Groundwater:
Groundwater: Porosity, Permeability, Capillarity, Retention, Water Table TB Ch. 6 & BFRB P. 219 - 228
Regents Earth Science Mrs. O’Gorman
Name: __________________
Groundwater Story Hey, what happened to my water? There's something here that you should know, The story of water from down below. Ohh, I'm groundwater, I'm all around Most of your water is underground The water we have is all the same I'm used over and over again
Use it, groundwater, Don't abuse it, groundwater. We use our groundwater everyday, Let's make sure it's here to stay. The rainy days, I must lament, The troubles I have with tar and cement. I can't fill the ground if I can't get through, I'm groundwater, my power is vast, But waste and pollution keep me from my task. If we're not careful clean water won't last.
I surrounded the castle with a watery moat, And I float along under Huck Finn's boat. I once dripped down as dinosaur drool, And now I'm the cool that fills your swimming pool.
Without some help, we can't carry on, What will we do if the water is gone?
Feel the drops of snow and rain, An age old cycle again and again. Groundwater, under the ground, Groundwater going down, In the ground, ground water, All around, groundwater. Don't you know, at least you care, The water we use is everywhere.
Every time you brush your teeth, Remember the water underneath. Next time wait, stop, and think, Before you dump stuff down the sink. Do you part for water power, learn to take a shorter shower. Stuff that makes the grass look swell, Will end up later in your well. Protect, groundwater! Conserve, groundwater!
Riding along the aquifers, Deep down under where no one stirs. I feed the lakes, streams, and land, I'm pulled by wells, I'm in demand. Flowin’ along the great buried treasure, Slipping through spaces too small to measure. I may start off with an oily sheen, But the dirty rocks help keep me clean. Swallow and swim, shave and spray, We all use water everyday. Some for fishes, some for dishes, At least enough for everyone's wishes
As you plan to build and grow leave open space for water to flow. Be aware, groundwater! Show you care, groundwater! Now you are in the know. Don't forget the water down below! Don't forget the water down below! Don't forget the water down below!
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Groundwater Vocabulary Primer Directions: Use your TB and BFRB to define each term in the second column. If neither has the definition, look it up on the Internet. When we go over the concept in class, draw pics, make additional notes, record memory aids, etc. in the third column. Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Infiltration
Percolation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Respiration
Hydrosphere
Porosity
Permeability
Impermeable
Retention
Water Table
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Capillarity
Capillary action
Capillary Fringe
Zone of Saturation
Zone of Aeration
Aquifer
Artesian well/spring
Contamination
Sinkhole
Cavern
Stalactite
Stalagmite
Geyser
Hot spring
Alluvium
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Where does ground water come from? Let’s review the water cycle! Page 4 of 61
The World’s Water • Approx. 97% of the Earth’s water is salt water. • Approx. 3% is fresh water. – Of this 3%, most of it is frozen in the ice caps and in glaciers. – This leaves only about ½% (0.5%) of all Earth’s water as usable fresh water.
• Most of this usable fresh water is found underground. • All of the Earth’s water is part of the hydrosphere
Water Cycle • Movement of water from one part of the hydrosphere to another is called the water cycle. • The energy to start the water cycle comes from the sun (causes evaporation to begin). • Water enters the air as vapor from evaporation (directly from liquid water), transpiration (water vapor given off by plants) and respiration (water vapor given off by animals). • The vapor cools and condenses into clouds, precipitation occurs, and the water flows back into the ground or runs off over the ground into other bodies of water. • This is a continuous cycle.
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The Complete Hydrologic Cycle
Our Hydrologic Cycle
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What is porosity?
What are the sediment characteristics that affect porosity? Page 12 of 61
Groundwater: Characteristics and Ways we measure and describe how water is transmitted through and held in the ground
How much water can the sediments in the ground hold? • The percentage of pore space in the sediment is called POROSITY. • The amount of water that the ground can hold depends on the amount of open space (pore space) between the sediment particles.
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The Porosity of the soil depends upon 3 things:
The porosity of the soil depends on: #1) Particle shape-
Rounded fragments
– Rounded particles do not fit together well, so they will have more space between them. – Angular particles have flat sides that fit together (like a puzzle), and therefore will have less space between them. Which one has higher porosity? Rounded or Angular?
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Angular Fragments
The porosity of the soil depends on: #2) Sorting • Well-sorted particles (all the same size), don’t fill all the tiny spaces well and have the greatest pore space. • Unsorted particles have small particles which fill in the pore spaces between large particles, decreasing the amount of open space.
