European Defense Trends: Briefing Update
EUROPEAN DEFENSE TRENDS: BRIEFING UPDATE Project Director: David Berteau Lead Researchers: T.J. Cipoletti and Greg Sanders Co-Researchers: Meaghan Doherty and Abby Fanlo January 5, 2015 National Security Program on Industry and Resources Center for Strategic & International Studies www.csis.org/nspir
Executive Summary The European defense market, though impacted by lethargic economic growth and painful fiscal austerity measures, continues to be a driver in global defense. Five of the fifteen biggest military spenders worldwide in 2013 were European countries1, and Europe remains a major market for international arms production and sales. Surges in military spending by Russia, China, and various Middle Eastern countries in recent years has augmented the defense landscape, especially as European countries in aggregate continue to spend less on defense and the United States embarks on a series of deep-striking budget cuts. This report analyzes overall trends in defense spending, troop numbers, collaboration, and the European defense and security industrial base across 37 countries. To remain consistent with previous reports, this briefing utilizes functional NATO categories (Equipment, Personnel, Operations and Maintenance, Infrastructure, and Research and Development) and reports figures in constant 2013 euros unless otherwise noted. Many of the trends identified within the 2012 CSIS European Defense Trends report continued into 2013, namely reductions in topline defense spending, further cuts to R&D spending, and steadily declining troop numbers. Though total European defense spending decreased from 2001-2013, with an accelerated decline between 2008 and 2010, select countries increased spending2 between 2011 and 2013.3 Collaboration among European countries has decreased in the R&D category; however, it has increased in the equipment category – indicating increased investment in collaborative procurement. Defense expenditure as a percentage of total government expenditure has decreased across Europe from 2001-2013 with the exceptions of Albania and Estonia.4 An updated CSIS European Security, Defense, and Space (ESDS) Index is included within this report and exhibits a shift in geographic revenue origin for leading European defense firms away from North America and Europe and towards other major markets between 2008 and 2013. Finally, a brief analysis of Russian defense spending is included in the final section of this report in order to comprehend more fully the size and scope of the European defense market within the global framework. In 2013, Russia replaced the United Kingdom as the third largest global defense spender, devoting 11.2 percent of total government expenditures to defense. 5 This briefing report concludes with summarized observations concerning trends in European defense from 2001 to 2013. CSIS will continue to follow and evaluate themes in European defense, which will appear in subsequent briefings. 1 SIPRI:
France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Turkey. by positive compounded annual growth rates [CAGR] between 2011 and 2013. 3 Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Norway. 4 Exhibited by positive compounded annual growth rates [CAGR] between 2001 and 2013. Data unavailable for Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey due to incomplete time series. 5 SIPRI. 2 Exhibited
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Budgetary Trends Total European defense spending declined from 273.2 billion euros in 2001 to 219.5 billion euros in 2013 (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of -1.81 percent) Defense spending per-soldier rose from 79,400 euros in 2001 to 105,300 euros in 2013 (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of 33 percent) while total active military personnel continued to decline from 3.4 million in 2001 to 2.1 million in 2013 (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of -4.2 percent) 12-year CAGR indicates cross-category decline in spending, with the most significant decrease in R&D spending (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of -13.3 percent)
Aggregate defense spending as both a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total government expenditure has declined across Europe between 2001 and 2013, with the exception of Albania and Estonia Note: See Slide 5 for graph of aggregate defense spending per soldier between 2001 and 2013. Note: All spending figures in constant 2013 euros unless otherwise noted. Bosnia & Herzegovina and Montenegro are not included in topline spending totals due to incomplete time series. Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data.
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Key Budgetary Trends: 2011-2013 Decrease in aggregate defense spending by all European nations (at a CAGR of -1.9 percent) and a slightly smaller decrease by European NATO countries (at a CAGR of -1.8 percent) Substantial decline in total R&D spending of 2.1 billion euros (at a CAGR of -26.7 percent) followed by steady decline in total personnel spending of 6.9 billion euros (at a CAGR of -3.2 percent) Increased aggregate defense spending by some eastern and northern European countries: Estonia, Latvia, Romania, Poland, and Norway
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European Defense Spending (Total and Per Soldier), 2001-2013 280
120,000
100,000
260
80,000 250 60,000 240 40,000 230 20,000
220
210
0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 Defense Spending
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Defense Spending per Soldier
Note: Defense spending per soldier is determined by dividing a country’s total defense expenditure (in 2013 euros) by active troop numbers. Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data; Military Balance 2014. Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina are excluded due to lack of complete time series data.
