Geothermal studies in the dry valleys and on Ross Island DVDP ...
Geothermal studies in the dry valleys and on Ross Island and KEITH H. Department of Geology University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming 82071
EDWARD R. DECKER
BAKER
HENRY HARRIS
Illinois State Geological Survey Urbana, Illinois 61801
Geothermal research during the 1974-1975 field season involved temperature measurements in new and previously drilled Dry Valley Drilling Project (DVDP) holes. The field work, conducted by Messrs. Baker and Harris and Dr. Decker, was done between October 1974 and mid-February 1975, under National Science Foundation grant Gv-37517. Highlights of the results follow. Research at 1973-1974 drill sites. Results from this year's field work are consistent with earlier estimates (Decker, 1974; Pruss et al., 1974) for permafrost thicknesses near hole 3 (McMurdo Station), hole 6 (Lake Vida), and hole 8 (New Harbor). If permafrost is assumed to occur in regions with earth temperatures below 0°C., its possible thicknesses are 440 to 500 meters near hole 3, 805 to 970 meters near hole 6, and 240 to 310 meters near hole 8. Decker (1974) and Pruss et al. (1974) suggested that temperature measurements during the 19731974 austral summer provided reliable estimates for the "equilibrium" gradient in the deeper portions (90 meters) of hole 3. The 1974-1975 measurements support this suggestion. For example, temperature measurements in hole 3 on November 1, 1973, and on February 1, 1975, yield leastsquares gradients for the 90- to 260-meter interval that agree to within ±4 percent, with the average being 36.3 ±0.6°C. per kilometer. A similar conclusion is implied by the data for hole 8. Here the measurements on February 2 and November 30, 1974, and on January 23, 1975, yield gradients of 62.4°, 63. 1', and 66.0°C. per kilometer, respectively, for the 30- to 135-meter depth interval. Research at 1974-1975 drill sites. Hole 10 (New
Harbor) was logged three times after drilling and casing. When the last measurements were made on January 23, 1975, in situ temperatures ranged from —16.6°C. at a depth of 10 meters to —6.9°C. at 160 meters. Like the temperature-depth curve for im176
mediately adjacent hole 8, the profile for hole 10 is characterized by high and variable gradients (53° to 84°C. per kilometer) below 30 meters. As stated above, the temperature and gradient data for holes 8 and 10 imply that the 0°C. isotherm exists in the depth range of 240 to 310 meters. Hole 11 (near Commonwealth Glacier) was also logged three times after drilling and casing. the last log was taken on January 24, 1975; observed temperatures ranged from - 18.7°C. at 10 meters to —5.4°C. at 300 meters. Based on these data and a rather uniform gradient of about 47°C. per kilometer in the 60- to 300-meter portion of the hole, the 0°C. isotherm would occur at a depth of about 410 meters. Hole 12 was logged twice. The last temperature measurements ranged from - 14.5°C. at 10 meters to —5.6°C. at 180 meters. Downward continuation of the observed gradient in the basement rocks below 165 meters suggests that the 0°C. isotherm near this site could be as deep as 340 meters. Holes 13 and 14 (DonJuan Pond and North Fork) were logged once about 2 hours after drilling at each site. Measured temperatures in hole 13 ranged from - 8.9°C. at 10 meters to - 13.5°C. at 75 meters. Hole 14 temperatures ranged from —9.6°C. at 20 meters to - 14.4°C. at 80 meters. Although reliable modeling will require future measurements of equilibrium temperatures, the nonuniform and negative gradients in both holes are consistent with circulating groundwaters beneath each locality. References Decker, E. R. 1974. Preliminary geothermal studies of the Dry Valley Drilling Project holes at McMurdo Station, Lake Vanda, Lake Vida, and New Harbor, Antarctica. In: Dry Valley Drilling Project Bulletin 4. DeKalb, Northern Illinois University. 22-23. Pruss, E. F., E. R. Decker, and S. B. Smithson. 1974. Preliminary temperature measurements at DVDP holes 3, 4, 6, and 8. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., IX(4): 133-134.
