Grade 11 Unit 1
Grade 11 Unit 1
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 1101 FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC CONTENTS I. FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC.... Revival of Trade and Commerce ................................ New Ideas and Religious Changes ............................. II. COLONIZATION BEGINS............................................. Colonization Begins in the New World ..................... Puritan Background and Plymouth Settlement..................................................... Puritan Migration and the Settlement of New England ......................................... III. MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES .................... The Middle Colonies ...................................................... The Southern Colonies.................................................. Growth of the Colonies ................................................. Author: Editor: Illustrations:
2 2 7 14 15 25 31 40 40 47 59
Alpha Omega Staff Alan Christopherson, M.S. Alpha Omega Staff
804 N. 2nd Ave. E., Rock Rapids, IA 51246-1759 © MM by Alpha Omega Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFEPAC is a registered trademark of Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
All trademarks and/or service marks referenced in this material are the property of their respective owners. Alpha Omega Publications, Inc. makes no claim of ownership to any trademarks and/or service marks other than their own and their affiliates’, and makes no claim of affiliation to any companies whose trademarks may be listed in this material, other than their own.
HISTORY 1101 FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC On October 12, 1492, three ships dropped anchor in the New World and changed the course of world history. Christopher Columbus had discovered the New World; however, many other events had brought these ships to this point in time. We need to retrace the footsteps of history back to Europe at a time several hundred years earlier. We can then see how the stage was set for these gallant men who discovered the New World.
OBJECTIVES Read these objectives. The objectives tell you what you will be able to do when you have successfully completed this LIFEPAC. Each section will list according to the numbers below what objectives will be met in that section. When you have finished this LIFEPAC, you should be able to: 1. Indicate understanding of how changes in Europe paved the way for discovery and colonization. 2. Identify the relationship of changes in Europe to the development of an interest in and readiness for exploration. 3. Identify a joint-stock company. 4. Identify the differences between charter, royal, and proprietary colonies. 5. Compare the differences in beliefs between the Pilgrims of Plymouth and the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay. 6. Compare and contrast the religious freedom of Maryland, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania. 7. Identify happenings from the history of the early colonies that became the foundation stones for the Constitutional Republic.
Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study. Write your questions here. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
I. FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC In this section of the unit you will learn about the changes in Europe that paved the way for discovery and colonization of the New World.
SECTION OBJECTIVES Review these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to: 1.
Indicate understanding of how changes in Europe paved the way for discovery, and colonization.
2.
Identify the relationship of changes in Europe to the development of an interest in, and readiness for exploration.
VOCABULARY Study these words to enhance your learning success in this section. astrolabe bourgeoisie capital
Islam
latitude longitude
medieval mercantilism
Middle Ages propagated Renaissance
An astronomical instrument used to measure the altitude of the sun or stars Property owners and businessmen as a class, as contrasted with the working class or proletariat The amount of money or property that a company or a person uses in carrying on a business; national or individual wealth as produced by industry and available for reinvestment in the production of goods A religion founded by Muhammad. In its essence, Islam holds to the doctrine of the unity and omnipotence of Allah and of the responsibility of every human being to Allah Distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees; a degree of latitude is about 69 miles (111 km) Distance east or west on the earth’s surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian (line from the North Pole to the South Pole); usually the meridian, Greenwich, England, is used Belonging to or having to do with the Middle Ages (the years from about A.D. 500 to 1450) The economic system prevailing in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s that favored a balance of exports over imports, national wealth being measured by the amount of gold and silver possessed. A nation’s agriculture, industry, and trade were regulated with that end in view. The period in European history between ancient and modern times, from about 500 to A.D. 1500. To reproduce, to increase in number or intensity The great revival of art and learning in Europe during the 1300s, 1400s, and 1500s
Note: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appear in boldface print the first time they are used. If you are unsure of the meaning when you are reading, study the definitions given.
2
REVIVAL OF TRADE AND COMMERCE
The Crusades created an interest in trade and travel in the society of the Middle Ages and, as a result, a greater demand for goods. Medieval Society. Life in medieval times was simple enough: a cottage without windows, a dirt floor, the simplest of furniture, and beds of straw. Food consisted mostly of bread with a few vegetables and a little meat cooked in an iron pot and served in clay dishes. Clothing was made of coarse woven linen or wool. The land and everything on it belonged to the noble, or lord of the manor. This also included the serfs who worked the land. They were bound to the land and could not own property of their own or work anywhere else. They could not even leave without permission. The manor itself was self-sufficient. It had its own mill for grinding grain, a blacksmith shop, and a tannery where leather was made and crafted into shoes, saddles, and harnesses. The sheep owned by the lord provided the wool which the women dyed, spun, and wove to make clothing. A few items such as salt, iron or millstones were purchased outside the manor.