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2013
Per soldier spending (constant 2013, in € )
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
270
Changes in Total European Defense Spending by Spending Category, 2001-2013
12-yr CAGR Absolute change (in 2013 EUR millions) Absolute change as % of 2001 Figure
2001-2013 Total Defense Equipment Personnel Infrastructure O&M/Other R&D -1.8% -1.5% -2.5% -3.2% -0.7% -13.3% -53,900
-7,700
-35,300
-2,500
-4,600
-10,800
-19.7%
-16.3%
-25.8%
-32.0%
-8.1%
-81.6%
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014; analysis by CSIS NSPIR. Only countries with complete time series for each category were included in that category’s analysis (35 for Total Defense, 16 for NATO Categories, and 15 for R&D). See slide 36 for details. Note: 2013 data for defense spending categories unavailable for Spain. For 2013 breakdown, 2012 percentages were imported for Spain.
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Total European Defense Spending by NATO Defense Spending Categories, 2001-2013 Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
280 240 200
13.2 7.8 56.5
13.8 7.3 54.1
13.0 6.6 51.5
10.9 6.8
10.1 6.0
10.6 6.7
50.9
53.5
53.6
10.7 7.1
8.9 6.7
56.3
55.6
8.2 5.9
6.4 5.9
53.7
53.3
4.4 5.2
4.6 5.3
2.4 5.3
53.1
52.4
51.9
108.4
107.4
101.5
160 120
136.8
133.4
128.2
128.1
131.8
131.3
123.6
121.2
110.6
109.9
80
40 47.1
45.8
44.1
43.1
43.1
44.1
43.7
44.2
42.6
44.4
38.4
38.4
39.4
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Equipment
Personnel
0 O&M/Other
Infrastructure
R&D
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Only countries with complete time series for NATO Categories were included in totals (16 countries, or 44% of total countries in report) and only countries with complete time series for R&D (15 countries, or 41% of total countries in report) were included in R&D total. See slide 36 for details. Note: 2013 data on defense spending categories unavailable for Spain. For 2013 breakdown, 2012 percentages were imported for Spain.
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Distribution of Total European Defense Spending by NATO Defense Spending Categories, 2001-2013 60%
50%
% of Total Budget
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Equipment
2006 Personnel
2007
2008
O&M/Other
2009
2010
2011
2012
Infrastructure
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Only countries with complete time series for NATO Categories were included (16 countries, or 44% of total countries in report). See slide 36 for details. Note: 2013 data for defense spending categories unavailable for Spain. For 2013 breakdown, 2012 percentages were imported for Spain.
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2013
Total Defense Spending by Country, Top 12 Spenders, 2001-2013
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Total Defense Spending by Country, Smaller Spenders, 2001-2013
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Total Defense Spending by Region, 2001-2013
Note: For a breakdown of countries per grouping, see Slide 36. Note: The above analysis includes all 37 countries organized into nine groupings. No country was counted twice.
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Total Defense Spending and as % GDP and % Government Expenditure, 2001-2013 France
60
10%
60
10%
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
40
8% 7%
50
8% 7%
40
5%
30
5%
10
3% 2%
20
3% 2%
10
1% 0
9% 50
8% 7%
40
6% 30
5% 4%
4%
4% 20
10%
6%
6% 30
60
9%
9% 50
United Kingdom
0%
Real Military Spending
20
3% 2%
10
1%
1% 0
0%
Military Spending as % of GDP
0
0%
Military Spending as % of Government Expenditure
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014; IMF Economic Outlook; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group
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% of GDP or Gov. Expenditure
Germany
Changes in Total Defense Spending, 2011-2013 1.5
Net Change in Spending, (in € billions)
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5
-3 -3.5
Big Three
Other Western Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Visegrad Four
Baltic Region
Other Central and Eastern Europe
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014.
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2012 CSIS Projections Using CAGRs observed in total European defense spending from 2001 to 2011 and from 2008 to 2011, CSIS projected two potential trajectories for 2012-2020: The ‘Slow Decline’ prediction “assumes a moderate annual decline in total European defense spending of -1.8 percent per year.” The ‘Accelerated Decline’ prediction “assumes that sharper cuts will be implemented in light of the continuing economic recession, reducing total European defense spending by -3.2 percent per year.”
To predict per-soldier spending from 2012-2020, CSIS applied the ‘Slow Decline’ and ‘Accelerated Decline’ projections to two different force structure scenarios: The first force structure scenario assumes that troop numbers remain at 2011 levels. The second force structure scenario assumes troop numbers “continue to decline at the same pace they did in the years 2008-2011.
Source: CSIS Report: European Defense Trends 2012
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CSIS 2012 Total Defense Spending Predictions Compared to Actual Figures 300
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 2001
2002
2003
Actual Total Defense Expenditure
2004
2005
2006
2007
Slow Decline Prediction
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Accelerated Decline Prediction
Source: CSIS Report: European Defense Trends 2012; NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina were excluded from Actual Defense Spending due to lack of complete time series data.
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2013
CSIS 2012 Per Soldier Spending Predictions Compared to Actual Figures 110,000
Per soldier spending (constant 2013, in €)
105,000 100,000 95,000 90,000 85,000 80,000 75,000 70,000 2001
2002
2003
2004
Slow Decline with 2011 Troop Numbers Accelerated Decline with Declining Troop Numbers
2005
2006
2007
2008
Accelerated Decline with 2011 Troop Numbers Actual Defense Spending Per Soldier
2009
2010
2011
2012
Slow Decline with Declining Troop Numbers
Source: CSIS Report: European Defense Trends 2012; NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina were excluded from Actual Defense Spending due to lack of complete time series data.