Well-sorted particles have a greater / lower porosity than unsorted particles
The porosity of the soil depends on: #3) Packing or arrangement • Tightly-packed particles are compressed together densely. The amount of space between the particles is reduced, therefore decreasing the pore space. • Loosely-packed particles are not compressed together. The amount of air space between the particles is higher, therefore increasing the pore space.
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******VIF****** Particle size does not affect the porosity!!! Large particles have large spaces between them, but few of them. Small particles have small spaces between them, but many of them. The porosities will be equal!! 9 spaces x 2.0 cm3 = 18 cm3
30 spaces x 0.6 cm3 = 18 cm3
Porosity Percentage Example
Before: Beakers filled with 1000 ml of sand (left) and 500 ml of water (right). The water is poured into the sand.
After: Sand-filled beaker now contains an additional 350 ml of water. The water filled the original pore spaces that had air in them.
The water level in the second beaker had declined from 500 ml to 150 ml. The difference is in the sand-filled beaker. The 350 ml of water filled the pore spaces between sand grains. Therefore, 350 ml of the original 1000 ml sand volume was made up of air-filled pore spaces (porosity = (350 1000) x 100 = 35%).
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What is permeability?
What makes some materials more permeable than others? Page 19 of 61
• Usually, permeability will increase as the size of the particles increases. • The larger the particles, the larger the pore spaces. • Liquids (water) move easier through larger openings.
Permeability Def. - the ability of a liquid to pass through a material’s pore spaces
gravel
sand
– (water moves easier through a fire hose than through a garden hose)
clay
Impermeability • If a liquid cannot pass through a material, then it is considered to be impermeable. • If a material is porous but the pores are not connected, then the material will be impermeable.
• When water infiltrates (soaks) into soil, it gets pulled through the pores by gravity. • The water continues to flow downward until it reaches an impermeable layer. • The water then begins to fill in the pore spaces above the impermeable layer – like filling an ice-filled glass with soda – the soda runs through the gaps in the ice, hits the bottom of the glass and then begins to fill the space in the glass between the ice cubes.
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What is retention? What are the characteristics of materials that encourage the retention of water?
What is capillarity? What are the characteristics of materials that encourage ZDWHU VFDSLOODU\DFWLRQ"
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Retention Def. – The amount of water that sticks to the particles and is retained in sediments after the majority of the water flows through.
From what you’ve learned so far this year in our WED unit, what do you think is the biggest factor that affects the retention of water? Hint: Water has adhesive and cohesive properties!!! Based on this and your knowledge of sediments, form a hypothesis… Which soil will retain the most water? Sand, Silt, Clay or Loam (a mixture of the 3)
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Capillarity Def. – water’s adhesive ability allows it to “stick” to surfaces and rise above the average surface level of the water
The smaller the space, the better water is able to adhere to and climb up the surfaces. The adhesive force better overcomes the force of gravity pulling the water down This means that capillarity or capillary action is best between SMALL particles or in small cracks in rocks.
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– Water has the property of cohesion – the molecules stick to each other very well – Water also has the property of adhesion – the water molecules stick to other surfaces very well.
This helps to explain “surface tension”. This is how so many drops of water will stick to a penny, how we can make a paper clip “float” on water, and how water striders stride!
Not all substances that are cohesive are also adhesive. Mercury is VERY cohesive, but NOT adhesive!
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• The layer of soil where all of the pore spaces are filled is called the zone of saturation. • The top of this layer is called the water table – it divides the zones of saturation and aeration. • The layer of soil above the water table is called the zone of aeration (air fills the pore spaces). • There is a part of the zone of aeration that is just above the water table called the capillary fringe. – This is where tiny droplets of water move upward by attaching to small particles of soil.
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What is Infiltration? What are the factors that affect the rate of infiltration of water into the soil? Page 30 of 61
Infiltration Def. – The process by which water that is on the ground’s surface (usually due to precipitation) enters the soil. If the surface water does not infiltrate, it becomes runoff. So, the amounts of infiltration and runoff are inversely (indirectly) related!
The factors that affect the rate of infiltration are: • Particle size • Packing of the particles • Saturation level of the pore spaces • Slope of the ground surface • Vegetation in the area • Ground is thawed or frozen • Amount of asphalt/concrete Let’s examine how each factor affects the rate of infiltration
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What is the water table? How does solid rock hold water?
