EXAM NOTES BOOKLET
EXAM NOTES BOOKLET
1
1
ARCHITECTURE IN ASIA
EXAM NOTES BOOKLET PRE-HISTORY I
PRE-HISTORY II
Cave Dwelling (Womb) House Plan for Cave Dwelling Vertical House Vertical Shrine Circle Artificial Mountain
Hakka Circular houses Hakka long houses Long house Vietnam Nuclear house
HINDU
BUDDISM
Hinduism Civilisations Indus Valley People Temples Mandala Southern Hindu Temples Northern Hindu Temples Geometry/Mathematics Shop House Architectural Mix
Lord Buddha Stupas Hinduism on Buddism Second phase: Later Buddhism Houses Spread of Mahayana Buddhism
CHINESE 2 Principles of Taoism and Gardens Chinese Towns and Cities
JAPANESE Early Japanese Buildings Gasso - Japanese Farm Houses Japanese Roof Construction Ideas Japanese Buddhist Temples Planning Ideas in Japanese Buildings
ISLAM 2 Tower House University Royal Palaces Religious Buildings Tombs
PATRICA BOZYK
BRANDON MARANGELLI
INDONESIA + SOUTH EAST ASIA Boathouse typology Dongson And Brass Buffalo and Crane Origin SE Asia Boathouse Forms Town Layout Boathouse Chaitcha Hall and Japan Influence
CHINESE I + BUDDIST The Courtyard House - Siheyan Cultural Ideas Pre-Buddhism Buddhism Entry to China Pagodas Houses as Origin of Temples Summary of Chinese Buddhist Temples Farm Houses and Other Small Houses
ISLAM I Korean + Japanese Architecture Climate Caravan Resting Places Construction Materials and Techniques Wealthy Homes Islamic Religion Mosques + Mecca Farmhouses
ISLAMIC CITIES 1
ISLAMIC CITIES 2
Mesopotamia Housing Arrangement in City Old City of Sana Mosque, Marketplace, Housing Musala City Planning - Streets Bathhouse
Travelers Hotels Notable Buildings of Cairo Planned Cities Public Spaces Ancient Isfahan
MAIYA MCKENNA
DANIEL PARK
JEREMY WOOLDRIDGE
2
2
PREHISTORY II
Beginning with the cave Sacred buildings used to be made of timber Corbel vaults Formal with seat out the front and paved front area Priests only went through the cave.
Figure 1 The Outdoor entrance to a building cave
BUDDHISM 32
32
Lord Buddha Born a prince, married and had a child. In his late 20’s abandoned it all and became a beggar travelling through the Ganges in search of provocative and stimulating ideas. Searched for the meaning of life. Became more and more resistant to organized religion. Two aspects of Hinduism, which he couldn’t accept. The Caste system, and the creation of a material value that was not meaningful. In his late age he sat under a Bodi tree, and deep in thought, he experienced enlightenment and began to understand the meaning of everything. After this he gained a following and established a system of rules for this new religion. 8 Pals of enlightenment attributed to the lord Buddha Right Speech Right Understanding Right Purpose Right action Right Livelihood Right Endeavour Right Mindfulness Right Concentration
The 4 truths - Accept life as suffering - Accept the offer of our suffering comes from within us - It is possible to eliminate suffering without shedding Unnecessary desires in your life - The importance of reaching enlightenment, nothing else matters
Theravada and Hinyana Buddhism, the Lesser Vehicle - Form of Buddhism that has no form of belief in gods, focusing on the transformation of consciousness - Believe that all existence is suffering, and one has to come to terms with the material word and with the self - The material world is actually an illusion, including the self - Reincarnation is an inevitable part of existence. Buddhists strive to escape from the eternal cycle of birth and rebirth through the extinction of the self Dharma - truth - the way to enlightenment, the cessation of suffering and an end to reincarnation Sunyana - emptiness, a state of mind that is neither existence nor non existence, it leads to total enlightenment Enlightenments – Banishment of self and therefor the cycle of death followed by rebirth. It leads to an ultimate state of bliss
Mound of Earth - Lord Buddha thought that architecture should be as simple as possible. Against any kind of material display. - First architectural challenge one of the main kings, who was defending Buddhism in the Ganges, was killed in battle -Mound of earth plastered over. The only architecture that the lord Buddha is said to have approved in his life - 2600 years old - Adopted as way of paying respects to close ones when they die - Placement of small mound of earth close to the house would bring protection, upon the deceased’s reincarnation, to their descendants and household - The Lord Buddha increased the size to commemorate the importance of the person - Faced with either clay, plaster or stone for protection. Small chamber inside where ashes are placed in an urn. Stupa for Buddha and the Emperor Ashoka the Great - Great mound of earth placed by his followers to commemorate his importance upon Buddhas death - Buddhist emperor Ashoka the great, one of the most enlightened emperors decreed Buddhas urn be undug and his ashes spread to the 12 furthest corners of his kingdom in Northern India and 12 memorial mounds were built, which became pilgrimage sites - Ashoka was so convinced by the teachings of the lord Buddha that he resigned his kingship in the middle of his reign and became a beggar in the forest
