GRUHD: A Greek Database of Unconstrained ... - LREC Conferences
*58+' $*UHHN'DWDEDVHRI8QFRQVWUDLQHG+DQGZULWLQJ (.DYDOOLHUDWRX1/LROLRV(.RXWVRJHRUJRV1)DNRWDNLVDQG*.RNNLQDNLV :LUH&RPPXQLFDWLRQV/DERUDWRU\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI3DWUDV3DWUDV*UHHFH 7HO ID[ HUJLQDQOLROLRVMXQLRUIDNRWDNLNRNNLQDNL #ZFOHHXSDWUDVJU $EVWUDFW
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
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHUHVHDUFKLQ2SWLFDO&KDUDFWHU5HFRJQLWLRQ 2&5 KDVVWDUWHGLQWKHHDUO\ V$YHU\FUXFLDODQGVWLOORSHQ SUREOHPLVWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHSURSRVHGV\VWHPVRQWKH EDVLV RI FRPPRQ UHVRXUFHV ,QGHHG WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH UHVHDUFKHUV XVH WKHLU RZQ GDWD IRU WUDLQLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ 7KHUHIRUH WKH H[WUDFWLRQ RI XVHIXO FRQFOXVLRQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI WKH SURSRVHG V\VWHPV LV D YHU\ GLIILFXOWLIQRWLQDSSOLFDEOHWDVN
2QO\ UHFHQWO\ SXELF GRPDLQ UHVRXUFHV KDYH EHFRPH DYDLODEOH 2QH RI WKH PRVW IDPRXV GDWDEDVHV DW WKH PRPHQWLV1,67 :LONLQVRQ WKDWFRQWDLQVLVRODWHG FKDUDFWHUV ZKLOH D PRUH UHFHQW RQH LV ,$0'% 0DUWL WKDW FRQWDLQV IXOO (QJOLVK VHQWHQFHV 0RUHRYHU WKHUHKDYHEHHQFUHDWHGGDWDEDVHVRIKDQGZULWWHQQXPHUDOV 6XHQ DLPLQJ DW VSHFLDOL]HG DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV UHFRJQLWLRQ RI SRVWDO FRGH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH (QJOLVK GDWDEDVHV WKHUH DUH GDWDEDVHV RI RWKHU ODQJXDJHV .LP 6DLWR
)LJXUH 7KHWZRW\SHVRIIRUP
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
'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH'DWDEDVH $ WHDP RI SHUVRQV ZRUNHG IRU IRXU PRQWKV DERXW PDQKRXUV LQ WRWDO IRU WKH GHVLJQ DQG WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH *58+' GDWDEDVH 0RUH WKDQ SHUVRQV ZHUH DVNHG WR ILOO WKH IRUPV RI ILJ +RZHYHU QR UHVWULFWLRQ ZDV VHW WR WKH ZULWHUV FRQFHUQLQJ WKHLU VW\OH RI ZULWLQJ VODQWHG FRQQHFWHG RU KDQGSULQWHG FKDUDFWHUV HWF +HQFH WKH UHVXOW LV D FRPSLODWLRQ RI XQFRQVWUDLQHG KDQGZULWLQJVDPSOHV
'DWD$FTXLVLWLRQ $V DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH GDWD VXFFHHGHG E\ DVNLQJ PRUH WKDQ SHUVRQV WR ILOO WKH IRUPVRIILJ7KHVHIRUPV ZHUHGHVLJQHGLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKRVH RI WKH 1,67 GDWDEDVH %RWK IRUPV DUH VLPLODU DQGFRQWDLQ ILHOGVHDFK7KHZULWHUVZHUHDVNHGWRFRS\ LQ WKHVH ILHOGV WKH V\PEROV VKRZQ DERYH RU QH[W WR HDFK ILHOG
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
.LQGRI6\PEROV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV FKDUDFWHUV FKDUDFWHUV VWUHVVHGFKDU RWKHUV\PEROV FKDUDFWHUV
&RPPHQWV $VFHQGLQJRUGHU $VFHQGLQJRUGHU $VFHQGLQJRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU ,QRUGHU 3RHP
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¡ 7KHDJHGLVWULEXWLRQZDVDVIROORZV EHWZHHQ \HDUV EHWZHHQ EHWZHHQ EHWZHHQDQGRYHU\HDUV ILJE
¡ ¡ ¡