DVDP environmental monitoring BRUCE C. PARKER, R. V. HOWARD, R. DONLAN, M. COMPTON, J . GERHART, and R. SMITH
Biology Department Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Environmental monitoring of the Dry Valley Drilling Project (DVDP) was performed at the New ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
Harbor, Commonwealth Glacier, "Lake Leon," Don Juan Pond, and North Fork (Wright Valley) sites. Monitoring consisted of pre- and postaudit air and soil sampling, in addition to studies during drilling operations. Three methods for sampling microbial aerosols were compared at several sites: the Reynier sampler used by previous workers (Lacy et al., 1970; Cameron et al., 1971, 1972a, 1972b, 1973, 1974: Behar et al., 1972; Horowitz et al., 1972; Morelli et at., 1972), Millipore aerosol membrane impaction, and a liquid impingement technique of our own design, all using various media and culture conditions. Gases and liquids also were sampled. Joel Hedgpeth visited the monitoring operations as a consultant to our field personnel. Data are still being collected for analysis, which we shall report in detail later. Two items of considerable interest were direct microscopic observations of green and bluegreen algae (probably nonmarine) in the saline water that entered the New Harbor drillhole at great depth, and culturing a variety of microorganisms for the first time from surface water of Don Juan Pond. Two experiments were run during the field season, one to further extend our understanding of microbial aerosol spread and the other to restore contaminated buildings to their former, relatively clean condition. The first was an ice-sampling series at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, during which viable microorganisms may have been picked up at least 3 kilometers from the main facility. The second was a preaudit of the Lake Bonney hut's interior and analytical chemistry laboratory, followed by a postaudit after fumigation with burning formaldehyde candles in the vacated and sealed buildings. The second study showed that all aerosol contamination could be effectively eliminated by simple formaldehyde candle fumigation.
DVDP personnel, 1974-1975 Core logging and processing.Japan: H. Kurasawa, T. Nishiyama. New Zealand: P. Barrett, M. Chapman-Smith, R. Plume, R. Powell. United States: K. Barnes, J . Jackson, B. McKelvey, M. Mudrey, Jr., R. Pochon, D. Reed, D. Stilwell. Drill team. New Zealand: E. Blackwell, M. Billies, B. Graham, T. Griffith, J . Gupwell, B. Haugh, J. Hoffman, D. McLeod, D. Murphy, D. Murray, J. Oldredge, L. Oliver, E. Ramsden, N. Stephenson, J. Starr, J . Tanner, 0. Todd, M. Williams. Environmental monitoring. New Zealand: J. Williams. United States: M. Compton, R. Donlon, J . Gerhart, V. Howard, B. Parker, R. Smith. Heat flow. United States: K. Baker, E. Decker. Hydrogeology. United States: K. Cartwright, L. Follrner, H. Harris. Limnology. Japan: T. Toni, 0. Waguri. New Zealand: C. Hendy, A. Wilson. Marine geophysics. New Zealand: C. Brown, D. Christoffel, D. Northey. United States: J . Kohsmann, H. Wong. Project operations. Japan: K. Karninuma. New Zealand: R. Thomson. United States: L. McGinnis, S. Treves.
This work was sponsored by National Science Foundation grant GV-35171,
References Behar, J. Y., L. Zafonte, R. E. Cameron, and F. A. Morelli. 1972. Hydrocarbons in air samples from antarctic dry valley drilling sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., VI1(4): 94-96. Cameron, R. E. 1971. Antarctic soil microbial and ecological investigations. In: Research in the Antarctic (L. 0. Quam. editor). Washington, D.C.. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 137-189. Cameron, R. F., F. A. Morelli, and R. M. Johnson. 1972a. Bacterial species in soil and air of the antarctic continent. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., V1I(5): 187-189. Cameron, R. E., F. A. Morelli, and L. P. Randal'. 19721). Aerial, aquatic, and soil microbiology of Don Juan 'c"(mci, -Ailiurcticii Antarctic Journal of the U.S., VI1(6): 254-258.
July/August 1975
Cameron, R. F., F. A. Morelli, and R. C. Honour. 1973. Aerobiological monitoring of dry valley drilling sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., \1I1(4): 211-213. Cameron, R. E., F. A. Morelli, R. Dontan,J. Guilfoyle, B. Markicy, and B. Smith. 1974. Monitoring of antarctic dry valley drilling sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., IX(4): 141-144. Horowitz, N. H., R. F. Cameron, and J . S. Hubbard, 1972. Micrio.g, of tlic dry valleys of Antarctica. Science, 176 (4032): 242-245. Lacy, G . H., B. F. Cameron, R. B. Hanson, and F. A. Morelli. 1970. Microbiological analysis of snow and air from the antarctc: ifltecioi . ..dntarct.zc Journal of the U.S., V(4): 88-89. Morelfl, I". A., R. 5. Cameron, D. B. Gense, and L. P. Randall. 197':. Monitoringol antarctic dry valley drill sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., VI1(4): 92-94.