3
The clergy had the care of the spiritual life of the people. They took care of the sick and disabled and taught and propagated the doctrines of the Catholic Church. The clergy gave unity to medieval society. The nobles supervised the work of the serfs. They settled disputes and protected the serfs from attack. If the lord sold his manor or lost his land, his serfs remained with the land. Crusades. The Crusades were a series of attempts by the European Christian world to recover the Holy Land and its Christian shrines from the Muslims (also referred to as Saracens). Islam, based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, originated in Arabia about 600 A.D. The Muslims sent armies to conquer the world, and they forced people they conquered to accept the teachings of their prophet. After conquering all of North Africa, they moved into southern Spain, taking over more Christian lands in Europe. The accepted church in Western Europe at that time was the Catholic Church, which had helped to unite much of the continent. Many European Christians would make pilgrimages to visit the Christian shrines in the Holy Land. When the Saracens interfered with and eventually stopped the pilgrimages, Pope Urban II, the head of the Catholic Church, called the First Crusade in 1095 to recapture the Holy Land from the Saracens. Jerusalem was recaptured in 1099, but the Crusaders were unable to keep their hold on the Holy Land.
Warfare between Christians and Muslims went on for over two hundred years. In the end, the Crusaders retreated and the Holy Land remained in the hands of the Muslims. Although the Crusades were a failure, they had a great influence upon life in medieval Europe. Demand for goods. The Crusades led to an interest in travel and trade which, in turn, led to the growth of cities in Europe. The Crusades brought Western Europe into contact with a new and more advanced culture. Europeans were introduced to new luxuries— spices like pepper and cinnamon that made food taste better, sugar, soap, precious stones, healing drugs, and elegant dyes for cloth. They admired and wanted the work of the artisans—glass, fine china, perfumes, silk, swords, and beautiful rugs. Italian merchants from Venice and Genoa developed trade with the Near East and helped to meet the increasing demands of Europeans for these luxuries. Since gold and silver were in short supply, the Italian merchants would take wine, woolen goods, and furs in exchange for the goods from the East. This trade created a demand for products from the manors, and a new class of people emerged. The bourgeoisie (merchants and artisans) began to move to the cities and towns. Towns and townspeople became more important. Since towns depended upon trade and trade depended upon materials supplied by the manors, the merchants and artisans demanded that the kings curb the warring landholders. These changes eventually broke down medieval society. 4
Match the following items. 1.1
_____
bourgeoisie
a. belonging to or having to do with the Middle Ages (the years from about A.D. 500 to 1500)
1.2
_____
medieval
b. the period in European history between ancient, and modern times, from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1500
1.3
_____
Middle Ages
c. to reproduce, to increase in number or intensity
1.4
_____
Islam
d. a religion founded by Muhammad
1.5
_____
propagated
e. property owners, and businessmen as a class, as contrasted with the working class or proletariat
Choose one answer. 1.6
Which of the following was not usually available on the manor? _____ a. a tannery b. a blacksmith shop c. salt d. wool
1.7
The clergy took care of the serfs’ _____ . a. clothes b. spiritual life c. field work d. defense
1.8
The nobles _____ . a. practiced plowing b. jousted c. didn’t do much d. ran the manor
Fill in the blanks. 1.9
The determination of the European Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims resulted in the __________________________________________ .
1.10
The Muslim religion originated in __________________________________________ .
1.11
The Muslims first conquered __________________________________________ and then moved into southern __________________________________________ .
5
1.12
The generally accepted church in Western Europe during the medieval period was the __________________________________________ Church.
1.13
Another name for the Muslims was the __________________________________________ .
1.14
During the period of the Crusades, warfare between Christians and Muslims lasted nearly __________________________________________ years.
1.15
Because the Crusades opened travel to the Near East and brought back new goods, __________________________________________ between Europe and the Near East grew.
1.16
The revival of trade developed a new class of society made up of merchants and artisans called the __________________________________________ .
1.17
Without an abundance of __________________________________________ , and ____________________ ______________________ to buy goods from the East, goods were traded for goods.
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NEW IDEAS AND RELIGIOUS CHANGES The spread of new ideas in Europe resulted from the travels of Marco Polo and the Crusades. They opened the way for the Renaissance period to begin. SPREAD OF NEW IDEAS Explorers. Marco Polo was the first European to travel the entire length of Asia and was responsible for new ideas entering the world. In his Travels of Marco Polo he described the cities, the inns, and the goods of the Far East. He also told of the vigorous trade in the area. His stories opened up the outside world for the people of Europe. Reading and writing did not help the people because they did little of either. Education centered primarily around the priests and leaders of the Church. Most books were written in Latin, which few people could read. But with the upsurge of interest in trade and travel, more people turned toward study. The Renaissance. With the growing emphasis on learning, the students of the universities were discovering the literature and art of Greece and Rome. They were writing in their native tongues instead of Latin. Learning was no longer reserved only for the clergy. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to Europe.
