chestnut teal females engage in greater vigilance when caring for offspring? Mensurative/Correlative: Vigilance increase when offspring is present? Dependant Variable = vigilance level Independent Variable = Offspring or no offspring Control = no offspring Treatment = offspring or no offspring (age of offspring?) Replication; -
Control over many individuals Females with offspring – replicate with 5 females ( 5 replicates) 5 females without offspring Sampling technique = focal/ continuous Do not average
Do male crickets require experience with females during their ontogeny to allow successful reproductive interactions in adulthood? Manipulative Dependant Variable = measuring successful reproductive interactions Independent Variable = raised with or without females Control = no control Treatment = raising 10 individuals without subjection to females, and raising 10 individuals with subjection to females Replication; -
Half each clutch size and separate into each treatment so there is a genetic variance Replicate the whole treatments numerous times Introduce males from each treatment to females at adulthood Average reproductive success