How does the water table become contaminated? Page 36 of 61
• The depth of the water table varies, depending upon the amount of rainfall, seasons, climate, soil thickness, etc. • Where the water table does not reach the surface, a pipe may be drilled into the ground down to the water table. • Water may then be pumped out (similar to using a straw to drink with) through the pipe. – This is called an ordinary well. – If the water flows out of the pipe without being pumped, because of the pressure in the ground, it is called an artesian well.
Groundwater below a layer of solid rock or clay is in a confined aquifer. The rock or clay is called a confining layer. A well that goes through a confining layer is known as an artesian well.
• Groundwater usually remains cool all year. Because of its depth, groundwater is not affected by the weather changes at the surface • Below 20 meters deep, water may become heated by the Earth’s interior. If it becomes heated to boiling, hot springs may rise to the surface. They may also erupt as gushing springs of boiling water and steam called geysers – (Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming is famous for its hot springs and geysers)
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Name______________________
Regents Earth Science Groundwater
Period___________
*Soil Storage
* Zone of Aeration
** Zone of Saturation
* Saturation Boundary: Water Table
Courtesy Of Steve Kluge
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Groundwater Contamination Groundwater may become polluted by many different means
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What does groundwater have to do with WED anyway???
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• Groundwater can dissolve limestone underground. • Carbonic acid naturally found in groundwater dissolves the calcite in limestone – this is chemical weathering! • Eventually, large portions of the limestone are dissolved and a cavern (cave) may form.
And the question on everyone’s mind…what does all this have to do with WED? Groundwater causes weathering and erosion by the following means….
– Howe Caverns in upstate New York is an example of a limestone cavern.
Sinkholes
Devil’s Sinkhole, Rocksprings, Texas
(we HAVE to keep the tradition going!)
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Test what you know about …
Groundwater!
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A
B
C
D
Predictions: Which setup will have the greatest permeability (the water will run fastest through it) ? __________ Which setup has the greatest porosity? (beaker will contain the most water - ignoring retention) ___________ Observations: Which setup has the greatest permeability (the water ran fastest through it) ? __________ Which beaker(s) contained the most water? (ignoring retention) _______________ Application and Reasoning: In actuality, retention would be a considerable factor in the experiment. Taking retention in consideration: Which beaker would contain the most water? ______ Which beaker would contain the least water? _________ Explain WHY!!!! Page 45 of 61
Graphical Relationships of Various Characteristics vs. Porosity, Capillarity, Permeability and Infiltration
Porosity
Porosity Permeability
Permeability
Capillarity
Porosity Permeability
Capillarity
Porosity
Directions: Use your noodle to think about the GENERAL relationships between the properties of groundwater and the factors that affect them! List each property on the X axes WITH DESCRIPTORS and draw the GENERALIZED graphical relationship for each one.
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Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Retention
Retention
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NAME____________________________
DATE_______________
GRAPHING SURFACE PROCESSES
by Charles Burrows
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
x plant growth permeability freezing plant growth freezing particle size particle size time of day slope particle size slope pore size degree of saturation pore size degree of packing roundness particle size rainfall degree of saturation particle size month of year particle size degree of sorting permeability rainfall
y
Graph #
runoff runoff runoff infiltration infiltration capillarity surface area evapotranspiration
runoff porosity infiltration permeability infiltration capillarity porosity porosity infiltration runoff runoff runoff evapotranspiration
permeability porosity infiltration infiltration Updated 05/13
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Name: ___________________________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ___________
!
Water & Climate
The Physical Setting: Earth Science
Worksheet: The Water Cycle
Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below, which shows a model of the water vapor cycle. Letters A through F represent some processes of the water cycle. Letter X indicates the top of the underground zone that is saturated with water.
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1. Which process is represented by letter F? a. capillarity b. infiltration c. condensation d. vaporization
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2. What does letter X represent? a. the water table b. a flood plain c. sea level d. impermeable rock
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3. If the surface soil is saturated and precipitation increases, there will be a. a decrease in the amount of groundwater b. a decrease in the surface elevation of the lake c. an increase in the rate of capillarity d. an increase in the amount of runoff
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Leigh-Manuell - !1
! ! !! 4. !