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2013
Recent European Efforts to Address Capability Shortfalls Wales Summit Commitments Approved Readiness Action Plan to enhance readiness and posture in light of new security challenges. Reaffirmed pledge to spend 2 percent of GDP on defense and 20 percent of budgets on equipment and R&D. Reversing trend of declining defense expenditures will continue to be politically and economically difficult.
Collaborative defense initiatives and programs have emerged as a possible means of addressing some capability gaps. EU: Pooling & Sharing Initiative NATO: Smart Defence and Framework Nations Concept Sub-regional groupings (NORDEFCO, Visegrad Group, etc.)
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European Defence Agency Collaboration Trends, 2005-2012 Increased collaboration in defense equipment spending among EDA member states, at a CAGR of 4.5 percent. Western Europe exhibited trend most prominently, specifically in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK
Decreased collaboration in defense research and technology (R&T) spending among EDA member states, at a CAGR of -5.6 percent.
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Distribution of Defense Equipment Spending for EDA Member States, 2005-2012 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
2005
2006
2007 National
2008
2009
Collaboration with European Nations
2010
2011
Collaboration with Rest of World
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012. Note: EDA states that one of their member countries could not report collaborative data for 2012, causing the European Collaborative percentage in 2012 to appear much smaller than it may actually be.
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2012*
Distribution of Defense R&T Spending for EDA Member States, 2005-2012 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005
2006
2007 National
2008 Collaboration with European Nations
2009
2010
2011
Collaboration with Rest of World
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012. Note: EDA states that one of their member countries could not report collaborative data for 2012, causing the European Collaborative percentage in 2012 to appear much smaller than it may actually be.
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2012
Key CSIS ESDS Index Trends, 2011-2013 European defense and security firms have been able to increase revenue despite continuing declines in overall defense spending by European governments, perhaps in part due to a slight increase in equipment spending. Since 2011, total defense spending by European governments* has declined by 7 billion euros (at a CAGR of -1.72 percent) Equipment spending has increased by 588 million euros (at a CAGR of 0.76 percent) CSIS ESDS Index revenue has increased by 2.4 billion euros (at a CAGR of 1.22 percent)
The share of CSIS ESDS Index revenue coming from both Europe and North America has declined slightly, while the share from the rest of the world has increased. European defense and security firms continue to place a higher premium on emerging, dual-use, and nextgeneration technologies than their commercial counterparts, though both defense and commercial industrial companies have decreased R&D investment in the past two years. Defense company R&D investment decreased from 7.3 percent of sales to 6.5 percent of sales (at a CAGR of -5.8 percent) Commercial industrial companies R&D investment decreased from 3.12 percent of sales to 3.06 percent of sales (at a CAGR of -1.0 percent) Note: For earlier trend analyses on the CSIS ESDS Index, please see the 2012 European Defense Trends report, available here: http://csis.org/publication/european-defense-trends-2012. *Only countries with complete time series data for Equipment spending are included in this total, in order to keep the figure comparable to the Equipment spending figure.
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CSIS ESDS Index Revenue, Total and Equipment Defense Spending (2001-2013) Spending and revenue (constant 2013, in € billions)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Total Defense Spending*
2006
2007 CSIS ESDS Index Revenue
2008
2009
2010
2011
Equipment Spending*
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data; Bloomberg, company financial reports; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group. *Note: Only countries with a complete time series for Equipment Spending were included. See slide 37 for details on companies included in the index.
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2012
2013
CSIS ESDS Index: Revenue by Geographic Origin 100
Revenue (constant 2013, in € billions)
90 80
16
20
+3%
+4%
23
-3%
22
70
-2% 60
-1% 25
50
12
40
10
25
+11% -1%
-2% 30 20
-9%
45
45
44
2008
2011
2013
35
10 0 2003
Europe
North America
Rest of World
Source: Bloomberg, company financial reports; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group. See slide 37 for companies included in the index.
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Russian Defense Trends Total defense spending has risen from 1540.13 billion rubles (58.88 billion euros) in 2001 to 2796 billion rubles (66.12 billion euros) in 2013; however, defense spending as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total government expenditure has remained fairly constant. In 2013, Russian defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP (4.5 percent) exceeded that of the United States (4.4 percent) for the first time since 2003.
In 2013, Russia replaced the United Kingdom as the third largest global defense spender behind the United States and China.
Note: Data on Russian defense expenditure has not been incorporated into European trend analysis (Slides 2-22). Sources: SIPRI, NATO, World Bank for Russia
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80
16%
70
14%
60
12%
50
10%
40
8%
30
6%
20
4%
10
2%
0
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total Defense Spending
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Defense Spending as a % of Government Expenditure
Sources: SIPRI; IMF Economic Outlook Data; World Bank, Federal Statistics Service (Russian Federation); IHS Jane’s; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group.
