Faculty: Kirsten Rodine-âHardy Category : Social Sciences, Business ...
Faculty: Kirsten Rodine-‐Hardy Category : Social Sciences, Business and Law Degree Level: PoliRcal Science Abstract ID# 1455
Gold Nano-‐BRICKS and Invisibility Cloaks
Policies, Markets, and Regula4ons of Small Technologies in Large Emerging Markets
Acknowledgements: Grateful for the assistance of Rodine-Hardy Research Team, especially Pavitra Chari and Nino Gvalia. Funding support through National Science Foundation Nano-scale Interdisciplinary Research Team – NIRT SES #0609078 and Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC), funded by the Department of Defense and the Department of the Navy (ONR). Naval Supply Fleet Logistics Center, U.S. Navy, N00244-13-1-0029.
Diffusion of NaRonal Nanotechnology IniRaRves 60
Abstract
50
Whereas gold and bricks are solid, gold nanobricks can form invisibility cloaks by reflecting and refracting light. In the global economy, key emerging market countries known as BRICKS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Korea, and South Africa) have created new policies and markets for nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, although regulations have mostly been invisible. How do emerging market countries create policies, markets and regulations for nanotechnology? While conventional wisdom emphasizes the factors of technological uniqueness and global markets through analysis of patents and publications, these approaches overlook the importance of politics and transnational networks. This paper analyzes competing factors of political motivations, global markets, powerful actors, and transnational networks of diffusion in driving the adoption of national nanotechnology policies and regulations in emerging markets. While a diverse group of developing countries have adopted national nanotechnology strategies, the actual policies of promotion and regulation vary substantially across sector and across country. The findings reveal that all of the BRICKS engaged in state-led economic and technological development in nanotechnology research and development, but in very different ways. Furthermore, while nanotechnology policy promotion and research efforts have spread throughout the BRICKS, the actual rates of commercialization and markets vary widely across countries and sectors, with China leading in most key metrics. Finally, regulation for environmental safety and security has mostly been invisible. This research fills important gaps in the empirical and theoretical literature on global markets and developing countries in the areas of emerging technology, and highlights the importance of political factors in policy change.
2010: Venezuela, Serbia, Lithuania, Australia
2008: Uzbekistan, Switzerland, Sri Lanka 2007: Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Hungary
2009: Ukraine
40 2006: Slovenia, Poland, Malaysia, Germany, Finland, CroaRa
30
2003: Thailand, Pakistan, Iran, Belarus 2002: Taiwan, South Africa, Norway, Armenia
20
2005: Latvia, France, EU, Czech Republic, ArgenRna
2004: Spain, Netherlands, Moldova, Brazil, Austria
2001: South Korea, Singapore, Romania, Mexico, Japan, Israel, Ireland, India, Estonia, China
10
2000: USA, Sweden
0
2000
Argument: Politics Not Technology Diffusion & Politics– arising from differences in 1) Regulatory Regime Orientation (norms, idea
• • • • • •
2) Regulatory Regime Organization (institutions, rules, capacity to block)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Conclusion: Many Policies of Promotion Less Markets, Even Less Regulation for Safety Conflict: Development Goals & Safety regulations Divergence & Global Governance Gap Politics and Power – Implementation & Effects Need more research and better data
South Africa: NanoProtech Spray
Gold Nanobricks Invisibility Cloak Russia: Nanosilver socks
China: Toothpaste
India: Water Filter
South Korea: Taekwondo uniform
Reference Graphs – Kirsten Rodine-‐Hardy Research Team 2014; original dataset compiled from publicly available sources; Images – Invisibility Cloak: Xiang Zhang group, Berkeley Lab/UC Berkeley; Hairdryer: hcp://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/products/taiff-‐compacto-‐2000w-‐hair-‐dryer/; Water Filter:
hcp://web.archive.org/web/20110720130556/hcp://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/tata-‐purifier.doc; Nanosilver Socks: hcp://trendsupdates.com/nano-‐enhanced-‐socks-‐to-‐treat-‐smelly-‐feet/; Toothpaste: hcp://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/products/quan-‐zhou-‐hu-‐zheng-‐nano-‐technology-‐co-‐ltd-‐r-‐nano-‐silver-‐toothpaste/; Taekwondo Uniform: hcp://www.moosoolsausa.com/premium-‐funcRonal-‐taekwondo-‐dobok.html
Brazil: Hairdryer
Gold Nano-‐BRICKS and Invisibility Cloaks
Policies, Markets, and Regula4ons of Small Technologies in Large Emerging Markets
Acknowledgements: Grateful for the assistance of Rodine-Hardy Research Team, especially Pavitra Chari and Nino Gvalia. Funding support through National Science Foundation Nano-scale Interdisciplinary Research Team – NIRT SES #0609078 and Project on Advanced Systems and Concepts for Countering WMD (PASCC), funded by the Department of Defense and the Department of the Navy (ONR). Naval Supply Fleet Logistics Center, U.S. Navy, N00244-13-1-0029.