Worksheet: The Water Cycle During a rainstorm, when soil becomes saturated, the amount of infiltration a. decreases and runoff decreases b. decreases and runoff increases c. increases and runoff decreases d. increases and runoff increases
5. A paved blacktop parking lot was built on what was once a soil-covered field. This area will now experience increased runoff when rain occurs because the paved parking lot has a. less capillarity b. greater infiltration c. less permeability d. greater porosity
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6. Compared to an area of Earth’s surface with gentle slopes, an area with steeper slopes most likely has a. less infiltration and more runoff b. less infiltration and less runoff c. more infiltration and more runoff d. more infiltration and less runoff
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Base your answers to questions 7 through 8 on the diagram below, which shows two identical containers filled with uniform particles that were sorted by size.
7. Which characteristic is most likely the same for these particle-filled containers? a. infiltration rate b. water retention c. capillarity d. porosity
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8. Water will be able to infiltrate each of these sediment samples if the sediment is? a. saturated and impermeable b. saturated and permeable c. unsaturated and impermeable d. unsaturated and permeable
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Leigh-Manuell - !2
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ___________
Water and Climate
The Physical Setting: Earth Science
Supplemental: Water Cycle I Directions: Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below that represents a portion of a stream and its surrounding bedrock. The arrows represent the movement of water molecules by the processes of the water cycle. The water table is indicated by a dashed line. Letter A represents a water cycle process occurring at a specific location. Letter d represents the distance between the water table and the land surface.
1. Identify water cycle process A, which produces cloud droplets.
2. Describe the permeability, porosity and slope that allow the most infiltration of rainwater.
3. Explain why the distance, d, would decrease after several days of heavy rainfall.
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Leigh-Manuell - !1
Groundwater Practice Q’s 1.__________A soil sample with a large amount of space between the particles will have a: (1) low permeability rate (3) high porosity (2) low infiltration rate (4) high capillarity
2.__________Which column above contains particles with a diameter of 0.4 cm? 3. Describe the relationship between the sediment size and the permeability that will be observed when water is poured through the sediments in the columns above.
4. An equal amount of water is poured through each column above. On the grid to the right, draw a line to show the relative amount of water retained in the sediment after the water flows through each column.
5.______ Which graph to the right best represents the relationship between soil particle size and the rate at which water infiltrates permeable soil?
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The diagram to the right shows a laboratory setup. The rubber band holds the filter paper across the base of the open tube to hold the soil sample. The tube was placed in the water as shown. The upward movement of water is represented by arrows. The height of the water that moved upward within the soil was measured. Students repeated this procedure using soils with different particle sizes. Results of the experiment are shown in the data table. 6.__________Results of this experiment lead to the conclusion that: (1) (2) (3) (4)
capillarity is greater in soils with larger particles capillarity is greater in soils with smaller particles permeability is greater in soils with smaller particles porosity is greater in soils with smaller particles
7.__________Refer to the diagram to the right to answer this question. Which characteristic is most likely the same for these particle-filled containers? (1) infiltration rate (2) permeability
(3) capillarity (4) porosity
8.______ Which graph below best represents the relationship between soil particle size and the soil’s permeability rate? (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.______ Which soil conditions normally result in the greatest amount of runoff? (1) low permeability and gentle slope (2) low permeability and steep slope
(3) high permeability and gentle slope (4) high permeability and steep slope
10.______ A soil sample with a large amount of space between the particles will have a (1) low permeability rate (2) low infiltration rate (3) high porosity (4) high capillarity Page 60 of 61
Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the bedrock cross section to the right. The cross section represents part of Earth’s crust where natural gas, oil, and water have moved upward through a layer of folded sandstone and filled the pore spaces at the top of the sandstone layer. 11.______ The final arrangement of the natural gas, oil, and water within the sandstone was caused by differences in their (1) density
(2) specific heat
(3) relative age
(4) radioactive half-life
12.______ The natural gas, oil, and water are trapped within the layer of sandstone and do not move upward through the shale because, compared to the sandstone, the shale has (1) lower permeability (2) less foliation (3) larger pore spaces (4) larger particles Base your answers to the following questions on the particles below that represent sorted particles that make up 3 different soil samples.