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% of Government Expenditure
Despite modest levels of growth following 2009 economic recession, Russian GDP is expected to contract by 0.7 percent in 2015. Russia’s military modernization program, which was announced in 2010, calls for the investment of 23 trillion rubles ($723 billion) in order to achieve a 70 percent modernization rate by 2020. Falling oil prices, a steadily declining ruble, and Western sanctions may negatively impact Russia’s planned defense spending in 2015 and 2016.
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
Russia: Total Defense Spending and as a % of Government Expenditure, 2001-2013
Russia: Total Defense Spending and Per Soldier, 2001-2013 70
90000
Total Spending (constant 2013, in € millions)
70000 50 60000 40
50000
30
40000
30000 20
20000 10
10000
0
0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 Total
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Per Soldier Spending
Source: SIPRI; Military Balance 2014; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group.
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2013
Per Soldier Spending (constant 2013, in €)
80000
60
Total Defense Spending and as a % GDP and Government Expenditure, 2001-2013 700
14%
700
14%
700
14%
600
12%
600
12%
600
12%
500
10%
500
10%
500
10%
400
8%
400
8%
400
8%
300
6%
300
6%
300
6%
200
4%
200
4%
200
4%
100
2%
100
2%
100
2%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Real Military Spending
Military Spending as % of GDP
Military Spending as % of Government Expenditure
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014; IMF Economic Outlook; SIPRI Military Expenditure Data; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group.
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% of GDP or Gov. Expenditure
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
United Kingdom
Russia
United States
Key Findings Topline defense spending decreased in line with CSIS’s ‘Slow Decline’ Prediction from 2011, not with ‘Accelerated Decline’ prediction Per soldier spending did not decline as predicted, mostly due to further shrinking troop numbers Suggests countries may be retaining quality forces with lower overall force strength
Equipment spending up slightly; share is nearly restored to 2010 level after declines in 2011 and 2012 Participation in collaborative equipment procurement projects could explain part of this increase European defense industrial base appears to remain relatively healthy, buoyed perhaps by the increase in Equipment spending and the increased revenue from other parts of world
R&D spending by European governments continues to decline rapidly, as does R&D investment by defense industrial companies, though at a slower pace
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Appendices List of Countries Analyzed List of CSIS ESDS Index Companies List of Total Complete Time Series Data
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Countries Analyzed Big Three France Germany United Kingdom
Other Western Europe Austria Belgium Ireland Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland
Southern Europe Cyprus Greece Italy Malta Portugal Spain Turkey Northern Europe Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
Visegrad Four Czech Republic Hungary Poland Slovakia Baltic Region Estonia Latvia Lithuania
Other Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Serbia Slovenia
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Countries with Complete Time Series Data All countries except Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina have complete time series data for Total Defense.
Country Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg
Complete Time Series R&D Category NATO Categories All Categories All Categories R&D Category All Categories All Categories All Categories NATO Categories R&D Category NATO Categories NATO Categories
Country Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain* Sweden Turkey United Kingdom
Complete Time Series All Categories All Categories NATO Categories All Categories R&D Category R&D Category R&D Category All Categories R&D Category NATO Categories NATO Categories
* Spain was missing NATO defense spending category breakdowns for 2013, which were substituted by carrying over percentages from 2012.
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Companies in the CSIS ESDS Index Company Name BAE Systems Finmeccanica Thales Zodiac Aerospace Cobham Rheinmetall Indra Sistemas Serco Group SAAB
Country United Kingdom Italy France France United Kingdom Germany Spain United Kingdom Sweden
Company Name Qinetiq Safran Babcock International Group Ultra Electronics Holdings Chemring Group OHB Comrod Communication Dassault Aviation Kongsberg Gruppen
Country United Kingdom France United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany Norway France Norway
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About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has developed solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. As we celebrate this milestone, CSIS scholars are developing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, DC. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded at the height of the Cold War by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke, CSIS was dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the world’s preeminent international institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global health and economic integration. Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn has chaired the CSIS Board of Trustees since 1999. Former U.S. deputy secretary of defense John J. Hamre became the Center’s president and chief executive officer in April 2000.
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SUPPLEMENTAL GRAPHS WITH COUNTRY DETAIL
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Equipment Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Personnel Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Infrastructure Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Operations & Maintenance and Other Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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R&D Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Collaborative Defense Equipment Spending with European nations, Breakdowns by Country, Six Highlighted Countries, 2005-2012
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012 Note: Highlighted countries were selected based on significant spending and data availability.
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Collaborative Defense R&T Spending with European nations, Breakdowns by Country, Six Highlighted Countries, 2005-2012
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012 Note: Highlighted countries were selected based on significant spending and data availability.
