FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE PART I 1. Topography dominated by ...
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE PART I
1. Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed ____________. a. valley and ridge b. karst c. horst and graben ANS: B
2. To qualify as a desert, a region must be ____________. a. hot, with a mean annual temperature greater than 25°C (77°F) b. arid, with less than 15% of the ground surface vegetated c. both hot and arid d. either hot or arid ANS: B 3. Because glacial advance is driven by gravity, it is impossible for glaciers to advance over perfectly
flat terrain. a. true b. false ANS: B
4. Today, continental glaciers are limited to Antarctica and ____________. a. Alaska b. Greenland c. Canada d. Siberia ANS: B
6. Which type of continental coastline features a much broader continental shelf? a. passive continental margins b. active continental margins ANS: A
7. A coastline is more likely to consist of a tidal flat than a beach if ____________. a. the shore is protected from strong waves b. the shore is exposed to strong waves c. the shore is in a warm climate d. the shoreline runs east-west rather than north-south ANS: A
The elevation of the water table ____________. a. is a constant for a given area so long as the topography remains the same b. may rise during times of drought and sink during rainy periods
c. may rise during rainy periods and sink during droughts ANS: C
An artesian well is one that ____________. a. induces an upward flow of groundwater without any pumping b. has its intake sited within the saturated zone of an unconfined aquifer c. has its intake sited within the unsaturated zone of an unconfined aquifer d. has its recharge area at an elevation below sea level ANS: A
Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be shaped like the letter ____________, whereas valleys carved by water tend to shaped like the letter ____________. a. “V”; “U” b. “V”; “C” c. “U”; “V” d. “V”; “I” ANS: C
Approximately what percentage of Earth’s surface is covered with water? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 85% ANS: C
The density of seawater increases with ____________. a. increasing temperature and increasing salinity b. decreasing temperature and increasing salinity c. increasing temperature and decreasing salinity d. decreasing temperature and decreasing salinity ANS: B
Global circulation of ocean water is influenced by ____________. sinking of cold and saline water Which of the following is a renewable resource? a. coal b. oil c. wind d. natural gas ANS: C
The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the ____________. a. base level
b. floodplain c. stream gradient d. thalweg ANS: A
Grains become rounded primarily during ____________. a. weathering at outcrop b. erosion c. transportation d. deposition ANS: C 6. Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) forms which kind of sedimentary
rock? a. biochemical b. chemical c. clastic d. organic ANS: C
As the velocity of flow decreases, ____________. c. suspended sediment starts to be deposited
The geometry of sand dunes is strongly influenced by ____________. a. the strength of the wind b. the consistency of wind direction c. the abundance of sand d. all of the above ANS: D
The preexisting rock which is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a ____________. a. parent rock b. source rock c. protolith d. premetarock ANS: C
Which of the following processes cannot occur in the formation of metamorphic rock? a. realignment of minerals so that they develop a preferred orientation b. segregation of minerals into layers of different compositions
c. solid-state rearrangement of atoms or ions to create a new assemblage of minerals d. complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock ANS: D
A buried body of shale is subjected to differential stress at temperatures greater than 200ºC, causing clay minerals to grow in preferred orientation and producing slate. This is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering ANS: C
A body of gneiss is subjected to heat and forms a melt. Later the melt cools and crystallizes to form a(n) ____________. a. metamorphic rock b. igneous rock c. sedimentary rock An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ____________. a. orogeny Earth is 4.6 billion years old. Difference between earth science and all other science? Deep time As understood by modern geologists, the principle of uniformitarianism implies that ____________. a. the Earth has always had the same basic appearance that it has today, with the distributions of ocean basins and continents identical to what we see today b. igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are uniformly mixed throughout the crust of the Earth c. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been active in the past and are responsible for the geologic history we see preserved in the rock record d. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been occurring throughout Earth history at constant rates; for example, no eruption in geologic time would have been greater than the 1815 Tambora eruption ANS: C 35. Uniformitarianism is succinctly summarized by which phrase? a. The future is the key to the present. b. The present is the key to the past. c. The past is the key to the present. d. The present is the key to the future.