Particle A
Particle B
Assuming an equal volume of each sediment exists in each soil profile: 13. Which sample would have the best capillarity? ______________ The soil made of particle ________ 14. Which soil would have the best permeability? The soil made of particle ________ 15. Which soil would have the greatest porosity? The soil made of particle ________ 16. Which soil would have the greatest retention? The soil made of particle ________
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Particle C
Regents Earth Science Mrs. O’Gorman
Name: __________________
Groundwater Story Hey, what happened to my water? There's something here that you should know, The story of water from down below. Ohh, I'm groundwater, I'm all around Most of your water is underground The water we have is all the same I'm used over and over again
Use it, groundwater, Don't abuse it, groundwater. We use our groundwater everyday, Let's make sure it's here to stay. The rainy days, I must lament, The troubles I have with tar and cement. I can't fill the ground if I can't get through, I'm groundwater, my power is vast, But waste and pollution keep me from my task. If we're not careful clean water won't last.
I surrounded the castle with a watery moat, And I float along under Huck Finn's boat. I once dripped down as dinosaur drool, And now I'm the cool that fills your swimming pool.
Without some help, we can't carry on, What will we do if the water is gone?
Feel the drops of snow and rain, An age old cycle again and again. Groundwater, under the ground, Groundwater going down, In the ground, ground water, All around, groundwater. Don't you know, at least you care, The water we use is everywhere.
Every time you brush your teeth, Remember the water underneath. Next time wait, stop, and think, Before you dump stuff down the sink. Do you part for water power, learn to take a shorter shower. Stuff that makes the grass look swell, Will end up later in your well. Protect, groundwater! Conserve, groundwater!
Riding along the aquifers, Deep down under where no one stirs. I feed the lakes, streams, and land, I'm pulled by wells, I'm in demand. Flowin’ along the great buried treasure, Slipping through spaces too small to measure. I may start off with an oily sheen, But the dirty rocks help keep me clean. Swallow and swim, shave and spray, We all use water everyday. Some for fishes, some for dishes, At least enough for everyone's wishes
As you plan to build and grow leave open space for water to flow. Be aware, groundwater! Show you care, groundwater! Now you are in the know. Don't forget the water down below! Don't forget the water down below! Don't forget the water down below!
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Groundwater Vocabulary Primer Directions: Use your TB and BFRB to define each term in the second column. If neither has the definition, look it up on the Internet. When we go over the concept in class, draw pics, make additional notes, record memory aids, etc. in the third column. Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Runoff
Infiltration
Percolation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Respiration
Hydrosphere
Porosity
Permeability
Impermeable
Retention
Water Table
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Capillarity
Capillary action
Capillary Fringe
Zone of Saturation
Zone of Aeration
Aquifer
Artesian well/spring
Contamination
Sinkhole
Cavern
Stalactite
Stalagmite
Geyser
Hot spring
Alluvium
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Where does ground water come from? Let’s review the water cycle! Page 4 of 61
The World’s Water • Approx. 97% of the Earth’s water is salt water. • Approx. 3% is fresh water. – Of this 3%, most of it is frozen in the ice caps and in glaciers. – This leaves only about ½% (0.5%) of all Earth’s water as usable fresh water.
• Most of this usable fresh water is found underground. • All of the Earth’s water is part of the hydrosphere
Water Cycle • Movement of water from one part of the hydrosphere to another is called the water cycle. • The energy to start the water cycle comes from the sun (causes evaporation to begin). • Water enters the air as vapor from evaporation (directly from liquid water), transpiration (water vapor given off by plants) and respiration (water vapor given off by animals). • The vapor cools and condenses into clouds, precipitation occurs, and the water flows back into the ground or runs off over the ground into other bodies of water. • This is a continuous cycle.
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The Complete Hydrologic Cycle
Our Hydrologic Cycle
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What is porosity?
What are the sediment characteristics that affect porosity? Page 12 of 61
Groundwater: Characteristics and Ways we measure and describe how water is transmitted through and held in the ground
How much water can the sediments in the ground hold? • The percentage of pore space in the sediment is called POROSITY. • The amount of water that the ground can hold depends on the amount of open space (pore space) between the sediment particles.
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The Porosity of the soil depends upon 3 things:
The porosity of the soil depends on: #1) Particle shape-
Rounded fragments
– Rounded particles do not fit together well, so they will have more space between them. – Angular particles have flat sides that fit together (like a puzzle), and therefore will have less space between them. Which one has higher porosity? Rounded or Angular?
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Angular Fragments
The porosity of the soil depends on: #2) Sorting • Well-sorted particles (all the same size), don’t fill all the tiny spaces well and have the greatest pore space. • Unsorted particles have small particles which fill in the pore spaces between large particles, decreasing the amount of open space.