The age of exploration went hand-in-hand with science. Instruments were invented so that ships could sail away from the sight of land. The modern compass appeared to guide sailors over uncharted seas. The astrolabe enabled the captain to look at the stars and figure out his latitude. Captains used clocks and tables of time and distance to figure longitude. Maps and charts improved. About 1440 A.D. Johann Gutenberg invented the movable type press which is also called the printing press. This allowed the journeys and explorations of adventurers to be written about, printed, and used by future travelers. Ideas and discoveries were spread quickly through the printed page, and the Renaissance soon became a powerful movement.
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Match these items. 1.18
_____ capital
a. distance east or west on the earth’s surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian
1.19
_____ astrolabe
b. an astronomical instrument used to measure the altitude of the sun or stars
1.20
_____ latitude
c.
1.21
_____ longitude
d. economic system prevailing in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s that favored a balance of exports over imports
1.22
_____ mercantilism
e. the great revival of art and learning in Europe during the 1300s, 1400s, and 1500s
1.23
_____ Renaissance
f.
the amount of money or property that a company or a person uses in carrying on a business
distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
True/False. 1.24
______ Marco Polo’s trip to the Far East introduced Europe to new products.
1.25
______ Interest in learning was centered chiefly among the common people. Fill in the blank.
1.26
Before the Renaissance most books were written in __________________________________________ . Choose the best answer.
1.27
The Renaissance began in the country of _____ . a. Germany b. Spain c. Italy d. France
1.28
Which of the following instruments for sailing was not invented during the Renaissance? _____ a. compass b. sonar c. astrolabe d. improved maps
1.29
The Renaissance encouraged people to _____ . a. read and write b. travel extensively c. learn Latin d. all of the above
1.30
Before the Renaissance, learning was reserved for the _____ . a. serfs b. nobles c. merchants d. clergy 8
1.31
Which of the following was one of the most important inventions during the Renaissance? _____ a. printing press b. astrolabe c. clock d. compass
RISE OF NATIONAL STATES Amassing capital and making huge investments in trade endorsed the theory of mercantilism, which was part of the new politics in the rise of nationalism. New political structure. The medieval society fell apart as learning and trade grew in the Renaissance. The position of kings now relied on wealthy merchants and cities to support them. The nobles, who previously held the king at their mercy, no longer protected the peace as the king hired mercenaries to keep the peace. Peace brought prosperity, and the kings put together national states. When the age of exploration began, Spain, Portugal, and England were ready to act because their kings had united all of their parts into a single kingdom. Capital. The revival of travel in the Middle Ages brought in capital. This funding expanded trade and commerce. Ships had become safer, not only because of better design and construction, but also because of inventions that improved navigation such as the compass and astrolabe. Great quantities of goods crossed the Mediterranean. The volume of goods increased and wealth grew in the commercial centers. The surplus capital financed the voyages of discovery. Kings, merchants, and bankers invested in individual explorers, hoping to make money from their voyages. Mercantilism. The new national states endorsed mercantilism. Wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver that a nation had in its treasury. Each nation tried to export more goods than it imported. If the exports exceeded the value of imports, the country added to its gold and silver accumulation. Countries began to establish colonies and trading posts so that these settlements could help the mother country by providing raw materials and foodstuffs she would otherwise have to import from other countries. On the other hand, the colonies and settlements would need manufactured goods from the mother country. An exchange would keep the gold and silver in the treasury. The rulers and merchants were enthusiastic about mercantilism. It meant that the government would support trade and commerce and would support exploration in Africa, India, and the Far East. In time, the governments supported New World colonies that they expected to enrich the mother country. By the end of the 1400s, the new nations had the desire, the financial resources, and the knowledge of navigation to explore, trade, and colonize beyond Europe. Religious changes. The break-up of the unity of the Catholic Church influenced exploration and colonization of the New World. By 1500, many kings were critical of the Catholic Church: it refused to recognize national boundaries and collected taxes the kings wanted for themselves. Merchants resented the church’s stand on usury (charging interest) and complained of corruption of and poor education of the clergy.
