Geography
Answer Keys G EOGRAPHY A NSWER K EY
L ESSONS 81–100
Lessons 81–100
Note: The answers listed herein that follow a page number are from Introduction to Geography (Holt McDougal). Essential Questions are from the Lesson Manual.
LESSON 82
Page 8 Analyzing Visuals: the location of a place and the activities of people who live there Focus on Reading: Responses vary, but may include how maps are used on trips.
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Exploring the Satellite Image: possible answers: types of landforms, such as deserts, mountains, and plains; distribution of vegetation; proportion of water to land; depth of oceans; extent of ice packs; the fact that there is less vegetation at the equator and none at the poles; the lands between those regions generally have more temperate climates
Reading Check: maps, globes, satellite images, computer programs, measuring devices, notebooks, and tape recorders
Page 3 Analyzing Visuals: Answers will vary but may note the snow-capped mountains and terraced landscape; the houses, walkways, and gardens are signs that people live in this area.
Page 5 Reading Check: Like scientists, geographers gather and study data. Geographers also study people and how they live, like social scientists.
Section 1 Assessment: 1a the study of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create 1b It involves gathering and studying data. 2a a part of the world that has common features; Rocky Mountains and Sahara 2b how people interact all over the world; how actions in one place affect other places 3a to see what land in an area looks like from above Earth; to make accurate maps 3b Both show what the world looks like; globes are spheres, like the planet, and can show Earth as it really is; maps are flat, easier to work with, and better for showing small areas. 4 Students’ responses should reflect understanding of section content.
LESSON 84
Analyzing Visuals: small village, huge desert, tall sand dunes
Page 6 Analyzing Visuals: Students’ questions should focus on images that refer to the local, regional, and global levels of London.
Page 7 Reading Check: local, regional, global
Analyzing Visuals: Students’ responses will vary but may include all elements except for The World in Spatial Terms.
Page 14 Analyzing Primary Sources: to find answers to questions about the world, make wiser decisions, solve issues at local and global levels Reading Check: world in spatial terms, places and regions, physical systems, human systems, environment and society, uses of geography Section 2 Assessment: 1a Absolute location is a specific description, such as an address. A relative location describes one place by its relation to another. For example, the U.S. is south of Canada. 1b location—description of where a point on Earth is; place— physical and human features that define an area/its character 1c possible answer: It lets them study a place from many points of view and compare it to other places using the same system. 2a movement 2b The elements build on the five themes but also expand on them. 2c Both are systems geographers use to study the world. 3 Students’ charts will vary but should show that they can apply knowledge of each theme to their city or town’s characteristics.
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Analyzing Visuals: Humanenvironment interaction deals most directly with this theme.
Analyzing Satellite Images: Practice: 1 infrared satellite image 2 true color satellite image Apply: Statements should accurately describe the satellite image chosen.
Page 12 Focus in Reading: Students’ responses should reflect understanding of Earth’s land, water, climate, plants, and animals. Reading Check: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, regions C A LV E R T E D U C AT I O N 06GEOG
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LESSON 87 Essential Question Sample answer: Geography helps us understand our world by using tools, such as satellites and interviews, to
G EOGRAPHY A NSWER K EY gain information about Earth and the people who live in it. Geographers help us understand the world by organizing their information around two systems, the five themes and the Essential Elements. They have also divided their studies into two main branches, physical geography and human geography, to focus their studies and help us understand our world.
features are the way they are; human, because you understand people better 3a cartography, meteorology 3b They make maps that other geographers use to study different aspects of the world. 4 possible response: physical—landforms, water, climate; human— people, communities, landscape; both—help us understand world better
Page 17 Reading Check: Answers will vary, but should include features related to land, soil or plants, weather or climate, and any bodies of water in your area.
L ESSONS 81–100
LESSON 89 Page 25 Analyzing Visuals: land, mountains, lakes, ocean
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Biography: He made many contributions to the field, including being the first to use the term geography.
Analyzing Visuals: North; tilted toward the sun
Reading Check: people, communities, and landscapes
Page 19 Connecting to Technology: Today’s maps are often made by computer instead of by hand, so they can be more accurate and complex.
