Geology
The following information is provided by the Kentucky Geological Survey and amended by KATP for this publication.
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Geologic Map of Kentucky • •
The colors on the map represent different units and ages of rocks. Because the types of rocks change across the State, mineral resources derived from those rocks also change. • • •
Coal from Pennsylvanian Limestone from Silurian and Ordovician Sand & Gravel from Tertiary
Tertiary Cretaceous Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician
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53
How did our crushed stone resources form? • Crushed stone is made from limestone and dolomite. • Gravel can also be crushed for aggregate applications.
Layer upon layer for millions of years. Uh-oh!
Limestone and dolomite (dolostone) are formed from the deposition of carbonate mud, silt, and sand in ancient oceans. Sand & gravel are deposited by ancient and modern rivers and streams.
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Carbonate Rocks • Limestone is a calcium carbonate (CaCO3). • Dolomite is a magnesium calcium carbonate (MgCaCO3). It forms when magnesium-rich fluids pass through carbonate sediments or rocks. • Because both are composed of carbonate, they will dissolve in acid, although limestone will dissolve faster than dolostone.
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54
The hardness of carbonate rocks varies Limestone under the microscope
Cement
• When the grains within a carbonate rock are well cemented the rock is hard. Grains
• When the grains within a carbonate rock are poorly cemented the rock is soft. Voids
(Photographs from Scholle, 1978, p.163)
The amount of cementation can vary vertically between rock layers as well as laterally within the same layer. Scholle, P.A., 1978, A color illustrated guide to carbonate rock constituents, textures, cements, and porosities: AAPG Memoir 27, 241 p.
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The soundness of carbonate rocks varies • The amount of clay and quartz grains within limestones affects the soundness of the rock. Clear seas
OH OH KY
WV
Muddy seas IN KY
Deltas
VA
IL
Rivers
KY TE
• During deposition, limestones were deposited in seas. • Deltas sometimes advanced into the seas, introducing clays and other detrital sediment into the lime muds, to form argillaceous, or shaly limestones.
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55
QUARRY LOGS Prepared by KYTC for quarries and mines
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Quarry Log Information • Source ID, Location, Inspector, Date Reported
• Physical & Chemical Test Results, Ledges & Benches, Geologic Description • Remarks, Profile of Ledges & Benches, Restrictions
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Definitions • Ledge - a distinctive rock stratum (layer) or group of rock layers.
• Bench - a ledge or group of ledges shot as one unit for crushing and processing.
• Face - the exposed rock in a quarry or underground mine from which rock is crushed and processed.
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57
KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CABINET DIVISION OF MATERIALS QUARRY REPORT
Page 1
SOURCE NO.: P031201 PRODUCER: BEDROCK CRUSHED STONE TYPE OF OPERATION: QUARRY GEOLOGIC AGE / FORMATION: MISSISSIPPIAN / PETOSKEY LIMESTONE & MORRISON FORMATION COUNTY: MARION, IN LOCATION: LOUISVILLE, KY, NORTH ON I-65, WEST ON ST. RT. 25, LEFT ON QUARRY ROAD LAST INSPECTED BY: TIM PORRITT DATE REPORTED: 8-23-05 PHYSICAL TEST CHEMICAL ANALYSIS LEDGE / BENCH DESCRIPTION ID & DATE SP. GR. SOUND LA Ca Mg Si R THICK OF SIZE SAMPLED ABS. (SSD) NESS WEAR PI CO CO O O IR NO. NESS LEDGES OR BENCH Soil - STRIPPING 19' Light gray-gray, thin-thick bedded, med-coarse grained, limestone with 15' occasional fossils, stylolites and ironstone nodules. Unsampled. Greenish-gray, soft, fissile shale-WASTE 2' BENCH Light gray, fine grained, thin to 00096 1 15.5' A medium bedded, finely oolitic, crystalline limestone. 57 4/8/04 1.4 2.66 9 25 18 Light gray-brown, thin-med bedded, L1-2 fine grained, stylolitic limestone with 00097 2 11.5' A occasional thin 1"-2" shale partings. 8 4/8/04 1.5 2.67 8 26 55 38 6 1 1 Sparsely fossiliferous & finely oolitic. L1-2 BENCH Light gray, fine grained, thick bedded, crystalline limestone with sparse 3 4.5' B thin (1/4") shale partings. No fossils or large crystals. Light gray, fine grained, thick bedded, 4 1.5' B crystalline limestone. Same as Ledge 3. Light tan, thick bedded, fine grained, 5 3' B relatively soft limestone with no fossils or visible crystals. BENCH Light gray-light brown, very fine 00453 grained (micrite), med-thick bedded, 57 8/22/05 1.5 2.75 10 28 36 6 8' C limestone with conchoidal fracture, L6-9 very smooth texture & occasional larger crystal grains. 00452 Light gray-white, med-thick bedded, 8 8/22/05 1.6 2.73 8 28 56 32 9 3 2 7 6.5' C oolitic limestone. Ooliths very obvious L6-9 but small. No fossils.