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Executive Summary The European defense market, though impacted by lethargic economic growth and painful fiscal austerity measures, continues to be a driver in global defense. Five of the fifteen biggest military spenders worldwide in 2013 were European countries1, and Europe remains a major market for international arms production and sales. Surges in military spending by Russia, China, and various Middle Eastern countries in recent years has augmented the defense landscape, especially as European countries in aggregate continue to spend less on defense and the United States embarks on a series of deep-striking budget cuts. This report analyzes overall trends in defense spending, troop numbers, collaboration, and the European defense and security industrial base across 37 countries. To remain consistent with previous reports, this briefing utilizes functional NATO categories (Equipment, Personnel, Operations and Maintenance, Infrastructure, and Research and Development) and reports figures in constant 2013 euros unless otherwise noted. Many of the trends identified within the 2012 CSIS European Defense Trends report continued into 2013, namely reductions in topline defense spending, further cuts to R&D spending, and steadily declining troop numbers. Though total European defense spending decreased from 2001-2013, with an accelerated decline between 2008 and 2010, select countries increased spending2 between 2011 and 2013.3 Collaboration among European countries has decreased in the R&D category; however, it has increased in the equipment category – indicating increased investment in collaborative procurement. Defense expenditure as a percentage of total government expenditure has decreased across Europe from 2001-2013 with the exceptions of Albania and Estonia.4 An updated CSIS European Security, Defense, and Space (ESDS) Index is included within this report and exhibits a shift in geographic revenue origin for leading European defense firms away from North America and Europe and towards other major markets between 2008 and 2013. Finally, a brief analysis of Russian defense spending is included in the final section of this report in order to comprehend more fully the size and scope of the European defense market within the global framework. In 2013, Russia replaced the United Kingdom as the third largest global defense spender, devoting 11.2 percent of total government expenditures to defense. 5 This briefing report concludes with summarized observations concerning trends in European defense from 2001 to 2013. CSIS will continue to follow and evaluate themes in European defense, which will appear in subsequent briefings. 1 SIPRI:
France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Turkey. by positive compounded annual growth rates [CAGR] between 2011 and 2013. 3 Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Norway. 4 Exhibited by positive compounded annual growth rates [CAGR] between 2001 and 2013. Data unavailable for Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Turkey due to incomplete time series. 5 SIPRI. 2 Exhibited
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Budgetary Trends Total European defense spending declined from 273.2 billion euros in 2001 to 219.5 billion euros in 2013 (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of -1.81 percent) Defense spending per-soldier rose from 79,400 euros in 2001 to 105,300 euros in 2013 (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of 33 percent) while total active military personnel continued to decline from 3.4 million in 2001 to 2.1 million in 2013 (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of -4.2 percent) 12-year CAGR indicates cross-category decline in spending, with the most significant decrease in R&D spending (a compounded annual growth rate [CAGR] of -13.3 percent)
Aggregate defense spending as both a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total government expenditure has declined across Europe between 2001 and 2013, with the exception of Albania and Estonia Note: See Slide 5 for graph of aggregate defense spending per soldier between 2001 and 2013. Note: All spending figures in constant 2013 euros unless otherwise noted. Bosnia & Herzegovina and Montenegro are not included in topline spending totals due to incomplete time series. Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data.
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Key Budgetary Trends: 2011-2013 Decrease in aggregate defense spending by all European nations (at a CAGR of -1.9 percent) and a slightly smaller decrease by European NATO countries (at a CAGR of -1.8 percent) Substantial decline in total R&D spending of 2.1 billion euros (at a CAGR of -26.7 percent) followed by steady decline in total personnel spending of 6.9 billion euros (at a CAGR of -3.2 percent) Increased aggregate defense spending by some eastern and northern European countries: Estonia, Latvia, Romania, Poland, and Norway
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European Defense Spending (Total and Per Soldier), 2001-2013 280
120,000
100,000
260
80,000 250 60,000 240 40,000 230 20,000
220
210
0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 Defense Spending
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Defense Spending per Soldier
Note: Defense spending per soldier is determined by dividing a country’s total defense expenditure (in 2013 euros) by active troop numbers. Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data; Military Balance 2014. Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina are excluded due to lack of complete time series data.
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2013
Per soldier spending (constant 2013, in € )
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
270
Changes in Total European Defense Spending by Spending Category, 2001-2013
12-yr CAGR Absolute change (in 2013 EUR millions) Absolute change as % of 2001 Figure
2001-2013 Total Defense Equipment Personnel Infrastructure O&M/Other R&D -1.8% -1.5% -2.5% -3.2% -0.7% -13.3% -53,900
-7,700
-35,300
-2,500
-4,600
-10,800
-19.7%
-16.3%
-25.8%
-32.0%
-8.1%
-81.6%
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014; analysis by CSIS NSPIR. Only countries with complete time series for each category were included in that category’s analysis (35 for Total Defense, 16 for NATO Categories, and 15 for R&D). See slide 36 for details. Note: 2013 data for defense spending categories unavailable for Spain. For 2013 breakdown, 2012 percentages were imported for Spain.