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Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church in 1517 when he nailed his Ninety-five Theses (statements) to the church door in Germany. The printing press aided his work as a pamphleteer, since he could circulate his writings widely. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia. John Calvin followed with a similar protest in Switzerland, and his ideas spread to France and Scotland. Those who broke away were collectively known as Protestants. In the middle of the 16th century, the Catholic Church began the Counter-Reformation, a series of widespread reforms primarily under the Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola. For a time, Catholics and Protestants fought religious wars in Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Religious upheavals and the lack of religious freedom moved many to explore and settle the New World. Protestants, looking for religious freedom, were early settlers in the English colonies. Catholic missionaries, particularly Jesuits, accompanied Spanish, French, and John Calvin Portuguese explorers and converted many Indians. The sudden growth of Atlantic nations of Western Europe in the fifteenth century was caused by several factors: trade with the East became chaotic in the Mediterranean with its high prices; new trade routes were being sought because of advancements in shipbuilding and navigation; new monarchies were coming into being; new missionaries were advancing the spread of Christianity in Europe. The world was ripe for the age of exploration and discovery.
10
Choose the best answer(s). 1.32
Two developments that created new political structures with the rise of national states were reliance on _____ . a. wealth and the clergy b. wealth and mercenaries c. the clergy and mercenaries d. education and the clergy
1.33
Which statement is not true of the mercantile theory? _____ a. encouraged founding colonies b. wanted the mother country self-sufficient c. supported exploration d. converted gold and silver to goods
1.34
Which statement was not a complaint about the Catholic Church? _____ a. clergy were well educated b. did not recognize national boundaries c. collected revenues the kings wanted d. did not allow interest on money
Fill in the blanks. 1.35
Commercial centers grew wealthy because of __________________________________________ .
1.36
Countries began to establish __________________________________________ and trading posts to help provide raw materials and foodstuffs they would otherwise have to __________________________________________ from other countries.
1.37
Two men mentioned in this section who broke with the Catholic Church were __________________________________________ and __________________________________________ . True/False.
1.38
______ Exploration and voyages were financed by kings, merchants and bankers who hoped to become wealthy.
Review the material in this section in preparation for the Self Test. The Self Test will check your mastery of this particular section. The items missed on this Self Test will indicate specific areas where restudy is needed for mastery.
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SELF TEST 1 True/False (each answer, 1 point). 1.01
_____ Medieval manors were nearly self-sufficient.
1.02
_____ The primary responsibility of the clergy was the care of spiritual life.
1.03
_____ The Crusades were religious wars.
1.04
_____ Marco Polo traveled around Africa to the Far East.
1.05
_____ The people of Europe were interested in reading and writing prior to the Renaissance.
1.06
_____ As learning and trade progressed, the medieval structure began to break down.
1.07
_____ Under the mercantile theory, each nation tried to sell less goods abroad than it imported.
1.08
_____ Countries sought new trade routes to avoid the chaos and high prices involved in the Mediterranean routes.
1.09
_____ The medieval period was from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1500.
1.010
_____ The serfs were not able to own the land they farmed.
1.011
_____ Exploration and voyages were financed by kings, merchants, and bankers who hoped to become wealthy.
Fill in the blanks (each answer, 3 points). 1.012
The three classes of medieval society were the: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
1.013
The man who traveled the Far East and returned with tales of great riches and many fine articles was __________________________________________ .
1.014
The printing press was invented in 1440 by __________________________________________ .
1.015
The class of merchants and businessmen that developed during the Crusades was the __________________________________________ .
1.016
During the period of the Crusades, warfare between Christians and Muslims lasted nearly __________________________________________ years.
1.017
Because the Crusades opened travel to the East and brought back new goods, __________________________________________ between the Near East and Europe grew.
1.018
Countries began to establish __________________________________________ and trading posts to help provide raw materials and foodstuffs they would otherwise have to __________________________________________ from other countries. 12
Choose the best answer(s) (each answer, 2 points). 1.019
Select the statements that are true of the Crusades. _____ , _____ , _____ a. They created a demand for Eastern goods. b. They failed to rescue the Holy Land permanently from the Muslims. c. They brought about greater fighting among the landowners in Europe. d. They brought about the breakdown of the medieval way of life.
1.020
During the medieval period, the Catholic Church _____ . a. helped unite the people of Europe under a common cause. b. urged the people to have no part in the Crusades. c. was destroyed when Martin Luther took his stand against some of the teachings of the church.
1.021
The Renaissance: _____ , _____ , _____ . a. began because of the rediscovery of learning. b. saw manors grow stronger. c. was hurried along by the invention of the printing press. d. saw the invention of scientific instruments that brought the age of exploration.