RI WKH IRUPV ZHUH ILOOHG LQ VFKRROV LQ ZULWHUV¶ KRPHV LQ RIILFHV DQG LQ SXEOLF SODFHV ILJF 7KH HGXFDWLRQDO OHYHO RI WKH ZULWHUV ZDV HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO JHQHUDO KLJK VFKRRO WHFKQLFDOVFKRROVDQGXQLYHUVLW\ ILJG RIWKHZULWHUVZHUHQDWLYH*UHHNV ILJH
'DWD3URFHVVLQJ 7KHIRUPVZHUHVFDQQHGLQJUD\VFDOHDQGGSLDQG ODEHOHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHZULWHUDQGWKHVH[RIWKHZULWHUDV ZHOO DV WKH W\SH RI IRUP (DFK IRUP LV VWRUHG LQ D ILOH HQWLWOHG ;;;&EPS ZKHUH ;;; LV D XQLTXH LQWHJHU FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHZULWHUDQG&LVDFKDUDFWHUWKDWJLYHV WKHW\SHRIIRUP
PDOHZULWHUV
IHPDOHZULWHUV
D 6H[GLVWULEXWLRQ
RYHU
E $JH'LVWULEXWLRQ
VFKRROV
ZULWHUV KRPH
RIILFH
SXEOLFSODFHV
F /RFDWLRQRIGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQ
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
KLJKVFKRRO
WHFKQLFDOVFKRROV
XQLYHUVLW\
G :ULWHUV HGXFDWLRQDOOHYHO
QDWLYH*UHHNV
RWKHU
H 1DWLRQDOLW\
)LJXUH :ULWHUV¶GLVWULEXWLRQ
&KDUDFWHU $ %
0HQZULWHUV
:RPHQZU
7RWDO
7DEOH $PRXQWRI*UHHNDOSKDEHWFKDUDFWHUVLQFOXGHGLQ WKHGDWDEDVH
'LJLW
0HQZULWHUV
:RPHQZU
7RWDO
7DEOH $PRXQWRIGLJLWV &KDUDFWHU
0HQZULWHUV
:RPHQZU
GDWDEDVH FDQ EH RUJDQLVHG LQ GLUHFWRU\ WUHHV IRU WKH V\PEROVRUWKHZRUGV
)LJXUH 7KH*58+'6RIWZDUH 7RWDO
$VIDUDVWKHV\PEROVDUHFRQFHUQHGZHFDQVHOHFWWKH RUJDQLVDWLRQE\$6&,,FRGHRUZULWHU,QWKHILUVWFDVHWKH RUJDQLVDWLRQ WUHH FRQVLVWV RI GLUHFWRULHV QDPHG DIWHU WKH $6&,,FRGHRIWKHV\PEROV%\FKRLFHWKHKLHUDUFK\WUHH FDQ LQFOXGH RU QRW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH VH[ RI WKH ZULWHUV)LQDOO\WKHEPSILOHVZLWKWKHV\PEROVZLOOKDYH ILOHQDPHV RI W\SH ;;;B
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
,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KHUHVHDUFKLQ2SWLFDO&KDUDFWHU5HFRJQLWLRQ 2&5 KDVVWDUWHGLQWKHHDUO\ V$YHU\FUXFLDODQGVWLOORSHQ SUREOHPLVWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHSURSRVHGV\VWHPVRQWKH EDVLV RI FRPPRQ UHVRXUFHV ,QGHHG WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH UHVHDUFKHUV XVH WKHLU RZQ GDWD IRU WUDLQLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ 7KHUHIRUH WKH H[WUDFWLRQ RI XVHIXO FRQFOXVLRQV UHJDUGLQJ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI WKH SURSRVHG V\VWHPV LV D YHU\ GLIILFXOWLIQRWLQDSSOLFDEOHWDVN
2QO\ UHFHQWO\ SXELF GRPDLQ UHVRXUFHV KDYH EHFRPH DYDLODEOH 2QH RI WKH PRVW IDPRXV GDWDEDVHV DW WKH PRPHQWLV1,67 :LONLQVRQ WKDWFRQWDLQVLVRODWHG FKDUDFWHUV ZKLOH D PRUH UHFHQW RQH LV ,$0'% 0DUWL WKDW FRQWDLQV IXOO (QJOLVK VHQWHQFHV 0RUHRYHU WKHUHKDYHEHHQFUHDWHGGDWDEDVHVRIKDQGZULWWHQQXPHUDOV 6XHQ DLPLQJ DW VSHFLDOL]HG DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV UHFRJQLWLRQ RI SRVWDO FRGH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH (QJOLVK GDWDEDVHV WKHUH DUH GDWDEDVHV RI RWKHU ODQJXDJHV .LP 6DLWR
)LJXUH 7KHWZRW\SHVRIIRUP