Page 20 Focus on Reading: Response should reflect understanding of the qualities that make water potable. Reading Check: Main branches are physical and human, with some branches including cartography, hydrology, and meteorology. Section 3 Assessment: 1a study of world’s landforms, water bodies, and other physical features 1b to learn how physical world works, help us prepare for and adapt to changes 2a people, past or present, where they live and why, their jobs/crops/ movements 2b better understand other cultures, improve landscapes, design cities and towns, protect environments 2c possible response: physical, because you learn about why
and summer. 3 winter—Earth’s axis is tilted away from the sun; spring— Earth’s axis is tilted toward the sun; fall—Earth’s axis begins to tilt away from the sun
Page 32 Reading Check: Freshwater is suitable for drinking. It is locked in glaciers or stored as groundwater or surface water, whereas salt water is found in oceans and some lakes and is not suitable for drinking. Analyzing Visuals: Evaporation occurs when water turns from liquid to gas; precipitation is water that falls to Earth from condensed water vapor.
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Reading Check: rotation, revolution, tilt, and latitude
Reading Check: the circulation of water from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back
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Focus on Reading: unable to be counted
Focus on Reading: half of a sphere or half of Earth
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Analyzing Visuals: Summer
Page 29 Section 1 Assessment: 1a energy from the sun; it warms the planet, helps plants grow, and provides light 1b Rotation affects how much solar energy parts of Earth receive, which in turn creates day and night and affects temperatures. Tilt causes seasons by affecting when certain regions get more solar energy. 1c Answers may vary, but student should note that Earth would be colder and darker. 2a winter—cold temperatures, short days; spring—increasing temperatures, longer days; summer— warm temperatures, long days; fall— decreasing temperatures, shorter days 2b When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. 2c Answers may vary, but the student may say that people can spend more time outdoors during the spring
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Reading Check: People depend on water for survival. Drought and flooding threaten survival. Water allows people to grow food. It also provides recreational benefits. Section 2 Assessment: 1a freshwater—suitable for drinking, makes up 3 percent of Earth’s water supply; salt water—unsafe to drink, makes up 97 percent of Earth’s water supply, mainly found in oceans 1b Most freshwater is stored underground or locked in glaciers. 1c Answers may vary, but should reflect section content. surface water—more accessible; groundwater—abundant 2a evaporation and precipitation 2b ocean and lakes because of size 3a a long period of lower-thannormal precipitation 3b we depend on it for drinking, food, energy, and recreation 3c Answers will vary. Student may note pollution, lack of water, or flooding. 4 The water vapor
G EOGRAPHY A NSWER K EY cools and forms clouds. Droplets in the clouds become too heavy, causing precipitation. Runoff flows over land into rivers, streams, and oceans.
NINTH REVIEW LESSON Page 21 Chapter 1 Review: 1 g 2 e 3 j 4 c 5 f 6 a 7 h 8 b 9 i 10 d 11a levels—local, regional, global; largest—global 11b possible response: similar—Both generally show what world looks like. Different—Globes are round and show world as it really appears. Maps are flat but easier to work with and can show smaller areas, such as cities. 11c possible response: They allow geographers to analyze more data at once and to get updates more often to track changes so information is more accurate.
Page 22 12a They mean the physical and human features that define an area and make it different from other places. 12b so people can use them to organize and guide their study of geography 12c possible response: as a study guide, helping to understand all aspects of places and people that are important to know 13a physical—landforms, bodies of water, other physical features; human—world’s people and their cultures 13b It helps them make predictions and preparations. 13c possible response: because studying each part helps give a better understanding of Earth and its people 14 Answers will vary. 15 true-color 16 light blue 17 to improve accuracy 18 Maps should clearly show where your house is and include major streets or roads and other features, such as stores. 19 Charts should clearly list prior knowledge, information learned in terms of the main ideas in each section, and questions or topics they would like to
L ESSONS 81–100
learn more about. 20 Job descriptions should give reasons why the job is important, list the job’s major tasks and responsibilities, and include characteristics needed to do the job well.