1.022
Which of the following does not apply to the medieval manor? _____ a. a tannery b. a grain mill c. self-sufficiency d. serf ownership of land
1.023
Before the Renaissance, learning was reserved for the _____ . a. serfs b. nobles c. merchants d. clergy
1.024
Which of the following was one of the most important inventions during the Renaissance? _____ a. printing press b. astrolabe c. clock d. compass
Score Adult Check
49 61 13
_______________________ ___________________ Initial Date
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 1101 FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC CONTENTS I. FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC.... Revival of Trade and Commerce ................................ New Ideas and Religious Changes ............................. II. COLONIZATION BEGINS............................................. Colonization Begins in the New World ..................... Puritan Background and Plymouth Settlement..................................................... Puritan Migration and the Settlement of New England ......................................... III. MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES .................... The Middle Colonies ...................................................... The Southern Colonies.................................................. Growth of the Colonies ................................................. Author: Editor: Illustrations:
2 2 7 14 15 25 31 40 40 47 59
Alpha Omega Staff Alan Christopherson, M.S. Alpha Omega Staff
804 N. 2nd Ave. E., Rock Rapids, IA 51246-1759 © MM by Alpha Omega Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. LIFEPAC is a registered trademark of Alpha Omega Publications, Inc.
All trademarks and/or service marks referenced in this material are the property of their respective owners. Alpha Omega Publications, Inc. makes no claim of ownership to any trademarks and/or service marks other than their own and their affiliates’, and makes no claim of affiliation to any companies whose trademarks may be listed in this material, other than their own.
HISTORY 1101 FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC On October 12, 1492, three ships dropped anchor in the New World and changed the course of world history. Christopher Columbus had discovered the New World; however, many other events had brought these ships to this point in time. We need to retrace the footsteps of history back to Europe at a time several hundred years earlier. We can then see how the stage was set for these gallant men who discovered the New World.
OBJECTIVES Read these objectives. The objectives tell you what you will be able to do when you have successfully completed this LIFEPAC. Each section will list according to the numbers below what objectives will be met in that section. When you have finished this LIFEPAC, you should be able to: 1. Indicate understanding of how changes in Europe paved the way for discovery and colonization. 2. Identify the relationship of changes in Europe to the development of an interest in and readiness for exploration. 3. Identify a joint-stock company. 4. Identify the differences between charter, royal, and proprietary colonies. 5. Compare the differences in beliefs between the Pilgrims of Plymouth and the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay. 6. Compare and contrast the religious freedom of Maryland, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania. 7. Identify happenings from the history of the early colonies that became the foundation stones for the Constitutional Republic.
Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study. Write your questions here. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
I. FOUNDATION OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC In this section of the unit you will learn about the changes in Europe that paved the way for discovery and colonization of the New World.
SECTION OBJECTIVES Review these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to: 1.
Indicate understanding of how changes in Europe paved the way for discovery, and colonization.
2.
Identify the relationship of changes in Europe to the development of an interest in, and readiness for exploration.
VOCABULARY Study these words to enhance your learning success in this section. astrolabe bourgeoisie capital
Islam
latitude longitude
medieval mercantilism
Middle Ages propagated Renaissance
An astronomical instrument used to measure the altitude of the sun or stars Property owners and businessmen as a class, as contrasted with the working class or proletariat The amount of money or property that a company or a person uses in carrying on a business; national or individual wealth as produced by industry and available for reinvestment in the production of goods A religion founded by Muhammad. In its essence, Islam holds to the doctrine of the unity and omnipotence of Allah and of the responsibility of every human being to Allah Distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees; a degree of latitude is about 69 miles (111 km) Distance east or west on the earth’s surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian (line from the North Pole to the South Pole); usually the meridian, Greenwich, England, is used Belonging to or having to do with the Middle Ages (the years from about A.D. 500 to 1450) The economic system prevailing in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s that favored a balance of exports over imports, national wealth being measured by the amount of gold and silver possessed. A nation’s agriculture, industry, and trade were regulated with that end in view. The period in European history between ancient and modern times, from about 500 to A.D. 1500. To reproduce, to increase in number or intensity The great revival of art and learning in Europe during the 1300s, 1400s, and 1500s
Note: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appear in boldface print the first time they are used. If you are unsure of the meaning when you are reading, study the definitions given.
2
REVIVAL OF TRADE AND COMMERCE
The Crusades created an interest in trade and travel in the society of the Middle Ages and, as a result, a greater demand for goods. Medieval Society. Life in medieval times was simple enough: a cottage without windows, a dirt floor, the simplest of furniture, and beds of straw. Food consisted mostly of bread with a few vegetables and a little meat cooked in an iron pot and served in clay dishes. Clothing was made of coarse woven linen or wool. The land and everything on it belonged to the noble, or lord of the manor. This also included the serfs who worked the land. They were bound to the land and could not own property of their own or work anywhere else. They could not even leave without permission. The manor itself was self-sufficient. It had its own mill for grinding grain, a blacksmith shop, and a tannery where leather was made and crafted into shoes, saddles, and harnesses. The sheep owned by the lord provided the wool which the women dyed, spun, and wove to make clothing. A few items such as salt, iron or millstones were purchased outside the manor.