Diffusion of NaRonal Nanotechnology IniRaRves 60
Abstract
50
Whereas gold and bricks are solid, gold nanobricks can form invisibility cloaks by reflecting and refracting light. In the global economy, key emerging market countries known as BRICKS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, Korea, and South Africa) have created new policies and markets for nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, although regulations have mostly been invisible. How do emerging market countries create policies, markets and regulations for nanotechnology? While conventional wisdom emphasizes the factors of technological uniqueness and global markets through analysis of patents and publications, these approaches overlook the importance of politics and transnational networks. This paper analyzes competing factors of political motivations, global markets, powerful actors, and transnational networks of diffusion in driving the adoption of national nanotechnology policies and regulations in emerging markets. While a diverse group of developing countries have adopted national nanotechnology strategies, the actual policies of promotion and regulation vary substantially across sector and across country. The findings reveal that all of the BRICKS engaged in state-led economic and technological development in nanotechnology research and development, but in very different ways. Furthermore, while nanotechnology policy promotion and research efforts have spread throughout the BRICKS, the actual rates of commercialization and markets vary widely across countries and sectors, with China leading in most key metrics. Finally, regulation for environmental safety and security has mostly been invisible. This research fills important gaps in the empirical and theoretical literature on global markets and developing countries in the areas of emerging technology, and highlights the importance of political factors in policy change.
2010: Venezuela, Serbia, Lithuania, Australia
2008: Uzbekistan, Switzerland, Sri Lanka 2007: Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Hungary
2009: Ukraine
40 2006: Slovenia, Poland, Malaysia, Germany, Finland, CroaRa
30
2003: Thailand, Pakistan, Iran, Belarus 2002: Taiwan, South Africa, Norway, Armenia
20
2005: Latvia, France, EU, Czech Republic, ArgenRna
2004: Spain, Netherlands, Moldova, Brazil, Austria
2001: South Korea, Singapore, Romania, Mexico, Japan, Israel, Ireland, India, Estonia, China
10
2000: USA, Sweden
0
2000
Argument: Politics Not Technology Diffusion & Politics– arising from differences in 1) Regulatory Regime Orientation (norms, idea
• • • • • •
2) Regulatory Regime Organization (institutions, rules, capacity to block)
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Conclusion: Many Policies of Promotion Less Markets, Even Less Regulation for Safety Conflict: Development Goals & Safety regulations Divergence & Global Governance Gap Politics and Power – Implementation & Effects Need more research and better data
South Africa: NanoProtech Spray
Gold Nanobricks Invisibility Cloak Russia: Nanosilver socks
China: Toothpaste
India: Water Filter
South Korea: Taekwondo uniform
Reference Graphs – Kirsten Rodine-‐Hardy Research Team 2014; original dataset compiled from publicly available sources; Images – Invisibility Cloak: Xiang Zhang group, Berkeley Lab/UC Berkeley; Hairdryer: hcp://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/products/taiff-‐compacto-‐2000w-‐hair-‐dryer/; Water Filter:
hcp://web.archive.org/web/20110720130556/hcp://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/tata-‐purifier.doc; Nanosilver Socks: hcp://trendsupdates.com/nano-‐enhanced-‐socks-‐to-‐treat-‐smelly-‐feet/; Toothpaste: hcp://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/products/quan-‐zhou-‐hu-‐zheng-‐nano-‐technology-‐co-‐ltd-‐r-‐nano-‐silver-‐toothpaste/; Taekwondo Uniform: hcp://www.moosoolsausa.com/premium-‐funcRonal-‐taekwondo-‐dobok.html
Brazil: Hairdryer