The stupa in Sanchi
- His children were left to reign and spread the message of Buddhism - Buddhism became very strong in a large region of SE Asia, Ceylon, Burma, Nepal etc - As Buddhism spread there began to be more memorial sites. Legend says that Buddhas teeth were taken from his skull and 1 tooth was located at each of the memorials in other countries
33
33
Plan is very symbolic, mandala of the simplest kind. 4 axis in 4 cardinal directions. All aligned perfectly. E W
S
Pilgrim paid respects by entering though eastern gate (direction of the rising sun) Circumambulate to the north, to the west to the south, and back to the east. And then go inside the enclosure up the stairs onto the raised platform and circumambulate again. Active way of paying respects to the memory of the lord Buddha Three umbrellas above memorial. Umbrella is a honorific symbol Buddha merits because of his influence on society Symbolic shrine for the tomb of Buddha. Railing surrounds it Ashes are actually placed much lower in the Railing allows people to circumambulate around the stupa at this level Raised platform from which the stupa rises Approached through a gateway, 3 beams over the top echo 3 umbrellas Railing around the whole enclosure
The stupa in Sanchi Buildings around the stupa in Sanchi Monastic buildings are visible around the stupa - Lord Buddha didn’t want institutionalisation however wanted to help people devoting their lives to meditation and not to making money. - Urged People seeking enlightenment and retiring from the world to join a monastery who would live together and beg together for food every day. - Separate buildings for men and women - He urged people to build monastic buildings in areas that were already protected by the community, like the areas around the stupas.
The stupa in Sanchi
Chaitya Hall with a curved boat roof, used for meditation and discussions. Buddhists didn’t pray as there were no gods.
The Bodhisattvas Lord Buddha had also taught that followers after attaining enlightenment should turn back to teaching. Those who have renounced Nirvana in order to remain to lead others on the way are the Bodhisattvas (They became the models which all devotees should follow). The Bodhisattvas also merited a memorial. These take the form of smaller mounds, a dagpa, and have only one umbrella. They surround the large mounds, the stupa, attributed to the lord Buddha in each of the 12 pilgrim sites The aspiring Bodhisattva follow 6 paths - Donation of ones goods and even one’s body and soul to those who have need for them - Morality means observing all the precepts of Buddhism above and encouraging
Typical Bodhisattva, in Sanchi.
others to do the same - Patience means enduring the hardship and injury from others - Vigour means unflagging energy in overcoming vice and cultivating virtue - Meditation consists of practising trances and concentration - Wisdom is the direct realization of the truth of emptiness and isolation
Chaitya Hall
Examples of stupas in Ceylon 34
Huge stupa in Ceylon 800 AD. 550 Feet high No longer 3 umbrellas above shrine Cone of 13 umbrellas one above the other
A quite small stupa surrounded by a large base. Dates from about 800 AD Ceylon, Polonnaruwa
The persistence of Hinduism and its affect on Buddhism
34
- Very few surviving Chaitya halls - Surviving halls are usually cut in natural rock - Idea of meeting just for meditation and discussion was replaced by places for prayer - The squares in the centre is a small model of a stupa to remind one of the lord Buddha and enlightenment.
- Brahman caste hadn’t disappeared in Hinduism, very resistant to the conversion of Buddhism - Continued to produce holy manuals for Hinduism and preach and practice it, even in strong Buddhist communities. - After 400 years Hinduism began to exercise influence on the Buddhist communities, and as it grew the Buddhists felt a need to counter it. - Buddhism really appealed to deep thinking people. They wanted to strengthen their appeal to regular people and the only way that they could do that was through imagery. They were opposed to the cast system and institutionalised religions, they didn’t want to see it come back. - Buddhists accepted major changes. The lord Buddha could be considered revered as a visible saint, somebody that people could worship and pay respects to. - Before this time Buddhists escape from materialism was so strong that decoration wasn’t allowed - From 100 BC Buddha began to be represented as a Hellenistic god, an ideal man squatting and receiving enlightenment represented as a flame or eye on his forehead (Before this Buddha was only represented by an empty saddle on an elephant or some sort of animal vehicle) - Idea of placing Buddha in a shrine began to grow. - More decoration began to be introduced into Buddhist buildings, in order to compete with ornate Hindu buildings and more and more Hindu ideals were incorporated in Buddhism. - New kind of Buddhism that involves worship and prayer.