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58
KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CABINET DIVISION OF MATERIALS QUARRY REPORT SOURCE NO.: P031201 PRODUCER: BEDROCK CRUSHED STONE TYPE OF OPERATION: QUARRY GEOLOGIC AGE / FORMATION: MISSISSIPPIAN / PETOSKEY LIMESTONE & MORRISON FORMATION COUNTY: MARION, IN LOCATION: LOUISVILLE, KY, NORTH ON I-65, WEST ON ST. RT. 25, LEFT ON QUARRY ROAD LAST INSPECTED BY: TIM PORRITT DATE REPORTED: 8-23-05 PHYSICAL TEST CHEMICAL ANALYSIS LEDGE / BENCH DESCRIPTION ID & DATE SP. GR. SOUND LA Ca Mg Si R THICK OF SIZE SAMPLED ABS. (SSD) NESS WEAR PI CO CO O O IR NO. NESS LEDGES OR BENCH Light gray-white, med-thick bedded, 00451 LSS 8/22/05 1.8 2.72 11.0 8 13' C oolitic limestone. Ooliths very obvious but small. Same as Ledge 7. L6-9 Light gray, fine-med grained, thick 9 11.5' C bedded, limestone without fossils or vugs of crystals. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (Performed on 8's) CaCO - Calcium Carbonate MgCO - Magnesium Carbonate R O - Trace Metals SiO - Silica IR - Insoluble Residue PI - Pore Index SUPT.: JOHN GRAVELY TECH.: FRED FLINTSTONE
REMARKS: 1. Acceptance samples for aggregate supplied to the Transportation Cabinet will be taken at the last practical sampling point. 2. Aggregate produced for the Transportation Cabinet must be from a bench that has been tested for quality. The finished product must meet all applicable specification requirements. At this time only Benches A and C have been tested and are approved for state use. 3. The Division of Materials must be notified when changes are made in bench elevations. 4. Ledges approved for concrete uses requiring freeze/thaw specifications currently include size 57's or smaller from Bench A, Ledges 1-2, only. 5. Aggregate from Bench B has not been tested and is not approved for supply to Kentucky projects. 6. Bench C Ledges 6-9 are currently in testing for Freeze-Thaw specifications.
PLEASE KEEP THIS QUARRY REPORT AT THE QUARRY
RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED
BLUE - Indicates most recent test results for each bench. RED - Indicates restricted bench, waste and/or poor quality ledge. DIRECTOR OF MATERIALS
COPIES TO: CO-DME-AGG SECT.-SMITH
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59
QUARRY PROFILE ST R IPPIN G (19') U nde fine d (15') Sha le - 2' Be nch A L1-2 ma y supply stone for a ll concre te use s
Aggre ga te from Be nch B ha s not be e n te ste d a nd is not a pprove d for Ke ntucky proje cts.
Quarry Floor
L1 (15.5')
Be nch A
L2 (11.5') L3 (4.5') L4 (1.5') L5 (3')
Be nch B
L6 (8') L7 (6.5') L8 (13')
Be nch C
L9 (11.5')
Only Be nche s A a nd C a re a pprove d to supply Ke ntucky proje cts. Aggre ga te from Be nch C is curre ntly in te sting for Fre e ze -T ha w spe cifica tion concre te .
