GRAPHING BEHAVIOR AND MEASURING CHANGE Chapter3
GRAPHING BEHAVIOR AND MEASURING CHANGE
Graph: - Visual representation of the occurrence of behavior over time - Efficient way to view the occurrence of behavior because it shows the results of recording during many observation periods - Complete the levels of behavior before, during and after treatment
Chapter3
GRAPHING BEHAVIORAL DATA -
Behavioral data is collected through direct observation and recording of the behavior on a data sheet or other instrument GRAPHING DATA FROM DIFFERENT RECORDING PROCEDURES
Behavior analysts use graph to identify the level of behavior before treatment and after treatment begins – document the change in behavior COMPONENTS OF A GRAPH
-
Time is indicated on the horizontal axis (x-axis a.k.a abscissa) Level of the behavior is indicated on the vertical axis (y-axis a.k.a. ordinate) 6 Components are necessary for a graph to be complete: 1) Y-axis & X-axis 2) The labels for the y-axis and x-axis 3) The numbers on the y-axis and x-axis (indicates the units of measurement) 4) Date Points (each data point connected to the adjacent date points by line) 5) Phase Lines – vertical line on a graph that indicates a change in treatment – allows to see the differences in the level of the behavior in different phases more easily 6) Phase Labels – Phase label appears at the top of the graph, “ Baseline” – label most often given to the no-treatment phase “Baseline” and “ Behavioral Contract”
What will change with different recording procedures are the y-axis label and the numbering on the y-axis X-axis usually labels indicate the time periods behavior was recorded Y-axis should clearly reflect the behavior and dimension or aspect of the behavior that is recorded RESEARCH DESIGNS
-
Research Design to determine whether the treatment (independent variable) was responsible for the observed change in the target behavior (dependent variable) and to rule out the possibility that extraneous variables caused the behavior to change Independent variable – manipulated to produce a change in target behavior Dependent variable – target behavior Confounding Variable – any event that the researcher did not plan that may have affected the behavior
Researcher also wants to demonstrate that the behavior modification procedure is what caused the behavior to change
Functional Relationship Behavior modification procedure causes a target behavior to change, so it demonstrates a relationship between procedure and target behavior
Function Relationship is established if: a) Target behavior changes when an independent variable is manipulated, while others variables are held constant
“ Reversal design” – because after the first treatment phase, the researcher removes the treatment and reverses back to base-line Second baseline is followed by replication of the treatment Must not be ethical to remove the treatment in the second baseline if the behavior is dangerous You must be fairly certain that the level of the behavior will reverse when treatment is withdrawn
Multiple- Baseline Design b) The process is replicated or repeated one or more times and the behavior changes each time
1) Multiple-baseline-across-subjects design there is a baseline and a treatment phase for the same target behavior of two or more different subjects
Research design involves both treatment implementation and replication
2) Multiple-baseline-Across-behavior design there is a baseline and treatment phase for two or more different behaviors of the same subject
A-B DESIGN -
Simplest type of design used in behavior modification A = baseline B= Treatment We can compare baseline and treatment to determine whether the behavior changed in the expected way after treatment * NOT a functional relationship = No replication * Not a true research design – does not rule out the possibility that an extraneous variable was responsible for the behavior change
3) Multiple-baseline-across-settings design there is a baseline and treatment phase for two or more settings in which the same behavior of the same subject is measured Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD) Also called “multielement design “ differs from the research designs just reviews in that baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other
A-B-A-B Reversal Design
A- baseline B= Treatment Baseline and treatment are implemented twice
-
Baseline occurs sequentially ATD 2 conditions: baseline and treatment or two different treatments ATD occurs during alternating days or sessions 2 conditions can be compared within the same time period
GRAPHING BEHAVIOR AND MEASURING CHANGE
Changing-Criterion Design -
-
Includes a baseline and a treatment phase Within the treatment phase, sequential performance criteria are specified that is successive goal levels for the target behavior specify how much the target behavior should change during treatment Subject’s behavior change each time the goal level changes (?)