Second phase: Later Buddhism termed Mahayana The greater vehicle c.100-500 AD Buddhism takes on many of the practices of Hinduism including prayer and idolatry, not too different from each other Both believe in enlightenment, studying the whole of creation and eternity, reincarnation, and that salvation comes from escaping reincarnation. Main Differences, Hindus worship many deities but Brahma is the most important, and the Mahayan Buddhists pay their respects to them Ablution Pool
- Feature of these sacred sites - Tradition of bathing before entering sacred sites considered very important
Rock Cut Shrines/Chaitya Halls
- Huge number of surviving rock cut sanctuaries -Carved out of sandstone - Places of refuge where people could escape the rain and cold
- Later on became very elaborate and ornamented - Associations of the lord Buddha and other associated deities began to be made
- Representation of Buddhist shrines as sacred mountains - Stupa becomes very ornate with lotus leaves - Similar to a Hindu shrine
70
70
Lecture 10 ISLAMIC CITIES I
MESOPOTAMIA 3,200BC Mesopotamia Earliest cities (not towns) located in the middle east region The formation of these proto socialist cities formed developing societies Created writing and therefore record and trade which then on lead Mesopotamia expand and create the first territorial kingdom (North africa, south europe, middle east). Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic refers to the worship of or belief in multiple deities usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses , along with their own religions and rituals
● ● ● ● ●
Compressed, tight knit community Oppressive/ Bounding walls Focus in cities such as religious building for ruler Markets also close to centre Been excavated
HOUSING IN CITY ● Most houses approached by side streets, dead ends ● Create protection for houses Small building in mesipatamia Onwards 3,000years BEGINNING OF ISLAM Early islamic towns Three major elements ● A town/city of any important must have protection
1
1
ARCHITECTURE IN ASIA
EXAM NOTES BOOKLET PRE-HISTORY I
PRE-HISTORY II
Cave Dwelling (Womb) House Plan for Cave Dwelling Vertical House Vertical Shrine Circle Artificial Mountain
Hakka Circular houses Hakka long houses Long house Vietnam Nuclear house
HINDU
BUDDISM
Hinduism Civilisations Indus Valley People Temples Mandala Southern Hindu Temples Northern Hindu Temples Geometry/Mathematics Shop House Architectural Mix
Lord Buddha Stupas Hinduism on Buddism Second phase: Later Buddhism Houses Spread of Mahayana Buddhism
CHINESE 2 Principles of Taoism and Gardens Chinese Towns and Cities
JAPANESE Early Japanese Buildings Gasso - Japanese Farm Houses Japanese Roof Construction Ideas Japanese Buddhist Temples Planning Ideas in Japanese Buildings
ISLAM 2 Tower House University Royal Palaces Religious Buildings Tombs
PATRICA BOZYK
BRANDON MARANGELLI
INDONESIA + SOUTH EAST ASIA Boathouse typology Dongson And Brass Buffalo and Crane Origin SE Asia Boathouse Forms Town Layout Boathouse Chaitcha Hall and Japan Influence
CHINESE I + BUDDIST The Courtyard House - Siheyan Cultural Ideas Pre-Buddhism Buddhism Entry to China Pagodas Houses as Origin of Temples Summary of Chinese Buddhist Temples Farm Houses and Other Small Houses
ISLAM I Korean + Japanese Architecture Climate Caravan Resting Places Construction Materials and Techniques Wealthy Homes Islamic Religion Mosques + Mecca Farmhouses
ISLAMIC CITIES 1
ISLAMIC CITIES 2
Mesopotamia Housing Arrangement in City Old City of Sana Mosque, Marketplace, Housing Musala City Planning - Streets Bathhouse
Travelers Hotels Notable Buildings of Cairo Planned Cities Public Spaces Ancient Isfahan
MAIYA MCKENNA
DANIEL PARK
JEREMY WOOLDRIDGE
2
2
PREHISTORY II
Beginning with the cave Sacred buildings used to be made of timber Corbel vaults Formal with seat out the front and paved front area Priests only went through the cave.