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Total European Defense Spending by NATO Defense Spending Categories, 2001-2013 Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
280 240 200
13.2 7.8 56.5
13.8 7.3 54.1
13.0 6.6 51.5
10.9 6.8
10.1 6.0
10.6 6.7
50.9
53.5
53.6
10.7 7.1
8.9 6.7
56.3
55.6
8.2 5.9
6.4 5.9
53.7
53.3
4.4 5.2
4.6 5.3
2.4 5.3
53.1
52.4
51.9
108.4
107.4
101.5
160 120
136.8
133.4
128.2
128.1
131.8
131.3
123.6
121.2
110.6
109.9
80
40 47.1
45.8
44.1
43.1
43.1
44.1
43.7
44.2
42.6
44.4
38.4
38.4
39.4
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Equipment
Personnel
0 O&M/Other
Infrastructure
R&D
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Only countries with complete time series for NATO Categories were included in totals (16 countries, or 44% of total countries in report) and only countries with complete time series for R&D (15 countries, or 41% of total countries in report) were included in R&D total. See slide 36 for details. Note: 2013 data on defense spending categories unavailable for Spain. For 2013 breakdown, 2012 percentages were imported for Spain.
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Distribution of Total European Defense Spending by NATO Defense Spending Categories, 2001-2013 60%
50%
% of Total Budget
40%
30%
20%
10%
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Equipment
2006 Personnel
2007
2008
O&M/Other
2009
2010
2011
2012
Infrastructure
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Only countries with complete time series for NATO Categories were included (16 countries, or 44% of total countries in report). See slide 36 for details. Note: 2013 data for defense spending categories unavailable for Spain. For 2013 breakdown, 2012 percentages were imported for Spain.
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2013
Total Defense Spending by Country, Top 12 Spenders, 2001-2013
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Total Defense Spending by Country, Smaller Spenders, 2001-2013
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Total Defense Spending by Region, 2001-2013
Note: For a breakdown of countries per grouping, see Slide 36. Note: The above analysis includes all 37 countries organized into nine groupings. No country was counted twice.
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Total Defense Spending and as % GDP and % Government Expenditure, 2001-2013 France
60
10%
60
10%
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
40
8% 7%
50
8% 7%
40
5%
30
5%
10
3% 2%
20
3% 2%
10
1% 0
9% 50
8% 7%
40
6% 30
5% 4%
4%
4% 20
10%
6%
6% 30
60
9%
9% 50
United Kingdom
0%
Real Military Spending
20
3% 2%
10
1%
1% 0
0%
Military Spending as % of GDP
0
0%
Military Spending as % of Government Expenditure
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014; IMF Economic Outlook; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group
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% of GDP or Gov. Expenditure
Germany
Changes in Total Defense Spending, 2011-2013 1.5
Net Change in Spending, (in € billions)
1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5
-3 -3.5
Big Three
Other Western Europe
Northern Europe
Southern Europe
Visegrad Four
Baltic Region
Other Central and Eastern Europe
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014.
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2012 CSIS Projections Using CAGRs observed in total European defense spending from 2001 to 2011 and from 2008 to 2011, CSIS projected two potential trajectories for 2012-2020: The ‘Slow Decline’ prediction “assumes a moderate annual decline in total European defense spending of -1.8 percent per year.” The ‘Accelerated Decline’ prediction “assumes that sharper cuts will be implemented in light of the continuing economic recession, reducing total European defense spending by -3.2 percent per year.”
To predict per-soldier spending from 2012-2020, CSIS applied the ‘Slow Decline’ and ‘Accelerated Decline’ projections to two different force structure scenarios: The first force structure scenario assumes that troop numbers remain at 2011 levels. The second force structure scenario assumes troop numbers “continue to decline at the same pace they did in the years 2008-2011.
Source: CSIS Report: European Defense Trends 2012
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CSIS 2012 Total Defense Spending Predictions Compared to Actual Figures 300
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
290 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 2001
2002
2003
Actual Total Defense Expenditure
2004
2005
2006
2007
Slow Decline Prediction
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Accelerated Decline Prediction
Source: CSIS Report: European Defense Trends 2012; NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina were excluded from Actual Defense Spending due to lack of complete time series data.
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2013
CSIS 2012 Per Soldier Spending Predictions Compared to Actual Figures 110,000
Per soldier spending (constant 2013, in €)
105,000 100,000 95,000 90,000 85,000 80,000 75,000 70,000 2001
2002
2003
2004
Slow Decline with 2011 Troop Numbers Accelerated Decline with Declining Troop Numbers
2005
2006
2007
2008
Accelerated Decline with 2011 Troop Numbers Actual Defense Spending Per Soldier
2009
2010
2011
2012
Slow Decline with Declining Troop Numbers
Source: CSIS Report: European Defense Trends 2012; NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014. Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina were excluded from Actual Defense Spending due to lack of complete time series data.