3
The clergy had the care of the spiritual life of the people. They took care of the sick and disabled and taught and propagated the doctrines of the Catholic Church. The clergy gave unity to medieval society. The nobles supervised the work of the serfs. They settled disputes and protected the serfs from attack. If the lord sold his manor or lost his land, his serfs remained with the land. Crusades. The Crusades were a series of attempts by the European Christian world to recover the Holy Land and its Christian shrines from the Muslims (also referred to as Saracens). Islam, based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, originated in Arabia about 600 A.D. The Muslims sent armies to conquer the world, and they forced people they conquered to accept the teachings of their prophet. After conquering all of North Africa, they moved into southern Spain, taking over more Christian lands in Europe. The accepted church in Western Europe at that time was the Catholic Church, which had helped to unite much of the continent. Many European Christians would make pilgrimages to visit the Christian shrines in the Holy Land. When the Saracens interfered with and eventually stopped the pilgrimages, Pope Urban II, the head of the Catholic Church, called the First Crusade in 1095 to recapture the Holy Land from the Saracens. Jerusalem was recaptured in 1099, but the Crusaders were unable to keep their hold on the Holy Land.
Warfare between Christians and Muslims went on for over two hundred years. In the end, the Crusaders retreated and the Holy Land remained in the hands of the Muslims. Although the Crusades were a failure, they had a great influence upon life in medieval Europe. Demand for goods. The Crusades led to an interest in travel and trade which, in turn, led to the growth of cities in Europe. The Crusades brought Western Europe into contact with a new and more advanced culture. Europeans were introduced to new luxuries— spices like pepper and cinnamon that made food taste better, sugar, soap, precious stones, healing drugs, and elegant dyes for cloth. They admired and wanted the work of the artisans—glass, fine china, perfumes, silk, swords, and beautiful rugs. Italian merchants from Venice and Genoa developed trade with the Near East and helped to meet the increasing demands of Europeans for these luxuries. Since gold and silver were in short supply, the Italian merchants would take wine, woolen goods, and furs in exchange for the goods from the East. This trade created a demand for products from the manors, and a new class of people emerged. The bourgeoisie (merchants and artisans) began to move to the cities and towns. Towns and townspeople became more important. Since towns depended upon trade and trade depended upon materials supplied by the manors, the merchants and artisans demanded that the kings curb the warring landholders. These changes eventually broke down medieval society. 4
Match the following items. 1.1
_____
bourgeoisie
a. belonging to or having to do with the Middle Ages (the years from about A.D. 500 to 1500)
1.2
_____
medieval
b. the period in European history between ancient, and modern times, from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1500
1.3
_____
Middle Ages
c. to reproduce, to increase in number or intensity
1.4
_____
Islam
d. a religion founded by Muhammad
1.5
_____
propagated
e. property owners, and businessmen as a class, as contrasted with the working class or proletariat
Choose one answer. 1.6
Which of the following was not usually available on the manor? _____ a. a tannery b. a blacksmith shop c. salt d. wool
1.7
The clergy took care of the serfs’ _____ . a. clothes b. spiritual life c. field work d. defense
1.8
The nobles _____ . a. practiced plowing b. jousted c. didn’t do much d. ran the manor
Fill in the blanks. 1.9
The determination of the European Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims resulted in the __________________________________________ .
1.10
The Muslim religion originated in __________________________________________ .
1.11
The Muslims first conquered __________________________________________ and then moved into southern __________________________________________ .
5
1.12
The generally accepted church in Western Europe during the medieval period was the __________________________________________ Church.
1.13
Another name for the Muslims was the __________________________________________ .
1.14
During the period of the Crusades, warfare between Christians and Muslims lasted nearly __________________________________________ years.
1.15
Because the Crusades opened travel to the Near East and brought back new goods, __________________________________________ between Europe and the Near East grew.
1.16
The revival of trade developed a new class of society made up of merchants and artisans called the __________________________________________ .
1.17
Without an abundance of __________________________________________ , and ____________________ ______________________ to buy goods from the East, goods were traded for goods.
6
NEW IDEAS AND RELIGIOUS CHANGES The spread of new ideas in Europe resulted from the travels of Marco Polo and the Crusades. They opened the way for the Renaissance period to begin. SPREAD OF NEW IDEAS Explorers. Marco Polo was the first European to travel the entire length of Asia and was responsible for new ideas entering the world. In his Travels of Marco Polo he described the cities, the inns, and the goods of the Far East. He also told of the vigorous trade in the area. His stories opened up the outside world for the people of Europe. Reading and writing did not help the people because they did little of either. Education centered primarily around the priests and leaders of the Church. Most books were written in Latin, which few people could read. But with the upsurge of interest in trade and travel, more people turned toward study. The Renaissance. With the growing emphasis on learning, the students of the universities were discovering the literature and art of Greece and Rome. They were writing in their native tongues instead of Latin. Learning was no longer reserved only for the clergy. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to Europe.