Page 23 Standardized Test Prep: 1 B 2 A 3 A 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 B 8 possible response: by a physical geographer, because it can be used to understand the relative locations of the two cities within Colorado and within the United States; a geographer could find the state boundaries of the United States and the capital of Colorado
LESSON 92 Essential Question Sample answer: Many physical processes and features shape life on Earth. The Earth’s rotation creates day and night, and the Earth’s tilt causes temperatures to vary by latitude and creates the seasons. The water cycle keeps water moving from the Earth to the atmosphere, giving us food, transportation, and recreation. Under the Earth, plates shift, creating landforms such as mountains and volcanic islands and causing earthquakes to occur. In addition, forces such as weathering and erosion constantly change the surface of the planet. People have learned to adapt to and use these physical processes and landforms as they live on the Earth.
Page 35 Reading Check: mountains, valleys, plains, islands, and peninsulas
Page 37 Analyzing Visuals: The plates of the Americas seem to fit, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, with the Eurasian and African plates, indicating that they were once joined and then were separated. Some continental plates, such as the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate, seem to have collided. C A LV E R T E D U C AT I O N 06GEOG
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Focus on Reading: the act of coming together with impact
Page 38 Reading Check: Energy in Earth’s core and mantle creates pressure against the crust. This pressure can force tectonic plates to move. When these plates collide or separate, they can form volcanoes, ocean trenches, mid-ocean ridges, and mountains. Sliding plates can also cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Analyzing Visuals: mountains
Page 40 Reading Check: similar—both cause rock to break up; water contributes to both; different—weathering occurs when, as a result of weather factors, rocks crack and break; erosion occurs when ice, wind, and water cause rocky materials to move from one location to another
Page 41 Analyzing Visuals: possible answer: They use boats in their bays, build houses in the valleys, and have created ways to get to the higher areas. Reading Check: adjusting to—people living in delta areas can grow food on the fertile land; people living near the sea can trade and travel; people living in areas where rich mineral deposits can be mined; changing—building dams, drilling tunnels through mountains, farming on steep hillsides by building terraces Section 3 Assessment: 1a mountains, valleys, plains, islands 1b to learn how they are made and how they affect human activity 2a It explains landforms through movement of pieces of Earth’s crust, or plates. 2b both form landforms; colliding— form ocean trenches, mountains; separating—form ocean ridges, volcanic islands 2c create new landforms, change existing ones 3a breaking of rock into smaller pieces 3b It moves sediment from one place to another, creating new
G EOGRAPHY A NSWER K EY
L ESSONS 81–100
landforms. 4a possible answer: People settle in certain areas because of landforms. Landforms also affect what kinds of jobs are available in an area. 4b They might cut terraces to grow crops and build roads for transportation. 5 possible answer: movement of plates; creates ocean trenches and mountains; weathering; wears down landforms; erosion; moves sediment
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Map Zone: 1 cold 2 When warm water currents flow to colder areas, the air is heated above the currents, then the warmer air is blown by westerly winds.
Map Zone: 1 subarctic, tundra 2 desert 3 mainly around 30° N and 30° S, bordering deserts, and interiors of continents 4 desert and ice cap
Focus on Reading: Prevailing winds curve east or west instead of in a straight line north or south.
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Reading Check (left): Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making the temperatures of nearby land milder.
Geography for Life Activity: 1 It flattened forests, killed crops, clogged waterways, and destroyed buildings. 2 to try to predict when volcanoes might erupt so they can warn people 3 The amount of sulfur released into the atmosphere by the volcanic eruptions caused a decrease in worldwide temperatures.
Page 44 Practice: 1 mountain, desert, delta, plateau, river, bay, ocean, sea 2 28,208 ft, Himalayas Apply: 1 the eastern region, Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 2 Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea 3 Madagascar
LESSON 94 Page 49 Analyzing Visuals: possible answer: People probably had to stop any outdoor activities and take shelter.
Page 50 Reading Check: Weather is the shortterm changes in the air, while climate is the long-term average weather conditions of a region.