Well-sorted particles have a greater / lower porosity than unsorted particles
The porosity of the soil depends on: #3) Packing or arrangement • Tightly-packed particles are compressed together densely. The amount of space between the particles is reduced, therefore decreasing the pore space. • Loosely-packed particles are not compressed together. The amount of air space between the particles is higher, therefore increasing the pore space.
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******VIF****** Particle size does not affect the porosity!!! Large particles have large spaces between them, but few of them. Small particles have small spaces between them, but many of them. The porosities will be equal!! 9 spaces x 2.0 cm3 = 18 cm3
30 spaces x 0.6 cm3 = 18 cm3
Porosity Percentage Example
Before: Beakers filled with 1000 ml of sand (left) and 500 ml of water (right). The water is poured into the sand.
After: Sand-filled beaker now contains an additional 350 ml of water. The water filled the original pore spaces that had air in them.
The water level in the second beaker had declined from 500 ml to 150 ml. The difference is in the sand-filled beaker. The 350 ml of water filled the pore spaces between sand grains. Therefore, 350 ml of the original 1000 ml sand volume was made up of air-filled pore spaces (porosity = (350 1000) x 100 = 35%).
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What is permeability?
What makes some materials more permeable than others? Page 19 of 61
• Usually, permeability will increase as the size of the particles increases. • The larger the particles, the larger the pore spaces. • Liquids (water) move easier through larger openings.
Permeability Def. - the ability of a liquid to pass through a material’s pore spaces
gravel
sand
– (water moves easier through a fire hose than through a garden hose)
clay
Impermeability • If a liquid cannot pass through a material, then it is considered to be impermeable. • If a material is porous but the pores are not connected, then the material will be impermeable.
• When water infiltrates (soaks) into soil, it gets pulled through the pores by gravity. • The water continues to flow downward until it reaches an impermeable layer. • The water then begins to fill in the pore spaces above the impermeable layer – like filling an ice-filled glass with soda – the soda runs through the gaps in the ice, hits the bottom of the glass and then begins to fill the space in the glass between the ice cubes.
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What is retention? What are the characteristics of materials that encourage the retention of water?
What is capillarity? What are the characteristics of materials that encourage ZDWHU VFDSLOODU\DFWLRQ"
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Retention Def. – The amount of water that sticks to the particles and is retained in sediments after the majority of the water flows through.
From what you’ve learned so far this year in our WED unit, what do you think is the biggest factor that affects the retention of water? Hint: Water has adhesive and cohesive properties!!! Based on this and your knowledge of sediments, form a hypothesis… Which soil will retain the most water? Sand, Silt, Clay or Loam (a mixture of the 3)
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Capillarity Def. – water’s adhesive ability allows it to “stick” to surfaces and rise above the average surface level of the water
The smaller the space, the better water is able to adhere to and climb up the surfaces. The adhesive force better overcomes the force of gravity pulling the water down This means that capillarity or capillary action is best between SMALL particles or in small cracks in rocks.
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– Water has the property of cohesion – the molecules stick to each other very well – Water also has the property of adhesion – the water molecules stick to other surfaces very well.
This helps to explain “surface tension”. This is how so many drops of water will stick to a penny, how we can make a paper clip “float” on water, and how water striders stride!
Not all substances that are cohesive are also adhesive. Mercury is VERY cohesive, but NOT adhesive!
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• The layer of soil where all of the pore spaces are filled is called the zone of saturation. • The top of this layer is called the water table – it divides the zones of saturation and aeration. • The layer of soil above the water table is called the zone of aeration (air fills the pore spaces). • There is a part of the zone of aeration that is just above the water table called the capillary fringe. – This is where tiny droplets of water move upward by attaching to small particles of soil.
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What is Infiltration? What are the factors that affect the rate of infiltration of water into the soil? Page 30 of 61
Infiltration Def. – The process by which water that is on the ground’s surface (usually due to precipitation) enters the soil. If the surface water does not infiltrate, it becomes runoff. So, the amounts of infiltration and runoff are inversely (indirectly) related!
The factors that affect the rate of infiltration are: • Particle size • Packing of the particles • Saturation level of the pore spaces • Slope of the ground surface • Vegetation in the area • Ground is thawed or frozen • Amount of asphalt/concrete Let’s examine how each factor affects the rate of infiltration
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What is the water table? How does solid rock hold water?