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EDWARD R. DECKER
BAKER
HENRY HARRIS
Illinois State Geological Survey Urbana, Illinois 61801
Geothermal research during the 1974-1975 field season involved temperature measurements in new and previously drilled Dry Valley Drilling Project (DVDP) holes. The field work, conducted by Messrs. Baker and Harris and Dr. Decker, was done between October 1974 and mid-February 1975, under National Science Foundation grant Gv-37517. Highlights of the results follow. Research at 1973-1974 drill sites. Results from this year's field work are consistent with earlier estimates (Decker, 1974; Pruss et al., 1974) for permafrost thicknesses near hole 3 (McMurdo Station), hole 6 (Lake Vida), and hole 8 (New Harbor). If permafrost is assumed to occur in regions with earth temperatures below 0°C., its possible thicknesses are 440 to 500 meters near hole 3, 805 to 970 meters near hole 6, and 240 to 310 meters near hole 8. Decker (1974) and Pruss et al. (1974) suggested that temperature measurements during the 19731974 austral summer provided reliable estimates for the "equilibrium" gradient in the deeper portions (90 meters) of hole 3. The 1974-1975 measurements support this suggestion. For example, temperature measurements in hole 3 on November 1, 1973, and on February 1, 1975, yield leastsquares gradients for the 90- to 260-meter interval that agree to within ±4 percent, with the average being 36.3 ±0.6°C. per kilometer. A similar conclusion is implied by the data for hole 8. Here the measurements on February 2 and November 30, 1974, and on January 23, 1975, yield gradients of 62.4°, 63. 1', and 66.0°C. per kilometer, respectively, for the 30- to 135-meter depth interval. Research at 1974-1975 drill sites. Hole 10 (New
Harbor) was logged three times after drilling and casing. When the last measurements were made on January 23, 1975, in situ temperatures ranged from —16.6°C. at a depth of 10 meters to —6.9°C. at 160 meters. Like the temperature-depth curve for im176
mediately adjacent hole 8, the profile for hole 10 is characterized by high and variable gradients (53° to 84°C. per kilometer) below 30 meters. As stated above, the temperature and gradient data for holes 8 and 10 imply that the 0°C. isotherm exists in the depth range of 240 to 310 meters. Hole 11 (near Commonwealth Glacier) was also logged three times after drilling and casing. the last log was taken on January 24, 1975; observed temperatures ranged from - 18.7°C. at 10 meters to —5.4°C. at 300 meters. Based on these data and a rather uniform gradient of about 47°C. per kilometer in the 60- to 300-meter portion of the hole, the 0°C. isotherm would occur at a depth of about 410 meters. Hole 12 was logged twice. The last temperature measurements ranged from - 14.5°C. at 10 meters to —5.6°C. at 180 meters. Downward continuation of the observed gradient in the basement rocks below 165 meters suggests that the 0°C. isotherm near this site could be as deep as 340 meters. Holes 13 and 14 (DonJuan Pond and North Fork) were logged once about 2 hours after drilling at each site. Measured temperatures in hole 13 ranged from - 8.9°C. at 10 meters to - 13.5°C. at 75 meters. Hole 14 temperatures ranged from —9.6°C. at 20 meters to - 14.4°C. at 80 meters. Although reliable modeling will require future measurements of equilibrium temperatures, the nonuniform and negative gradients in both holes are consistent with circulating groundwaters beneath each locality. References Decker, E. R. 1974. Preliminary geothermal studies of the Dry Valley Drilling Project holes at McMurdo Station, Lake Vanda, Lake Vida, and New Harbor, Antarctica. In: Dry Valley Drilling Project Bulletin 4. DeKalb, Northern Illinois University. 22-23. Pruss, E. F., E. R. Decker, and S. B. Smithson. 1974. Preliminary temperature measurements at DVDP holes 3, 4, 6, and 8. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., IX(4): 133-134.