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60
Additional Info... • When changes are made in the quarry operations (ie. new ledges added, benches combined, etc.), the quarry MUST notify the aggregate field representative or the DME for that area. • When changes occur in quarry face, the quarry is to notify the aggregate field representative or the DME for that area. • KGS website - www.uky.edu/kgs/home.htm
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61
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Geologic Map of Kentucky • •
The colors on the map represent different units and ages of rocks. Because the types of rocks change across the State, mineral resources derived from those rocks also change. • • •
Coal from Pennsylvanian Limestone from Silurian and Ordovician Sand & Gravel from Tertiary
Tertiary Cretaceous Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
53
How did our crushed stone resources form? • Crushed stone is made from limestone and dolomite. • Gravel can also be crushed for aggregate applications.
Layer upon layer for millions of years. Uh-oh!
Limestone and dolomite (dolostone) are formed from the deposition of carbonate mud, silt, and sand in ancient oceans. Sand & gravel are deposited by ancient and modern rivers and streams.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
Carbonate Rocks • Limestone is a calcium carbonate (CaCO3). • Dolomite is a magnesium calcium carbonate (MgCaCO3). It forms when magnesium-rich fluids pass through carbonate sediments or rocks. • Because both are composed of carbonate, they will dissolve in acid, although limestone will dissolve faster than dolostone.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
54
The hardness of carbonate rocks varies Limestone under the microscope
Cement
• When the grains within a carbonate rock are well cemented the rock is hard. Grains
• When the grains within a carbonate rock are poorly cemented the rock is soft. Voids
(Photographs from Scholle, 1978, p.163)
The amount of cementation can vary vertically between rock layers as well as laterally within the same layer. Scholle, P.A., 1978, A color illustrated guide to carbonate rock constituents, textures, cements, and porosities: AAPG Memoir 27, 241 p.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
The soundness of carbonate rocks varies • The amount of clay and quartz grains within limestones affects the soundness of the rock. Clear seas
OH OH KY
WV
Muddy seas IN KY
Deltas
VA
IL
Rivers
KY TE
• During deposition, limestones were deposited in seas. • Deltas sometimes advanced into the seas, introducing clays and other detrital sediment into the lime muds, to form argillaceous, or shaly limestones.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
55
QUARRY LOGS Prepared by KYTC for quarries and mines
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Quarry Log Information • Source ID, Location, Inspector, Date Reported
• Physical & Chemical Test Results, Ledges & Benches, Geologic Description • Remarks, Profile of Ledges & Benches, Restrictions
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
56
Definitions • Ledge - a distinctive rock stratum (layer) or group of rock layers.
• Bench - a ledge or group of ledges shot as one unit for crushing and processing.
• Face - the exposed rock in a quarry or underground mine from which rock is crushed and processed.
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
57
KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CABINET DIVISION OF MATERIALS QUARRY REPORT
Page 1
SOURCE NO.: P031201 PRODUCER: BEDROCK CRUSHED STONE TYPE OF OPERATION: QUARRY GEOLOGIC AGE / FORMATION: MISSISSIPPIAN / PETOSKEY LIMESTONE & MORRISON FORMATION COUNTY: MARION, IN LOCATION: LOUISVILLE, KY, NORTH ON I-65, WEST ON ST. RT. 25, LEFT ON QUARRY ROAD LAST INSPECTED BY: TIM PORRITT DATE REPORTED: 8-23-05 PHYSICAL TEST CHEMICAL ANALYSIS LEDGE / BENCH DESCRIPTION ID & DATE SP. GR. SOUND LA Ca Mg Si R THICK OF SIZE SAMPLED ABS. (SSD) NESS WEAR PI CO CO O O IR NO. NESS LEDGES OR BENCH Soil - STRIPPING 19' Light gray-gray, thin-thick bedded, med-coarse grained, limestone with 15' occasional fossils, stylolites and ironstone nodules. Unsampled. Greenish-gray, soft, fissile shale-WASTE 2' BENCH Light gray, fine grained, thin to 00096 1 15.5' A medium bedded, finely oolitic, crystalline limestone. 57 4/8/04 1.4 2.66 9 25 18 Light gray-brown, thin-med bedded, L1-2 fine grained, stylolitic limestone with 00097 2 11.5' A occasional thin 1"-2" shale partings. 8 4/8/04 1.5 2.67 8 26 55 38 6 1 1 Sparsely fossiliferous & finely oolitic. L1-2 BENCH Light gray, fine grained, thick bedded, crystalline limestone with sparse 3 4.5' B thin (1/4") shale partings. No fossils or large crystals. Light gray, fine grained, thick bedded, 4 1.5' B crystalline limestone. Same as Ledge 3. Light tan, thick bedded, fine grained, 5 3' B relatively soft limestone with no fossils or visible crystals. BENCH Light gray-light brown, very fine 00453 grained (micrite), med-thick bedded, 57 8/22/05 1.5 2.75 10 28 36 6 8' C limestone with conchoidal fracture, L6-9 very smooth texture & occasional larger crystal grains. 00452 Light gray-white, med-thick bedded, 8 8/22/05 1.6 2.73 8 28 56 32 9 3 2 7 6.5' C oolitic limestone. Ooliths very obvious L6-9 but small. No fossils.