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2013
Recent European Efforts to Address Capability Shortfalls Wales Summit Commitments Approved Readiness Action Plan to enhance readiness and posture in light of new security challenges. Reaffirmed pledge to spend 2 percent of GDP on defense and 20 percent of budgets on equipment and R&D. Reversing trend of declining defense expenditures will continue to be politically and economically difficult.
Collaborative defense initiatives and programs have emerged as a possible means of addressing some capability gaps. EU: Pooling & Sharing Initiative NATO: Smart Defence and Framework Nations Concept Sub-regional groupings (NORDEFCO, Visegrad Group, etc.)
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European Defence Agency Collaboration Trends, 2005-2012 Increased collaboration in defense equipment spending among EDA member states, at a CAGR of 4.5 percent. Western Europe exhibited trend most prominently, specifically in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and UK
Decreased collaboration in defense research and technology (R&T) spending among EDA member states, at a CAGR of -5.6 percent.
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Distribution of Defense Equipment Spending for EDA Member States, 2005-2012 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
2005
2006
2007 National
2008
2009
Collaboration with European Nations
2010
2011
Collaboration with Rest of World
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012. Note: EDA states that one of their member countries could not report collaborative data for 2012, causing the European Collaborative percentage in 2012 to appear much smaller than it may actually be.
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2012*
Distribution of Defense R&T Spending for EDA Member States, 2005-2012 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005
2006
2007 National
2008 Collaboration with European Nations
2009
2010
2011
Collaboration with Rest of World
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012. Note: EDA states that one of their member countries could not report collaborative data for 2012, causing the European Collaborative percentage in 2012 to appear much smaller than it may actually be.
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2012
Key CSIS ESDS Index Trends, 2011-2013 European defense and security firms have been able to increase revenue despite continuing declines in overall defense spending by European governments, perhaps in part due to a slight increase in equipment spending. Since 2011, total defense spending by European governments* has declined by 7 billion euros (at a CAGR of -1.72 percent) Equipment spending has increased by 588 million euros (at a CAGR of 0.76 percent) CSIS ESDS Index revenue has increased by 2.4 billion euros (at a CAGR of 1.22 percent)
The share of CSIS ESDS Index revenue coming from both Europe and North America has declined slightly, while the share from the rest of the world has increased. European defense and security firms continue to place a higher premium on emerging, dual-use, and nextgeneration technologies than their commercial counterparts, though both defense and commercial industrial companies have decreased R&D investment in the past two years. Defense company R&D investment decreased from 7.3 percent of sales to 6.5 percent of sales (at a CAGR of -5.8 percent) Commercial industrial companies R&D investment decreased from 3.12 percent of sales to 3.06 percent of sales (at a CAGR of -1.0 percent) Note: For earlier trend analyses on the CSIS ESDS Index, please see the 2012 European Defense Trends report, available here: http://csis.org/publication/european-defense-trends-2012. *Only countries with complete time series data for Equipment spending are included in this total, in order to keep the figure comparable to the Equipment spending figure.
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CSIS ESDS Index Revenue, Total and Equipment Defense Spending (2001-2013) Spending and revenue (constant 2013, in € billions)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005 Total Defense Spending*
2006
2007 CSIS ESDS Index Revenue
2008
2009
2010
2011
Equipment Spending*
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data; Bloomberg, company financial reports; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group. *Note: Only countries with a complete time series for Equipment Spending were included. See slide 37 for details on companies included in the index.
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2012
2013
CSIS ESDS Index: Revenue by Geographic Origin 100
Revenue (constant 2013, in € billions)
90 80
16
20
+3%
+4%
23
-3%
22
70
-2% 60
-1% 25
50
12
40
10
25
+11% -1%
-2% 30 20
-9%
45
45
44
2008
2011
2013
35
10 0 2003
Europe
North America
Rest of World
Source: Bloomberg, company financial reports; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group. See slide 37 for companies included in the index.
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Russian Defense Trends Total defense spending has risen from 1540.13 billion rubles (58.88 billion euros) in 2001 to 2796 billion rubles (66.12 billion euros) in 2013; however, defense spending as a percentage of GDP and as a percentage of total government expenditure has remained fairly constant. In 2013, Russian defense expenditure as a percentage of GDP (4.5 percent) exceeded that of the United States (4.4 percent) for the first time since 2003.
In 2013, Russia replaced the United Kingdom as the third largest global defense spender behind the United States and China.
Note: Data on Russian defense expenditure has not been incorporated into European trend analysis (Slides 2-22). Sources: SIPRI, NATO, World Bank for Russia
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80
16%
70
14%
60
12%
50
10%
40
8%
30
6%
20
4%
10
2%
0
0% 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Total Defense Spending
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Defense Spending as a % of Government Expenditure
Sources: SIPRI; IMF Economic Outlook Data; World Bank, Federal Statistics Service (Russian Federation); IHS Jane’s; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group.