How does the water table become contaminated? Page 36 of 61
• The depth of the water table varies, depending upon the amount of rainfall, seasons, climate, soil thickness, etc. • Where the water table does not reach the surface, a pipe may be drilled into the ground down to the water table. • Water may then be pumped out (similar to using a straw to drink with) through the pipe. – This is called an ordinary well. – If the water flows out of the pipe without being pumped, because of the pressure in the ground, it is called an artesian well.
Groundwater below a layer of solid rock or clay is in a confined aquifer. The rock or clay is called a confining layer. A well that goes through a confining layer is known as an artesian well.
• Groundwater usually remains cool all year. Because of its depth, groundwater is not affected by the weather changes at the surface • Below 20 meters deep, water may become heated by the Earth’s interior. If it becomes heated to boiling, hot springs may rise to the surface. They may also erupt as gushing springs of boiling water and steam called geysers – (Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming is famous for its hot springs and geysers)
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Name______________________
Regents Earth Science Groundwater
Period___________
*Soil Storage
* Zone of Aeration
** Zone of Saturation
* Saturation Boundary: Water Table
Courtesy Of Steve Kluge
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Groundwater Contamination Groundwater may become polluted by many different means
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What does groundwater have to do with WED anyway???
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• Groundwater can dissolve limestone underground. • Carbonic acid naturally found in groundwater dissolves the calcite in limestone – this is chemical weathering! • Eventually, large portions of the limestone are dissolved and a cavern (cave) may form.
And the question on everyone’s mind…what does all this have to do with WED? Groundwater causes weathering and erosion by the following means….
– Howe Caverns in upstate New York is an example of a limestone cavern.
Sinkholes
Devil’s Sinkhole, Rocksprings, Texas
(we HAVE to keep the tradition going!)
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Test what you know about …
Groundwater!
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A
B
C
D
Predictions: Which setup will have the greatest permeability (the water will run fastest through it) ? __________ Which setup has the greatest porosity? (beaker will contain the most water - ignoring retention) ___________ Observations: Which setup has the greatest permeability (the water ran fastest through it) ? __________ Which beaker(s) contained the most water? (ignoring retention) _______________ Application and Reasoning: In actuality, retention would be a considerable factor in the experiment. Taking retention in consideration: Which beaker would contain the most water? ______ Which beaker would contain the least water? _________ Explain WHY!!!! Page 45 of 61
Graphical Relationships of Various Characteristics vs. Porosity, Capillarity, Permeability and Infiltration
Porosity
Porosity Permeability
Permeability
Capillarity
Porosity Permeability
Capillarity
Porosity
Directions: Use your noodle to think about the GENERAL relationships between the properties of groundwater and the factors that affect them! List each property on the X axes WITH DESCRIPTORS and draw the GENERALIZED graphical relationship for each one.
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Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Infiltration
Retention
Retention
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NAME____________________________
DATE_______________
GRAPHING SURFACE PROCESSES
by Charles Burrows
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
x plant growth permeability freezing plant growth freezing particle size particle size time of day slope particle size slope pore size degree of saturation pore size degree of packing roundness particle size rainfall degree of saturation particle size month of year particle size degree of sorting permeability rainfall
y
Graph #
runoff runoff runoff infiltration infiltration capillarity surface area evapotranspiration
runoff porosity infiltration permeability infiltration capillarity porosity porosity infiltration runoff runoff runoff evapotranspiration
permeability porosity infiltration infiltration Updated 05/13
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Name: ___________________________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ___________
!
Water & Climate
The Physical Setting: Earth Science
Worksheet: The Water Cycle
Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below, which shows a model of the water vapor cycle. Letters A through F represent some processes of the water cycle. Letter X indicates the top of the underground zone that is saturated with water.
!
1. Which process is represented by letter F? a. capillarity b. infiltration c. condensation d. vaporization
!
2. What does letter X represent? a. the water table b. a flood plain c. sea level d. impermeable rock
!
3. If the surface soil is saturated and precipitation increases, there will be a. a decrease in the amount of groundwater b. a decrease in the surface elevation of the lake c. an increase in the rate of capillarity d. an increase in the amount of runoff
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Leigh-Manuell - !1
! ! !! 4. !
Worksheet: The Water Cycle During a rainstorm, when soil becomes saturated, the amount of infiltration a. decreases and runoff decreases b. decreases and runoff increases c. increases and runoff decreases d. increases and runoff increases
5. A paved blacktop parking lot was built on what was once a soil-covered field. This area will now experience increased runoff when rain occurs because the paved parking lot has a. less capillarity b. greater infiltration c. less permeability d. greater porosity
!