Figure 1 The Outdoor entrance to a building cave
BUDDHISM 32
32
Lord Buddha Born a prince, married and had a child. In his late 20’s abandoned it all and became a beggar travelling through the Ganges in search of provocative and stimulating ideas. Searched for the meaning of life. Became more and more resistant to organized religion. Two aspects of Hinduism, which he couldn’t accept. The Caste system, and the creation of a material value that was not meaningful. In his late age he sat under a Bodi tree, and deep in thought, he experienced enlightenment and began to understand the meaning of everything. After this he gained a following and established a system of rules for this new religion. 8 Pals of enlightenment attributed to the lord Buddha Right Speech Right Understanding Right Purpose Right action Right Livelihood Right Endeavour Right Mindfulness Right Concentration
The 4 truths - Accept life as suffering - Accept the offer of our suffering comes from within us - It is possible to eliminate suffering without shedding Unnecessary desires in your life - The importance of reaching enlightenment, nothing else matters
Theravada and Hinyana Buddhism, the Lesser Vehicle - Form of Buddhism that has no form of belief in gods, focusing on the transformation of consciousness - Believe that all existence is suffering, and one has to come to terms with the material word and with the self - The material world is actually an illusion, including the self - Reincarnation is an inevitable part of existence. Buddhists strive to escape from the eternal cycle of birth and rebirth through the extinction of the self Dharma - truth - the way to enlightenment, the cessation of suffering and an end to reincarnation Sunyana - emptiness, a state of mind that is neither existence nor non existence, it leads to total enlightenment Enlightenments – Banishment of self and therefor the cycle of death followed by rebirth. It leads to an ultimate state of bliss
Mound of Earth - Lord Buddha thought that architecture should be as simple as possible. Against any kind of material display. - First architectural challenge one of the main kings, who was defending Buddhism in the Ganges, was killed in battle -Mound of earth plastered over. The only architecture that the lord Buddha is said to have approved in his life - 2600 years old - Adopted as way of paying respects to close ones when they die - Placement of small mound of earth close to the house would bring protection, upon the deceased’s reincarnation, to their descendants and household - The Lord Buddha increased the size to commemorate the importance of the person - Faced with either clay, plaster or stone for protection. Small chamber inside where ashes are placed in an urn. Stupa for Buddha and the Emperor Ashoka the Great - Great mound of earth placed by his followers to commemorate his importance upon Buddhas death - Buddhist emperor Ashoka the great, one of the most enlightened emperors decreed Buddhas urn be undug and his ashes spread to the 12 furthest corners of his kingdom in Northern India and 12 memorial mounds were built, which became pilgrimage sites - Ashoka was so convinced by the teachings of the lord Buddha that he resigned his kingship in the middle of his reign and became a beggar in the forest
The stupa in Sanchi
- His children were left to reign and spread the message of Buddhism - Buddhism became very strong in a large region of SE Asia, Ceylon, Burma, Nepal etc - As Buddhism spread there began to be more memorial sites. Legend says that Buddhas teeth were taken from his skull and 1 tooth was located at each of the memorials in other countries
33
33
Plan is very symbolic, mandala of the simplest kind. 4 axis in 4 cardinal directions. All aligned perfectly. E W
S
Pilgrim paid respects by entering though eastern gate (direction of the rising sun) Circumambulate to the north, to the west to the south, and back to the east. And then go inside the enclosure up the stairs onto the raised platform and circumambulate again. Active way of paying respects to the memory of the lord Buddha Three umbrellas above memorial. Umbrella is a honorific symbol Buddha merits because of his influence on society Symbolic shrine for the tomb of Buddha. Railing surrounds it Ashes are actually placed much lower in the Railing allows people to circumambulate around the stupa at this level Raised platform from which the stupa rises Approached through a gateway, 3 beams over the top echo 3 umbrellas Railing around the whole enclosure
The stupa in Sanchi Buildings around the stupa in Sanchi Monastic buildings are visible around the stupa - Lord Buddha didn’t want institutionalisation however wanted to help people devoting their lives to meditation and not to making money. - Urged People seeking enlightenment and retiring from the world to join a monastery who would live together and beg together for food every day. - Separate buildings for men and women - He urged people to build monastic buildings in areas that were already protected by the community, like the areas around the stupas.
The stupa in Sanchi
Chaitya Hall with a curved boat roof, used for meditation and discussions. Buddhists didn’t pray as there were no gods.