ANS: B
Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________, in conjunction with relative age data. a. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks b. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks c. radiometric dating of igneous rocks d. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks ANS: C
Earth became internally differentiated, with a metallic core distinct from the rocky mantle, during the ____________. a. Archean Eon b. Hadean Eon c. Proterozoic Eon d. Paleozoic Era ANS: B
Which of the following lists contains only fossil fuels? a. coal, oil, natural gas During the Cenozoic Era, most large-bodied terrestrial animals inhabiting regions of temperate climate have been ____________. a. Birds b. Dinosaurs c. Mammals d. Crocodiles ANS: C
As compared to mafic igneous rocks, all felsic igneous rocks ____________. a. cool and solidify more quickly b. cool and solidify more slowly c. solidify at higher temperatures d. solidify at lower temperatures ANS: B As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, all fine-grained igneous rocks ____________. a. cool and solidify more quickly b. cool and solidify more slowly c. solidify at higher temperatures d. solidify at lower temperatures ANS: A
A fast-moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris is termed a ____________. a. Lahar b. glowing avalanche
c. flood basalt d. stratovolcano ANS: A
As compared with metamorphism, diagenesis ____________. a. means exactly the same thing b. takes place at lower temperatures and pressures c. takes place at higher temperatures and pressures d. takes place at greater depths that are well within the mantle ANS: B
Clay minerals within a buried body of shale are recrystallized at 400ºC and high pressure to form mica, producing a rock called phyllite; this is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering ANS: C
Metamorphism may be induced by ____________. a. contact with a hot pluton b. contact with hot groundwater c. heat and pressure associated with deep burial d. all of the above ANS: D
1. Topography dominated by depressions formed by the collapse of caves is termed ____________. a. valley and ridge b. karst c. horst and graben ANS: B
2. To qualify as a desert, a region must be ____________. a. hot, with a mean annual temperature greater than 25°C (77°F) b. arid, with less than 15% of the ground surface vegetated c. both hot and arid d. either hot or arid ANS: B 3. Because glacial advance is driven by gravity, it is impossible for glaciers to advance over perfectly
flat terrain. a. true b. false ANS: B
4. Today, continental glaciers are limited to Antarctica and ____________. a. Alaska b. Greenland c. Canada d. Siberia ANS: B
6. Which type of continental coastline features a much broader continental shelf? a. passive continental margins b. active continental margins ANS: A
7. A coastline is more likely to consist of a tidal flat than a beach if ____________. a. the shore is protected from strong waves b. the shore is exposed to strong waves c. the shore is in a warm climate d. the shoreline runs east-west rather than north-south ANS: A
The elevation of the water table ____________. a. is a constant for a given area so long as the topography remains the same b. may rise during times of drought and sink during rainy periods
c. may rise during rainy periods and sink during droughts ANS: C
An artesian well is one that ____________. a. induces an upward flow of groundwater without any pumping b. has its intake sited within the saturated zone of an unconfined aquifer c. has its intake sited within the unsaturated zone of an unconfined aquifer d. has its recharge area at an elevation below sea level ANS: A
Valleys carved by glaciers tend to be shaped like the letter ____________, whereas valleys carved by water tend to shaped like the letter ____________. a. “V”; “U” b. “V”; “C” c. “U”; “V” d. “V”; “I” ANS: C
Approximately what percentage of Earth’s surface is covered with water? a. 30% b. 50% c. 70% d. 85% ANS: C
The density of seawater increases with ____________. a. increasing temperature and increasing salinity b. decreasing temperature and increasing salinity c. increasing temperature and decreasing salinity d. decreasing temperature and decreasing salinity ANS: B
Global circulation of ocean water is influenced by ____________. sinking of cold and saline water Which of the following is a renewable resource? a. coal b. oil c. wind d. natural gas ANS: C
The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the ____________. a. base level
b. floodplain c. stream gradient d. thalweg ANS: A
Grains become rounded primarily during ____________. a. weathering at outcrop b. erosion c. transportation d. deposition ANS: C 6. Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) forms which kind of sedimentary