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Reading Check (right): The temperature decreases as elevation increases. Section 1 Assessment: 1a the sun, location, wind, water, and mountains 1b Weather is short-term changes; climate is long-term average weather conditions of a region. 2a the areas nearest the equator 2b Because of Earth’s rounded surface, solar rays nearer the poles are less direct and are spread over a large region than at the equator, where solar rays are more direct and concentrated. 3a Warm air is lighter than cold air, so as warm air rises, cold air sinks to replace it, creating wind. 3b Ocean currents carry cool or warm water to different areas. Because water heats and cools slower than land, air that is heated or cooled by water is blown by winds, bringing moderate temperatures to land near water. 4a a dry area on a mountainside that is away from the wind 4b Temperatures decrease with elevation. 5 possible responses: Sun and location create seasons; Wind moves sun’s heat; Water moves sun’s heat; Mountains affect temperature and precipitation.
Page 51 Reading Check: Because Earth is tilted on its axis, the part of Earth tilted toward the sun receives more solar energy than the part tilted away from the sun. Changes in position create seasons.
Focus on Culture: They raise camels and wear veils to protect against windblown dust.
LESSON 97 Page 55 Reading Check: Certain plants only thrive under specific climate conditions. C A LV E R T E D U C AT I O N 06GEOG
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Page 59 Reading Check: Tropical climates are usually wet; rain forests are found in the humid tropical climates. There is little rainfall in dry climates; deserts are found there. Analyzing Graphs: July
Page 60 Analyzing Visuals: ice cap Reading Check: Mediterranean
Page 61 Focus on Reading: As elevation increases, temperature decreases, and climate changes. Reading Check: In the highland climate, the tops of mountains are often cold enough for glaciers, just like at the poles. Section 2 Assessment: 1a tropical (in low latitudes), temperate (midway between the equator and the poles), and polar (in high latitudes) 1b They categorize climates on temperature, precipitation, and native plant life. 2a seasonal winds that bring either dry or moist air 2b desert, because it has little water 3a Mediterranean, humid subtropical, marine west coast, and humid continental 3b Summers are hot, dry, and sunny, making these places attractive to vacationers. 4a Because frozen earth absorbs water poorly, marshes form in summer. The moisture makes plants bloom. 4b Highland climates are made up of several other climates. 5 Answers should include temperature, precipitation, and plant life for all
G EOGRAPHY A NSWER K EY climates within the five major climate zones.
LESSON 99 Essential Question Sample answer: Earth’s different environments are shaped by many factors. The sun, wind, water, and landforms help create the Earth’s major climate zones. Within these climate zones, the plants, animals, and even soil interact in each different environment. People can affect environments, especially as they use the Earth’s natural resources.
Page 63 Analyzing Visuals: The population of predators that eat rabbits would also fall, further altering the balance of the ecosystem.
Page 64 Focus on Reading: clearing land, pollution Reading Check: Living things and the environment are interconnected. Connecting to Science: The decaying tree turns into a blend of organic materials called humus, which mixes with soil and adds nutrients to it.
L ESSONS 81–100
animal food. 3 possible answers: cause—clearing land, drought; effect—Plants disappear, causing small animals to lose food supply and die, resulting in large animals losing food supply. Cause—extinction of species; effect—Predators of extinct species lose food supply and die. Cause—pollution; effect—Habitats are destroyed, causing animals to die or move away.
Page 67 Analyzing Visuals: 1 Appalachian Mountains, Rocky Mountains, Coast Mountains, and Sierra Madre Occidental 2 It has changed shape, and the inland seas dried up.
Page 69 Analyzing Visuals: possible answer: It prevents soil erosion. Reading Check: Renewable resources are replaced naturally, so they can last forever if used wisely. Nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced, so at some point, they will be gone forever.
TENTH REVIEW LESSON Pages 45–46
Focus on Reading: Coal is plentiful; looking for cleaner ways to burn it.