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% of Government Expenditure
Despite modest levels of growth following 2009 economic recession, Russian GDP is expected to contract by 0.7 percent in 2015. Russia’s military modernization program, which was announced in 2010, calls for the investment of 23 trillion rubles ($723 billion) in order to achieve a 70 percent modernization rate by 2020. Falling oil prices, a steadily declining ruble, and Western sanctions may negatively impact Russia’s planned defense spending in 2015 and 2016.
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
Russia: Total Defense Spending and as a % of Government Expenditure, 2001-2013
Russia: Total Defense Spending and Per Soldier, 2001-2013 70
90000
Total Spending (constant 2013, in € millions)
70000 50 60000 40
50000
30
40000
30000 20
20000 10
10000
0
0 2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006 Total
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Per Soldier Spending
Source: SIPRI; Military Balance 2014; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group.
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2013
Per Soldier Spending (constant 2013, in €)
80000
60
Total Defense Spending and as a % GDP and Government Expenditure, 2001-2013 700
14%
700
14%
700
14%
600
12%
600
12%
600
12%
500
10%
500
10%
500
10%
400
8%
400
8%
400
8%
300
6%
300
6%
300
6%
200
4%
200
4%
200
4%
100
2%
100
2%
100
2%
0
0%
0
0%
0
0%
Real Military Spending
Military Spending as % of GDP
Military Spending as % of Government Expenditure
Source: NATO Financial and Economic Data 2014; IMF Economic Outlook; SIPRI Military Expenditure Data; analysis by CSIS NSPIR Group.
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% of GDP or Gov. Expenditure
Spending (constant 2013, in € billions)
United Kingdom
Russia
United States
Key Findings Topline defense spending decreased in line with CSIS’s ‘Slow Decline’ Prediction from 2011, not with ‘Accelerated Decline’ prediction Per soldier spending did not decline as predicted, mostly due to further shrinking troop numbers Suggests countries may be retaining quality forces with lower overall force strength
Equipment spending up slightly; share is nearly restored to 2010 level after declines in 2011 and 2012 Participation in collaborative equipment procurement projects could explain part of this increase European defense industrial base appears to remain relatively healthy, buoyed perhaps by the increase in Equipment spending and the increased revenue from other parts of world
R&D spending by European governments continues to decline rapidly, as does R&D investment by defense industrial companies, though at a slower pace
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Appendices List of Countries Analyzed List of CSIS ESDS Index Companies List of Total Complete Time Series Data
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Countries Analyzed Big Three France Germany United Kingdom
Other Western Europe Austria Belgium Ireland Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland
Southern Europe Cyprus Greece Italy Malta Portugal Spain Turkey Northern Europe Denmark Finland Norway Sweden
Visegrad Four Czech Republic Hungary Poland Slovakia Baltic Region Estonia Latvia Lithuania
Other Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Serbia Slovenia
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Countries with Complete Time Series Data All countries except Montenegro and Bosnia & Herzegovina have complete time series data for Total Defense.
Country Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg
Complete Time Series R&D Category NATO Categories All Categories All Categories R&D Category All Categories All Categories All Categories NATO Categories R&D Category NATO Categories NATO Categories
Country Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain* Sweden Turkey United Kingdom
Complete Time Series All Categories All Categories NATO Categories All Categories R&D Category R&D Category R&D Category All Categories R&D Category NATO Categories NATO Categories
* Spain was missing NATO defense spending category breakdowns for 2013, which were substituted by carrying over percentages from 2012.
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Companies in the CSIS ESDS Index Company Name BAE Systems Finmeccanica Thales Zodiac Aerospace Cobham Rheinmetall Indra Sistemas Serco Group SAAB
Country United Kingdom Italy France France United Kingdom Germany Spain United Kingdom Sweden
Company Name Qinetiq Safran Babcock International Group Ultra Electronics Holdings Chemring Group OHB Comrod Communication Dassault Aviation Kongsberg Gruppen
Country United Kingdom France United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany Norway France Norway
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About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has developed solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. As we celebrate this milestone, CSIS scholars are developing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, DC. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded at the height of the Cold War by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke, CSIS was dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the world’s preeminent international institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global health and economic integration. Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn has chaired the CSIS Board of Trustees since 1999. Former U.S. deputy secretary of defense John J. Hamre became the Center’s president and chief executive officer in April 2000.
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SUPPLEMENTAL GRAPHS WITH COUNTRY DETAIL
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Equipment Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Personnel Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Infrastructure Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Operations & Maintenance and Other Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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R&D Spending by Country, 2001-2013
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Collaborative Defense Equipment Spending with European nations, Breakdowns by Country, Six Highlighted Countries, 2005-2012
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012 Note: Highlighted countries were selected based on significant spending and data availability.
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Collaborative Defense R&T Spending with European nations, Breakdowns by Country, Six Highlighted Countries, 2005-2012
Source: EDA Defence Data 2012 Note: Highlighted countries were selected based on significant spending and data availability.
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