Chapter3
Graph: - Visual representation of the occurrence of behavior over time - Efficient way to view the occurrence of behavior because it shows the results of recording during many observation periods - Complete the levels of behavior before, during and after treatment
Chapter3
GRAPHING BEHAVIORAL DATA -
Behavioral data is collected through direct observation and recording of the behavior on a data sheet or other instrument GRAPHING DATA FROM DIFFERENT RECORDING PROCEDURES
Behavior analysts use graph to identify the level of behavior before treatment and after treatment begins – document the change in behavior COMPONENTS OF A GRAPH
-
Time is indicated on the horizontal axis (x-axis a.k.a abscissa) Level of the behavior is indicated on the vertical axis (y-axis a.k.a. ordinate) 6 Components are necessary for a graph to be complete: 1) Y-axis & X-axis 2) The labels for the y-axis and x-axis 3) The numbers on the y-axis and x-axis (indicates the units of measurement) 4) Date Points (each data point connected to the adjacent date points by line) 5) Phase Lines – vertical line on a graph that indicates a change in treatment – allows to see the differences in the level of the behavior in different phases more easily 6) Phase Labels – Phase label appears at the top of the graph, “ Baseline” – label most often given to the no-treatment phase “Baseline” and “ Behavioral Contract”
What will change with different recording procedures are the y-axis label and the numbering on the y-axis X-axis usually labels indicate the time periods behavior was recorded Y-axis should clearly reflect the behavior and dimension or aspect of the behavior that is recorded RESEARCH DESIGNS
-
Research Design to determine whether the treatment (independent variable) was responsible for the observed change in the target behavior (dependent variable) and to rule out the possibility that extraneous variables caused the behavior to change Independent variable – manipulated to produce a change in target behavior Dependent variable – target behavior Confounding Variable – any event that the researcher did not plan that may have affected the behavior
Researcher also wants to demonstrate that the behavior modification procedure is what caused the behavior to change
Functional Relationship Behavior modification procedure causes a target behavior to change, so it demonstrates a relationship between procedure and target behavior
Function Relationship is established if: a) Target behavior changes when an independent variable is manipulated, while others variables are held constant
“ Reversal design” – because after the first treatment phase, the researcher removes the treatment and reverses back to base-line Second baseline is followed by replication of the treatment Must not be ethical to remove the treatment in the second baseline if the behavior is dangerous You must be fairly certain that the level of the behavior will reverse when treatment is withdrawn
Multiple- Baseline Design b) The process is replicated or repeated one or more times and the behavior changes each time
1) Multiple-baseline-across-subjects design there is a baseline and a treatment phase for the same target behavior of two or more different subjects
Research design involves both treatment implementation and replication
2) Multiple-baseline-Across-behavior design there is a baseline and treatment phase for two or more different behaviors of the same subject
A-B DESIGN -
Simplest type of design used in behavior modification A = baseline B= Treatment We can compare baseline and treatment to determine whether the behavior changed in the expected way after treatment * NOT a functional relationship = No replication * Not a true research design – does not rule out the possibility that an extraneous variable was responsible for the behavior change
3) Multiple-baseline-across-settings design there is a baseline and treatment phase for two or more settings in which the same behavior of the same subject is measured Alternating-Treatments Design (ATD) Also called “multielement design “ differs from the research designs just reviews in that baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other
A-B-A-B Reversal Design
A- baseline B= Treatment Baseline and treatment are implemented twice
-
Baseline occurs sequentially ATD 2 conditions: baseline and treatment or two different treatments ATD occurs during alternating days or sessions 2 conditions can be compared within the same time period
GRAPHING BEHAVIOR AND MEASURING CHANGE
Changing-Criterion Design -
-
Includes a baseline and a treatment phase Within the treatment phase, sequential performance criteria are specified that is successive goal levels for the target behavior specify how much the target behavior should change during treatment Subject’s behavior change each time the goal level changes (?)
Chapter3