The age of exploration went hand-in-hand with science. Instruments were invented so that ships could sail away from the sight of land. The modern compass appeared to guide sailors over uncharted seas. The astrolabe enabled the captain to look at the stars and figure out his latitude. Captains used clocks and tables of time and distance to figure longitude. Maps and charts improved. About 1440 A.D. Johann Gutenberg invented the movable type press which is also called the printing press. This allowed the journeys and explorations of adventurers to be written about, printed, and used by future travelers. Ideas and discoveries were spread quickly through the printed page, and the Renaissance soon became a powerful movement.
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Match these items. 1.18
_____ capital
a. distance east or west on the earth’s surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian
1.19
_____ astrolabe
b. an astronomical instrument used to measure the altitude of the sun or stars
1.20
_____ latitude
c.
1.21
_____ longitude
d. economic system prevailing in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s that favored a balance of exports over imports
1.22
_____ mercantilism
e. the great revival of art and learning in Europe during the 1300s, 1400s, and 1500s
1.23
_____ Renaissance
f.
the amount of money or property that a company or a person uses in carrying on a business
distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
True/False. 1.24
______ Marco Polo’s trip to the Far East introduced Europe to new products.
1.25
______ Interest in learning was centered chiefly among the common people. Fill in the blank.
1.26
Before the Renaissance most books were written in __________________________________________ . Choose the best answer.
1.27
The Renaissance began in the country of _____ . a. Germany b. Spain c. Italy d. France
1.28
Which of the following instruments for sailing was not invented during the Renaissance? _____ a. compass b. sonar c. astrolabe d. improved maps
1.29
The Renaissance encouraged people to _____ . a. read and write b. travel extensively c. learn Latin d. all of the above
1.30
Before the Renaissance, learning was reserved for the _____ . a. serfs b. nobles c. merchants d. clergy 8
1.31
Which of the following was one of the most important inventions during the Renaissance? _____ a. printing press b. astrolabe c. clock d. compass
RISE OF NATIONAL STATES Amassing capital and making huge investments in trade endorsed the theory of mercantilism, which was part of the new politics in the rise of nationalism. New political structure. The medieval society fell apart as learning and trade grew in the Renaissance. The position of kings now relied on wealthy merchants and cities to support them. The nobles, who previously held the king at their mercy, no longer protected the peace as the king hired mercenaries to keep the peace. Peace brought prosperity, and the kings put together national states. When the age of exploration began, Spain, Portugal, and England were ready to act because their kings had united all of their parts into a single kingdom. Capital. The revival of travel in the Middle Ages brought in capital. This funding expanded trade and commerce. Ships had become safer, not only because of better design and construction, but also because of inventions that improved navigation such as the compass and astrolabe. Great quantities of goods crossed the Mediterranean. The volume of goods increased and wealth grew in the commercial centers. The surplus capital financed the voyages of discovery. Kings, merchants, and bankers invested in individual explorers, hoping to make money from their voyages. Mercantilism. The new national states endorsed mercantilism. Wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver that a nation had in its treasury. Each nation tried to export more goods than it imported. If the exports exceeded the value of imports, the country added to its gold and silver accumulation. Countries began to establish colonies and trading posts so that these settlements could help the mother country by providing raw materials and foodstuffs she would otherwise have to import from other countries. On the other hand, the colonies and settlements would need manufactured goods from the mother country. An exchange would keep the gold and silver in the treasury. The rulers and merchants were enthusiastic about mercantilism. It meant that the government would support trade and commerce and would support exploration in Africa, India, and the Far East. In time, the governments supported New World colonies that they expected to enrich the mother country. By the end of the 1400s, the new nations had the desire, the financial resources, and the knowledge of navigation to explore, trade, and colonize beyond Europe. Religious changes. The break-up of the unity of the Catholic Church influenced exploration and colonization of the New World. By 1500, many kings were critical of the Catholic Church: it refused to recognize national boundaries and collected taxes the kings wanted for themselves. Merchants resented the church’s stand on usury (charging interest) and complained of corruption of and poor education of the clergy.