rock? a. biochemical b. chemical c. clastic d. organic ANS: C
As the velocity of flow decreases, ____________. c. suspended sediment starts to be deposited
The geometry of sand dunes is strongly influenced by ____________. a. the strength of the wind b. the consistency of wind direction c. the abundance of sand d. all of the above ANS: D
The preexisting rock which is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a ____________. a. parent rock b. source rock c. protolith d. premetarock ANS: C
Which of the following processes cannot occur in the formation of metamorphic rock? a. realignment of minerals so that they develop a preferred orientation b. segregation of minerals into layers of different compositions
c. solid-state rearrangement of atoms or ions to create a new assemblage of minerals d. complete remelting of the rock, followed by solidification to form a new rock ANS: D
A buried body of shale is subjected to differential stress at temperatures greater than 200ºC, causing clay minerals to grow in preferred orientation and producing slate. This is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering ANS: C
A body of gneiss is subjected to heat and forms a melt. Later the melt cools and crystallizes to form a(n) ____________. a. metamorphic rock b. igneous rock c. sedimentary rock An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ____________. a. orogeny Earth is 4.6 billion years old. Difference between earth science and all other science? Deep time As understood by modern geologists, the principle of uniformitarianism implies that ____________. a. the Earth has always had the same basic appearance that it has today, with the distributions of ocean basins and continents identical to what we see today b. igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are uniformly mixed throughout the crust of the Earth c. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been active in the past and are responsible for the geologic history we see preserved in the rock record d. physical processes observed today (such as erosion and volcanic eruption) have been occurring throughout Earth history at constant rates; for example, no eruption in geologic time would have been greater than the 1815 Tambora eruption ANS: C 35. Uniformitarianism is succinctly summarized by which phrase? a. The future is the key to the present. b. The present is the key to the past. c. The past is the key to the present. d. The present is the key to the future.
ANS: B
Numerical ages for boundaries between time units on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from the study of ____________, in conjunction with relative age data. a. fossil content and spatial relationships among igneous rocks b. fossil content and spatial relationships among sedimentary rocks c. radiometric dating of igneous rocks d. radiometric dating of sedimentary rocks ANS: C
Earth became internally differentiated, with a metallic core distinct from the rocky mantle, during the ____________. a. Archean Eon b. Hadean Eon c. Proterozoic Eon d. Paleozoic Era ANS: B
Which of the following lists contains only fossil fuels? a. coal, oil, natural gas During the Cenozoic Era, most large-bodied terrestrial animals inhabiting regions of temperate climate have been ____________. a. Birds b. Dinosaurs c. Mammals d. Crocodiles ANS: C
As compared to mafic igneous rocks, all felsic igneous rocks ____________. a. cool and solidify more quickly b. cool and solidify more slowly c. solidify at higher temperatures d. solidify at lower temperatures ANS: B As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, all fine-grained igneous rocks ____________. a. cool and solidify more quickly b. cool and solidify more slowly c. solidify at higher temperatures d. solidify at lower temperatures ANS: A
A fast-moving flow consisting of a mixture of water and volcaniclastic debris is termed a ____________. a. Lahar b. glowing avalanche
c. flood basalt d. stratovolcano ANS: A
As compared with metamorphism, diagenesis ____________. a. means exactly the same thing b. takes place at lower temperatures and pressures c. takes place at higher temperatures and pressures d. takes place at greater depths that are well within the mantle ANS: B
Clay minerals within a buried body of shale are recrystallized at 400ºC and high pressure to form mica, producing a rock called phyllite; this is an example of ____________. a. diagenesis b. erosion c. metamorphism d. weathering ANS: C
Metamorphism may be induced by ____________. a. contact with a hot pluton b. contact with hot groundwater c. heat and pressure associated with deep burial d. all of the above ANS: D