DVDP environmental monitoring BRUCE C. PARKER, R. V. HOWARD, R. DONLAN, M. COMPTON, J . GERHART, and R. SMITH
Biology Department Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Environmental monitoring of the Dry Valley Drilling Project (DVDP) was performed at the New ANTARCTIC JOURNAL
Harbor, Commonwealth Glacier, "Lake Leon," Don Juan Pond, and North Fork (Wright Valley) sites. Monitoring consisted of pre- and postaudit air and soil sampling, in addition to studies during drilling operations. Three methods for sampling microbial aerosols were compared at several sites: the Reynier sampler used by previous workers (Lacy et al., 1970; Cameron et al., 1971, 1972a, 1972b, 1973, 1974: Behar et al., 1972; Horowitz et al., 1972; Morelli et at., 1972), Millipore aerosol membrane impaction, and a liquid impingement technique of our own design, all using various media and culture conditions. Gases and liquids also were sampled. Joel Hedgpeth visited the monitoring operations as a consultant to our field personnel. Data are still being collected for analysis, which we shall report in detail later. Two items of considerable interest were direct microscopic observations of green and bluegreen algae (probably nonmarine) in the saline water that entered the New Harbor drillhole at great depth, and culturing a variety of microorganisms for the first time from surface water of Don Juan Pond. Two experiments were run during the field season, one to further extend our understanding of microbial aerosol spread and the other to restore contaminated buildings to their former, relatively clean condition. The first was an ice-sampling series at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, during which viable microorganisms may have been picked up at least 3 kilometers from the main facility. The second was a preaudit of the Lake Bonney hut's interior and analytical chemistry laboratory, followed by a postaudit after fumigation with burning formaldehyde candles in the vacated and sealed buildings. The second study showed that all aerosol contamination could be effectively eliminated by simple formaldehyde candle fumigation.
DVDP personnel, 1974-1975 Core logging and processing.Japan: H. Kurasawa, T. Nishiyama. New Zealand: P. Barrett, M. Chapman-Smith, R. Plume, R. Powell. United States: K. Barnes, J . Jackson, B. McKelvey, M. Mudrey, Jr., R. Pochon, D. Reed, D. Stilwell. Drill team. New Zealand: E. Blackwell, M. Billies, B. Graham, T. Griffith, J . Gupwell, B. Haugh, J. Hoffman, D. McLeod, D. Murphy, D. Murray, J. Oldredge, L. Oliver, E. Ramsden, N. Stephenson, J. Starr, J . Tanner, 0. Todd, M. Williams. Environmental monitoring. New Zealand: J. Williams. United States: M. Compton, R. Donlon, J . Gerhart, V. Howard, B. Parker, R. Smith. Heat flow. United States: K. Baker, E. Decker. Hydrogeology. United States: K. Cartwright, L. Follrner, H. Harris. Limnology. Japan: T. Toni, 0. Waguri. New Zealand: C. Hendy, A. Wilson. Marine geophysics. New Zealand: C. Brown, D. Christoffel, D. Northey. United States: J . Kohsmann, H. Wong. Project operations. Japan: K. Karninuma. New Zealand: R. Thomson. United States: L. McGinnis, S. Treves.
This work was sponsored by National Science Foundation grant GV-35171,
References Behar, J. Y., L. Zafonte, R. E. Cameron, and F. A. Morelli. 1972. Hydrocarbons in air samples from antarctic dry valley drilling sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., VI1(4): 94-96. Cameron, R. E. 1971. Antarctic soil microbial and ecological investigations. In: Research in the Antarctic (L. 0. Quam. editor). Washington, D.C.. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 137-189. Cameron, R. F., F. A. Morelli, and R. M. Johnson. 1972a. Bacterial species in soil and air of the antarctic continent. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., V1I(5): 187-189. Cameron, R. E., F. A. Morelli, and L. P. Randal'. 19721). Aerial, aquatic, and soil microbiology of Don Juan 'c"(mci, -Ailiurcticii Antarctic Journal of the U.S., VI1(6): 254-258.
July/August 1975
Cameron, R. F., F. A. Morelli, and R. C. Honour. 1973. Aerobiological monitoring of dry valley drilling sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., \1I1(4): 211-213. Cameron, R. E., F. A. Morelli, R. Dontan,J. Guilfoyle, B. Markicy, and B. Smith. 1974. Monitoring of antarctic dry valley drilling sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., IX(4): 141-144. Horowitz, N. H., R. F. Cameron, and J . S. Hubbard, 1972. Micrio.g, of tlic dry valleys of Antarctica. Science, 176 (4032): 242-245. Lacy, G . H., B. F. Cameron, R. B. Hanson, and F. A. Morelli. 1970. Microbiological analysis of snow and air from the antarctc: ifltecioi . ..dntarct.zc Journal of the U.S., V(4): 88-89. Morelfl, I". A., R. 5. Cameron, D. B. Gense, and L. P. Randall. 197':. Monitoringol antarctic dry valley drill sites. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., VI1(4): 92-94.
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