Gray Mold Disease and Fungicide Resistance Management - AWS
Gray Mold Disease and Fungicide Resistance Management Guido Schnabel Clemson University
Download MyIPM for later Demo • From Google Play • From Apple Store • Select strawberry diseases and pests
The Strawberry Fruit The worldʼs largest producer of strawberries is the
USA
80%
Of strawberry production is fresh market
The USAʼs strawberry industry is valued at more than
$2.9 billion
The Fungus Botrytis cinerea CAUSES GRAY MOLD ON STRAWBERRY • Most important disease on strawberry • Found wherever strawberries are grown • On every life stage of strawberries • Management efforts and yield loss to this disease are the greatest disease-related cost growers incur • Loss of 45-50% of the crop can occur pre and postharvest if gray mold is not adequately managed
Botrytis cinerea fast facts Infects over 1400 hosts
#2 on the list of top 10 plant pathogens Necrotrophic lifestyle makes it hard to control Fungicide resistance is a major problem
Fungicide Resistance
“An acquired, heritable reduction of sensitivity of a fungus to a particular fungicide or antifungal agent”
Fungicide resistance devopment in the field
Selection
(Deising et al., 2008)
Full fungicide efficacy
Fungicide efficacy reduced
Single‐site fungicide
Fungicide Resistance in B. cinerea Multi‐site fungicide
B. cinerea quickly develops resistance to single-site fungicides • There are 7 major groups of single-site fungicides for Botrytis control (= ‘at risk’ fungicides) • B. cinerea is capable of developing resistance to all of them!
• We need strategies to sustain fungicide activity!!!
• FRAC code principle • FRAC codes used for gray mold control 1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 17 Example: FRAC 7 Fontelis Kenja
Example: FRAC 7/11 Pristine Merivon Luna Sensation
A plethora of Fungicide Choices Captan or Captec Captevate Thiram Fracture Topsin M Rovral Tilt and generics Fontelis Kenja Scala Pristine Merivon Luna Sensation Cabrio Abound or Azaka Switch Elevate Ph‐D, OSO
FRAC M4 M4+17 M3 M12 1 2 3 7 7 9 7+11 7+11 7+11 11 11 12+9 17 19
BFR ++ +++ ++ + Not effective ++ Not Effective +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ Not effective Not effective ++ +++ ++
How to navigate? Spray guides…
MyIPM Smartphone app Interactive Educational Tool Sortable ai and trade name tables Grower focused
Resistance to Fungicides of East Coast Botrytis From Strawberry Flowers 100
2011‐12
n = 220
2012‐13
n = 440
2013‐14
n = 820
70
2014‐15
n = 650
60
2015‐16
n = 740
50
2016‐17
n = 240
Frequency of resistant isolates (%)
90 80
40 30 20 10 0
1
11
17
FRAC 7 9
Active ingredients
2
12
What Are Your Choices? Apply Multisites (captan, thiram) OR Apply Multisites AND random ‘at risk’ fungicides OR Apply Multisites AND recommended ‘at risk’ fungicides
Location‐Specific Resistance Monitoring Untreated
FRAC 2
FRAC 7
FRAC 1
FRAC 9
FRAC 12
FRAC 17
FRAC 11
No Resistance
1 2 3 4 5 6
High Resistance
1 2 3 4 5 6
What the grower is getting… E‐mail with Summary of Results and Personalized Recommendations
Resistance Profile Results ‐ Details in Spreadsheet
Latest Recommendations
Latest Efficacy Table
Resistance profiles of isolates from two farms Albion
Isolate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Control
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
Cyprodinil Fludioxoni FenhexamIprodione ThiophanaPolyoxin D Boscalid FluopyramPenthiopyrIsofetamidPidiflumeto FRAC 9 FRAC 12 FRAC 17 FRAC 2 FRAC 1 FRAC 19 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7
+ + ++ + + ++ + + +++ +
+ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
++ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ++ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ‐ +++ +++ +++
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ ‐ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Camarosa
Isolate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Control
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
Cyprodinil Fludioxoni FenhexamIprodione ThiophanaPolyoxin D Boscalid FluopyramPenthiopyrIsofetamidPidiflumeto FRAC 9 FRAC 12 FRAC 17 FRAC 2 FRAC 1 FRAC 19 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Final Considerations Sanitize as much as possible to minimize inoculum pressure apply captan prior to sanitation if anthracnose is present
Better linkage between nursery and fruit production Nurseries need tools that don’t preselect for resistance non‐chemical alternatives (heat treatment, UV‐C) FRAC codes not used downstream in fruit production
Limit number of applications of ‘at‐risk’, single‐site fungicides (FRAC 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 17) to at most TWO per season per FRAC code and rotate; Chemical Company Value Packs?