Chapter 2 Review: 1 F; erosion 2 T 3 F; surface water 4 F; revolution 5 T 6 F; glaciers 7 F; solar energy 8a Earth’s tilt, rotation, revolution, latitude 8b Earth’s tilt means that one hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the other away from it. 8c possible answer: Because there would be no seasons, solar energy levels would stay the same. 9a salt water—oceans and seas; freshwater— streams, rivers, lakes, glaciers, underground 9b Water is constantly evaporating from Earth’s surfaces, rising up to the atmosphere, and falling back as precipitation. 9c drought, overuse, pollution, flooding; possible answer: People could use water more wisely and reduce chemical use. 10a a shape on a planet’s surface; hills, mountains 10b because they rest on tectonic plates, which are moving 10c possible
Interpreting Graphs: North America
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Analyzing Visuals: topsoil
Reading Check (top): Fossil fuels are nonrenewable energy sources and tend to be more harmful to the environment.
Section 3 Assessment: 1a a place where living things depend on each other and the environment for survival; possible examples: a river and a meadow 1b through small changes that affect the system, such as drought or clearing land 1c They are adapted to specific environments. 2a decayed plants and animals, helps make soil fertile 2b erosion or planting the same crops over and over again; the soil could not support plant life 2c Soils determine which plants grow, and plants are the basis for all
Section 4 Assessment: 1a renewable—resources that are replaced naturally; nonrenewable— resources that cannot be replaced 1b They could easily disappear in the future. 1c possible answers: recycling materials, turning lights off, and watering the lawn sparingly 2a They are nonrenewable resources formed from remains of living things. They are energy resources. 2b hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal, and nuclear power 2c People will have to conserve energy and depend more on renewable energy sources. 3a metals, salt, rocks 3b possible answers: coins, glass, and cans 4a They are the source of the energy and products people use. 4b It could trade with other countries. 5 Charts should reflect details from the section.
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Page 65 Reading Check: humus, minerals; They can support abundant life.
concerns than regions or countries with abundant resources.
Reading Check (bottom): metals, salt, rocks, and gemstones
Page 72 Analyzing Visuals: Responses should indicate students’ understanding of the petroleum content in plastic, vinyl, synthetic fibers, adhesive, and other materials. Reading Check: Regions or countries with few natural resources often have weak economies and different
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G EOGRAPHY A NSWER K EY answer: valleys, which are good for farming and raising livestock 12 Gulf Coastal Plain 13 Rocky Mountains 14 Death Valley, Imperial Valley 15 C 16 A 17 B 18 F 19 E 20 D
Page 47 Standardized Test Prep: 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 B 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 possible answer: Surface water evaporates into the atmosphere, condenses, then falls back to Earth as precipitation. This cycle helps keep the water supply fairly constant.
L ESSONS 81–100
response: Humid tropical climates are found on or near the equator. Because of their location, the climate is warm, muggy, and rainy year round. Mediterranean climates are on the west coasts in the middle latitudes. These locations mean summers are dry, sunny, and warm while winters are mild and wet.
Pages 75–76 Chapter 3 Review: 1 humus 2 weather 3 reforestation 4 extinct 5 steppe 6 desertification 7 climate 8 permafrost 9 monsoon 10 savanna 11a sun, location, wind, water, and mountains 11b climate 11c possible response: The sun is most important because its energy provides heat and light. 12a tropical, temperate, polar, dry, and highland 12b generally, the higher the latitude is, the colder the climate 12c possible answer: Climate affects all living things. 13a An ecosystem is a group of plants and animals that depend on each other for survival. If part of the ecosystem changes, it affects the entire system. 13b Plants are the foundation for all food eaten by animals. 13c possible answer: Plants could no longer grow, forcing animals to leave the area. 14a Minerals are nonrenewable resources that come from Earth. 14b Nonrenewable resources cannot be replaced. Earth replaces renewable resources naturally. 14c It would require people to rely on fewer resources or to trade for the resources they need. 16 tropical humid 17 Mediterranean 18 75 inches 19 A westerly B trade wind C equator D North Pole E South Pole
Page 77 Standardized Test Prep: 1 B 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 B 8 possible
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