The Bodhisattvas Lord Buddha had also taught that followers after attaining enlightenment should turn back to teaching. Those who have renounced Nirvana in order to remain to lead others on the way are the Bodhisattvas (They became the models which all devotees should follow). The Bodhisattvas also merited a memorial. These take the form of smaller mounds, a dagpa, and have only one umbrella. They surround the large mounds, the stupa, attributed to the lord Buddha in each of the 12 pilgrim sites The aspiring Bodhisattva follow 6 paths - Donation of ones goods and even one’s body and soul to those who have need for them - Morality means observing all the precepts of Buddhism above and encouraging
Typical Bodhisattva, in Sanchi.
others to do the same - Patience means enduring the hardship and injury from others - Vigour means unflagging energy in overcoming vice and cultivating virtue - Meditation consists of practising trances and concentration - Wisdom is the direct realization of the truth of emptiness and isolation
Chaitya Hall
Examples of stupas in Ceylon 34
Huge stupa in Ceylon 800 AD. 550 Feet high No longer 3 umbrellas above shrine Cone of 13 umbrellas one above the other
A quite small stupa surrounded by a large base. Dates from about 800 AD Ceylon, Polonnaruwa
The persistence of Hinduism and its affect on Buddhism
34
- Very few surviving Chaitya halls - Surviving halls are usually cut in natural rock - Idea of meeting just for meditation and discussion was replaced by places for prayer - The squares in the centre is a small model of a stupa to remind one of the lord Buddha and enlightenment.
- Brahman caste hadn’t disappeared in Hinduism, very resistant to the conversion of Buddhism - Continued to produce holy manuals for Hinduism and preach and practice it, even in strong Buddhist communities. - After 400 years Hinduism began to exercise influence on the Buddhist communities, and as it grew the Buddhists felt a need to counter it. - Buddhism really appealed to deep thinking people. They wanted to strengthen their appeal to regular people and the only way that they could do that was through imagery. They were opposed to the cast system and institutionalised religions, they didn’t want to see it come back. - Buddhists accepted major changes. The lord Buddha could be considered revered as a visible saint, somebody that people could worship and pay respects to. - Before this time Buddhists escape from materialism was so strong that decoration wasn’t allowed - From 100 BC Buddha began to be represented as a Hellenistic god, an ideal man squatting and receiving enlightenment represented as a flame or eye on his forehead (Before this Buddha was only represented by an empty saddle on an elephant or some sort of animal vehicle) - Idea of placing Buddha in a shrine began to grow. - More decoration began to be introduced into Buddhist buildings, in order to compete with ornate Hindu buildings and more and more Hindu ideals were incorporated in Buddhism. - New kind of Buddhism that involves worship and prayer.
Second phase: Later Buddhism termed Mahayana The greater vehicle c.100-500 AD Buddhism takes on many of the practices of Hinduism including prayer and idolatry, not too different from each other Both believe in enlightenment, studying the whole of creation and eternity, reincarnation, and that salvation comes from escaping reincarnation. Main Differences, Hindus worship many deities but Brahma is the most important, and the Mahayan Buddhists pay their respects to them Ablution Pool
- Feature of these sacred sites - Tradition of bathing before entering sacred sites considered very important
Rock Cut Shrines/Chaitya Halls
- Huge number of surviving rock cut sanctuaries -Carved out of sandstone - Places of refuge where people could escape the rain and cold
- Later on became very elaborate and ornamented - Associations of the lord Buddha and other associated deities began to be made
- Representation of Buddhist shrines as sacred mountains - Stupa becomes very ornate with lotus leaves - Similar to a Hindu shrine
70
70
Lecture 10 ISLAMIC CITIES I
MESOPOTAMIA 3,200BC Mesopotamia Earliest cities (not towns) located in the middle east region The formation of these proto socialist cities formed developing societies Created writing and therefore record and trade which then on lead Mesopotamia expand and create the first territorial kingdom (North africa, south europe, middle east). Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic refers to the worship of or belief in multiple deities usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses , along with their own religions and rituals
● ● ● ● ●
Compressed, tight knit community Oppressive/ Bounding walls Focus in cities such as religious building for ruler Markets also close to centre Been excavated
HOUSING IN CITY ● Most houses approached by side streets, dead ends ● Create protection for houses Small building in mesipatamia Onwards 3,000years BEGINNING OF ISLAM Early islamic towns Three major elements ● A town/city of any important must have protection