Thank You For Your Attention Acknowledgements NIFA SCRI Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium North Carolina Strawberry Grower Association Maryland Horticulture Association SC USDA Block Grants
Thank NIFA S South North Maryla SC US
Download MyIPM for later Demo • From Google Play • From Apple Store • Select strawberry diseases and pests
The Strawberry Fruit The worldʼs largest producer of strawberries is the
USA
80%
Of strawberry production is fresh market
The USAʼs strawberry industry is valued at more than
$2.9 billion
The Fungus Botrytis cinerea CAUSES GRAY MOLD ON STRAWBERRY • Most important disease on strawberry • Found wherever strawberries are grown • On every life stage of strawberries • Management efforts and yield loss to this disease are the greatest disease-related cost growers incur • Loss of 45-50% of the crop can occur pre and postharvest if gray mold is not adequately managed
Botrytis cinerea fast facts Infects over 1400 hosts
#2 on the list of top 10 plant pathogens Necrotrophic lifestyle makes it hard to control Fungicide resistance is a major problem
Fungicide Resistance
“An acquired, heritable reduction of sensitivity of a fungus to a particular fungicide or antifungal agent”
Fungicide resistance devopment in the field
Selection
(Deising et al., 2008)
Full fungicide efficacy
Fungicide efficacy reduced
Single‐site fungicide
Fungicide Resistance in B. cinerea Multi‐site fungicide
B. cinerea quickly develops resistance to single-site fungicides • There are 7 major groups of single-site fungicides for Botrytis control (= ‘at risk’ fungicides) • B. cinerea is capable of developing resistance to all of them!
• We need strategies to sustain fungicide activity!!!
• FRAC code principle • FRAC codes used for gray mold control 1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 17 Example: FRAC 7 Fontelis Kenja
Example: FRAC 7/11 Pristine Merivon Luna Sensation
A plethora of Fungicide Choices Captan or Captec Captevate Thiram Fracture Topsin M Rovral Tilt and generics Fontelis Kenja Scala Pristine Merivon Luna Sensation Cabrio Abound or Azaka Switch Elevate Ph‐D, OSO
FRAC M4 M4+17 M3 M12 1 2 3 7 7 9 7+11 7+11 7+11 11 11 12+9 17 19
BFR ++ +++ ++ + Not effective ++ Not Effective +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ Not effective Not effective ++ +++ ++
How to navigate? Spray guides…
MyIPM Smartphone app Interactive Educational Tool Sortable ai and trade name tables Grower focused
Resistance to Fungicides of East Coast Botrytis From Strawberry Flowers 100
2011‐12
n = 220
2012‐13
n = 440
2013‐14
n = 820
70
2014‐15
n = 650
60
2015‐16
n = 740
50
2016‐17
n = 240
Frequency of resistant isolates (%)
90 80
40 30 20 10 0
1
11
17
FRAC 7 9
Active ingredients
2
12
What Are Your Choices? Apply Multisites (captan, thiram) OR Apply Multisites AND random ‘at risk’ fungicides OR Apply Multisites AND recommended ‘at risk’ fungicides
Location‐Specific Resistance Monitoring Untreated
FRAC 2
FRAC 7
FRAC 1
FRAC 9
FRAC 12
FRAC 17
FRAC 11
No Resistance
1 2 3 4 5 6
High Resistance
1 2 3 4 5 6
What the grower is getting… E‐mail with Summary of Results and Personalized Recommendations
Resistance Profile Results ‐ Details in Spreadsheet
Latest Recommendations
Latest Efficacy Table
Resistance profiles of isolates from two farms Albion
Isolate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Control
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
Cyprodinil Fludioxoni FenhexamIprodione ThiophanaPolyoxin D Boscalid FluopyramPenthiopyrIsofetamidPidiflumeto FRAC 9 FRAC 12 FRAC 17 FRAC 2 FRAC 1 FRAC 19 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7
+ + ++ + + ++ + + +++ +
+ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
++ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ++ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ‐ +++ +++ +++
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ ‐ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐ +++ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Camarosa
Isolate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Control
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
Cyprodinil Fludioxoni FenhexamIprodione ThiophanaPolyoxin D Boscalid FluopyramPenthiopyrIsofetamidPidiflumeto FRAC 9 FRAC 12 FRAC 17 FRAC 2 FRAC 1 FRAC 19 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7 FRAC 7
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ + ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
+++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Final Considerations Sanitize as much as possible to minimize inoculum pressure apply captan prior to sanitation if anthracnose is present
Better linkage between nursery and fruit production Nurseries need tools that don’t preselect for resistance non‐chemical alternatives (heat treatment, UV‐C) FRAC codes not used downstream in fruit production
Limit number of applications of ‘at‐risk’, single‐site fungicides (FRAC 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 17) to at most TWO per season per FRAC code and rotate; Chemical Company Value Packs?
Thank You For Your Attention Acknowledgements NIFA SCRI Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium North Carolina Strawberry Grower Association Maryland Horticulture Association SC USDA Block Grants
Thank NIFA S South North Maryla SC US