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Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church in 1517 when he nailed his Ninety-five Theses (statements) to the church door in Germany. The printing press aided his work as a pamphleteer, since he could circulate his writings widely. Lutheran churches were founded in Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia. John Calvin followed with a similar protest in Switzerland, and his ideas spread to France and Scotland. Those who broke away were collectively known as Protestants. In the middle of the 16th century, the Catholic Church began the Counter-Reformation, a series of widespread reforms primarily under the Jesuits, founded by Ignatius Loyola. For a time, Catholics and Protestants fought religious wars in Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Religious upheavals and the lack of religious freedom moved many to explore and settle the New World. Protestants, looking for religious freedom, were early settlers in the English colonies. Catholic missionaries, particularly Jesuits, accompanied Spanish, French, and John Calvin Portuguese explorers and converted many Indians. The sudden growth of Atlantic nations of Western Europe in the fifteenth century was caused by several factors: trade with the East became chaotic in the Mediterranean with its high prices; new trade routes were being sought because of advancements in shipbuilding and navigation; new monarchies were coming into being; new missionaries were advancing the spread of Christianity in Europe. The world was ripe for the age of exploration and discovery.
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Choose the best answer(s). 1.32
Two developments that created new political structures with the rise of national states were reliance on _____ . a. wealth and the clergy b. wealth and mercenaries c. the clergy and mercenaries d. education and the clergy
1.33
Which statement is not true of the mercantile theory? _____ a. encouraged founding colonies b. wanted the mother country self-sufficient c. supported exploration d. converted gold and silver to goods
1.34
Which statement was not a complaint about the Catholic Church? _____ a. clergy were well educated b. did not recognize national boundaries c. collected revenues the kings wanted d. did not allow interest on money
Fill in the blanks. 1.35
Commercial centers grew wealthy because of __________________________________________ .
1.36
Countries began to establish __________________________________________ and trading posts to help provide raw materials and foodstuffs they would otherwise have to __________________________________________ from other countries.
1.37
Two men mentioned in this section who broke with the Catholic Church were __________________________________________ and __________________________________________ . True/False.
1.38
______ Exploration and voyages were financed by kings, merchants and bankers who hoped to become wealthy.
Review the material in this section in preparation for the Self Test. The Self Test will check your mastery of this particular section. The items missed on this Self Test will indicate specific areas where restudy is needed for mastery.
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SELF TEST 1 True/False (each answer, 1 point). 1.01
_____ Medieval manors were nearly self-sufficient.
1.02
_____ The primary responsibility of the clergy was the care of spiritual life.
1.03
_____ The Crusades were religious wars.
1.04
_____ Marco Polo traveled around Africa to the Far East.
1.05
_____ The people of Europe were interested in reading and writing prior to the Renaissance.
1.06
_____ As learning and trade progressed, the medieval structure began to break down.
1.07
_____ Under the mercantile theory, each nation tried to sell less goods abroad than it imported.
1.08
_____ Countries sought new trade routes to avoid the chaos and high prices involved in the Mediterranean routes.
1.09
_____ The medieval period was from about A.D. 500 to A.D. 1500.
1.010
_____ The serfs were not able to own the land they farmed.
1.011
_____ Exploration and voyages were financed by kings, merchants, and bankers who hoped to become wealthy.
Fill in the blanks (each answer, 3 points). 1.012
The three classes of medieval society were the: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
1.013
The man who traveled the Far East and returned with tales of great riches and many fine articles was __________________________________________ .
1.014
The printing press was invented in 1440 by __________________________________________ .
1.015
The class of merchants and businessmen that developed during the Crusades was the __________________________________________ .
1.016
During the period of the Crusades, warfare between Christians and Muslims lasted nearly __________________________________________ years.
1.017
Because the Crusades opened travel to the East and brought back new goods, __________________________________________ between the Near East and Europe grew.
1.018
Countries began to establish __________________________________________ and trading posts to help provide raw materials and foodstuffs they would otherwise have to __________________________________________ from other countries. 12
Choose the best answer(s) (each answer, 2 points). 1.019
Select the statements that are true of the Crusades. _____ , _____ , _____ a. They created a demand for Eastern goods. b. They failed to rescue the Holy Land permanently from the Muslims. c. They brought about greater fighting among the landowners in Europe. d. They brought about the breakdown of the medieval way of life.
1.020
During the medieval period, the Catholic Church _____ . a. helped unite the people of Europe under a common cause. b. urged the people to have no part in the Crusades. c. was destroyed when Martin Luther took his stand against some of the teachings of the church.
1.021
The Renaissance: _____ , _____ , _____ . a. began because of the rediscovery of learning. b. saw manors grow stronger. c. was hurried along by the invention of the printing press. d. saw the invention of scientific instruments that brought the age of exploration.
1.022
Which of the following does not apply to the medieval manor? _____ a. a tannery b. a grain mill c. self-sufficiency d. serf ownership of land
1.023
Before the Renaissance, learning was reserved for the _____ . a. serfs b. nobles c. merchants d. clergy
1.024
Which of the following was one of the most important inventions during the Renaissance? _____ a. printing press b. astrolabe c. clock d. compass
Score Adult Check
49 61 13
_______________________ ___________________ Initial Date