6. Compared to an area of Earth’s surface with gentle slopes, an area with steeper slopes most likely has a. less infiltration and more runoff b. less infiltration and less runoff c. more infiltration and more runoff d. more infiltration and less runoff
!
!
Base your answers to questions 7 through 8 on the diagram below, which shows two identical containers filled with uniform particles that were sorted by size.
7. Which characteristic is most likely the same for these particle-filled containers? a. infiltration rate b. water retention c. capillarity d. porosity
!
8. Water will be able to infiltrate each of these sediment samples if the sediment is? a. saturated and impermeable b. saturated and permeable c. unsaturated and impermeable d. unsaturated and permeable
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Leigh-Manuell - !2
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: __________________________ Period: ___________
Water and Climate
The Physical Setting: Earth Science
Supplemental: Water Cycle I Directions: Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below that represents a portion of a stream and its surrounding bedrock. The arrows represent the movement of water molecules by the processes of the water cycle. The water table is indicated by a dashed line. Letter A represents a water cycle process occurring at a specific location. Letter d represents the distance between the water table and the land surface.
1. Identify water cycle process A, which produces cloud droplets.
2. Describe the permeability, porosity and slope that allow the most infiltration of rainwater.
3. Explain why the distance, d, would decrease after several days of heavy rainfall.
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Leigh-Manuell - !1
Groundwater Practice Q’s 1.__________A soil sample with a large amount of space between the particles will have a: (1) low permeability rate (3) high porosity (2) low infiltration rate (4) high capillarity
2.__________Which column above contains particles with a diameter of 0.4 cm? 3. Describe the relationship between the sediment size and the permeability that will be observed when water is poured through the sediments in the columns above.
4. An equal amount of water is poured through each column above. On the grid to the right, draw a line to show the relative amount of water retained in the sediment after the water flows through each column.
5.______ Which graph to the right best represents the relationship between soil particle size and the rate at which water infiltrates permeable soil?
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The diagram to the right shows a laboratory setup. The rubber band holds the filter paper across the base of the open tube to hold the soil sample. The tube was placed in the water as shown. The upward movement of water is represented by arrows. The height of the water that moved upward within the soil was measured. Students repeated this procedure using soils with different particle sizes. Results of the experiment are shown in the data table. 6.__________Results of this experiment lead to the conclusion that: (1) (2) (3) (4)
capillarity is greater in soils with larger particles capillarity is greater in soils with smaller particles permeability is greater in soils with smaller particles porosity is greater in soils with smaller particles
7.__________Refer to the diagram to the right to answer this question. Which characteristic is most likely the same for these particle-filled containers? (1) infiltration rate (2) permeability
(3) capillarity (4) porosity
8.______ Which graph below best represents the relationship between soil particle size and the soil’s permeability rate? (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
9.______ Which soil conditions normally result in the greatest amount of runoff? (1) low permeability and gentle slope (2) low permeability and steep slope
(3) high permeability and gentle slope (4) high permeability and steep slope
10.______ A soil sample with a large amount of space between the particles will have a (1) low permeability rate (2) low infiltration rate (3) high porosity (4) high capillarity Page 60 of 61
Base your answers to questions 11 and 12 on the bedrock cross section to the right. The cross section represents part of Earth’s crust where natural gas, oil, and water have moved upward through a layer of folded sandstone and filled the pore spaces at the top of the sandstone layer. 11.______ The final arrangement of the natural gas, oil, and water within the sandstone was caused by differences in their (1) density
(2) specific heat
(3) relative age
(4) radioactive half-life
12.______ The natural gas, oil, and water are trapped within the layer of sandstone and do not move upward through the shale because, compared to the sandstone, the shale has (1) lower permeability (2) less foliation (3) larger pore spaces (4) larger particles Base your answers to the following questions on the particles below that represent sorted particles that make up 3 different soil samples.
Particle A
Particle B
Assuming an equal volume of each sediment exists in each soil profile: 13. Which sample would have the best capillarity? ______________ The soil made of particle ________ 14. Which soil would have the best permeability? The soil made of particle ________ 15. Which soil would have the greatest porosity? The soil made of particle ________ 16. Which soil would have the greatest retention? The soil made of particle ________
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Particle C