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58
KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CABINET DIVISION OF MATERIALS QUARRY REPORT SOURCE NO.: P031201 PRODUCER: BEDROCK CRUSHED STONE TYPE OF OPERATION: QUARRY GEOLOGIC AGE / FORMATION: MISSISSIPPIAN / PETOSKEY LIMESTONE & MORRISON FORMATION COUNTY: MARION, IN LOCATION: LOUISVILLE, KY, NORTH ON I-65, WEST ON ST. RT. 25, LEFT ON QUARRY ROAD LAST INSPECTED BY: TIM PORRITT DATE REPORTED: 8-23-05 PHYSICAL TEST CHEMICAL ANALYSIS LEDGE / BENCH DESCRIPTION ID & DATE SP. GR. SOUND LA Ca Mg Si R THICK OF SIZE SAMPLED ABS. (SSD) NESS WEAR PI CO CO O O IR NO. NESS LEDGES OR BENCH Light gray-white, med-thick bedded, 00451 LSS 8/22/05 1.8 2.72 11.0 8 13' C oolitic limestone. Ooliths very obvious but small. Same as Ledge 7. L6-9 Light gray, fine-med grained, thick 9 11.5' C bedded, limestone without fossils or vugs of crystals. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (Performed on 8's) CaCO - Calcium Carbonate MgCO - Magnesium Carbonate R O - Trace Metals SiO - Silica IR - Insoluble Residue PI - Pore Index SUPT.: JOHN GRAVELY TECH.: FRED FLINTSTONE
REMARKS: 1. Acceptance samples for aggregate supplied to the Transportation Cabinet will be taken at the last practical sampling point. 2. Aggregate produced for the Transportation Cabinet must be from a bench that has been tested for quality. The finished product must meet all applicable specification requirements. At this time only Benches A and C have been tested and are approved for state use. 3. The Division of Materials must be notified when changes are made in bench elevations. 4. Ledges approved for concrete uses requiring freeze/thaw specifications currently include size 57's or smaller from Bench A, Ledges 1-2, only. 5. Aggregate from Bench B has not been tested and is not approved for supply to Kentucky projects. 6. Bench C Ledges 6-9 are currently in testing for Freeze-Thaw specifications.
PLEASE KEEP THIS QUARRY REPORT AT THE QUARRY
RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED
BLUE - Indicates most recent test results for each bench. RED - Indicates restricted bench, waste and/or poor quality ledge. DIRECTOR OF MATERIALS
COPIES TO: CO-DME-AGG SECT.-SMITH
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
59
QUARRY PROFILE ST R IPPIN G (19') U nde fine d (15') Sha le - 2' Be nch A L1-2 ma y supply stone for a ll concre te use s
Aggre ga te from Be nch B ha s not be e n te ste d a nd is not a pprove d for Ke ntucky proje cts.
Quarry Floor
L1 (15.5')
Be nch A
L2 (11.5') L3 (4.5') L4 (1.5') L5 (3')
Be nch B
L6 (8') L7 (6.5') L8 (13')
Be nch C
L9 (11.5')
Only Be nche s A a nd C a re a pprove d to supply Ke ntucky proje cts. Aggre ga te from Be nch C is curre ntly in te sting for Fre e ze -T ha w spe cifica tion concre te .
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
60
Additional Info... • When changes are made in the quarry operations (ie. new ledges added, benches combined, etc.), the quarry MUST notify the aggregate field representative or the DME for that area. • When changes occur in quarry face, the quarry is to notify the aggregate field representative or the DME for that area. • KGS website - www.uky.edu/kgs/home.htm
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
61