$Q 2&5 GDWDEDVH KDV WR IXOILOO FHUWDLQ FULWHULD GHSHQGLQJ RQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ +RZHYHU WKH KDQGLQHVV DV ZHOODVWKHFRPSOHWHQHVVDUHPDMRUGHPDQGV &RQFHUQLQJWKH*UHHNODQJXDJHWKHDOSKDEHWLQFOXGHV FKDUDFWHUVZKLFKDUHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKH RWKHU/DWLQDOSKDEHW XSSHUFDVH DQG ORZHUFDVH 0RUHRYHU WKH JUHHN FKDUDFWHU DUH YHU\ RIWHQ PHW LQ GRFXPHQWV RI PDWKHPDWLFV SK\VLFV DQG RWKHU VFLHQFHV 7KHVHSHFXOLDULWLHVDVZHOODVWKHGLIIHUHQWVW\OHRIZULWLQJ WKDWWKHVHFKDUDFWHUVGULYHPDNHQHFHVVDU\WKHFUHDWLRQRI D*UHHNFKDUDFWHUGDWDEDVH ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SUHVHQW D *UHHN 8QFRQVWUDLQHG +DQGZULWLQJ'DWDEDVH *58+' ZKLFKWRWKHEHVWRIRXU NQRZOHGJHLVWKHRQO\H[LVWLQJGDWDEDVHRI0RGHUQ*UHHN LQWKLVGRPDLQ$WSUHVHQWWKH*58+'GDWDEDVHLQFOXGHV IRUPV ZULWWHQ E\ SHUVRQV DERXW V\PEROVDQG ZRUGVLQWRWDO 7KH*58+'GDWDEDVHLVDFFRPSDQLHGE\WKH*58+' VRIWZDUHWKDWHQDEOHVWKH XVHU WR H[WUDFW DQG XVH WKH GDWD IURPWKHIRUPVVHOHFWLYHO\GHSHQGLQJRQWKH DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KXVERWKWKHFKDUDFWHUVDQGWKHZRUGVFDQEHFODVVLILHG DFFRUGLQJWRYDULRXVFULWHULD HJZULWHUVH[ RUH[WUDFWHG DV D ZKROH 0RUHRYHU WKH FKDUDFWHUV FDQ EH FODVVLILHG LQ $6&,,FRGH 7KH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI GDWD RUJDQL]DWLRQ DOORZHG E\ WKH SUHVHQWHG GDWDEDVH PDNHV LW DSSURSULDWH IRU WKH WUDLQLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ RI D ODUJH QXPEHU RI DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DV FKDUDFWHU UHFRJQLWLRQ FKDUDFWHU VHJPHQWDWLRQ WH[WGHSHQGHQW ZULWHU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RU YHULILFDWLRQ V\VWHPV 7KHGDWDEDVHKDVEHHQXVHGIRUWKHWUDLQLQJDQGWHVWLQJ RI WKH FKDUDFWHU VHJPHQWDWLRQ V\VWHP GHVFULEHG LQ .DYDOOLHUDWRX DV ZHOO DV LQ WKH 2&5 V\VWHP GHYHORSHG LQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI WKH (XURSHDQ SURMHFW $&&H66 /( WKDW FRPELQHV VSRNHQ DQG ZULWWHQ ODQJXDJHLQFDOOFHQWHUDSSOLFDWLRQV 7KH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH SDSHU LV DV IROORZV 7KH GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG SURFHVVLQJ SURFHGXUHV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ VHFWLRQ DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLOH WKH GDWD RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV GHVFULEHG LQ VHFWLRQ )LQDOO\ VRPH FRQFOXVLRQVDUHGUDZQLQVHFWLRQ
'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH'DWDEDVH $ WHDP RI SHUVRQV ZRUNHG IRU IRXU PRQWKV DERXW PDQKRXUV LQ WRWDO IRU WKH GHVLJQ DQG WKH FUHDWLRQ RI WKH *58+' GDWDEDVH 0RUH WKDQ SHUVRQV ZHUH DVNHG WR ILOO WKH IRUPV RI ILJ +RZHYHU QR UHVWULFWLRQ ZDV VHW WR WKH ZULWHUV FRQFHUQLQJ WKHLU VW\OH RI ZULWLQJ VODQWHG FRQQHFWHG RU KDQGSULQWHG FKDUDFWHUV HWF +HQFH WKH UHVXOW LV D FRPSLODWLRQ RI XQFRQVWUDLQHG KDQGZULWLQJVDPSOHV
'DWD$FTXLVLWLRQ $V DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH GDWD VXFFHHGHG E\ DVNLQJ PRUH WKDQ SHUVRQV WR ILOO WKH IRUPVRIILJ7KHVHIRUPV ZHUHGHVLJQHGLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKRVH RI WKH 1,67 GDWDEDVH %RWK IRUPV DUH VLPLODU DQGFRQWDLQ ILHOGVHDFK7KHZULWHUVZHUHDVNHGWRFRS\ LQ WKHVH ILHOGV WKH V\PEROV VKRZQ DERYH RU QH[W WR HDFK ILHOG
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
.LQGRI6\PEROV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV GLJLWV FKDUDFWHUV FKDUDFWHUV VWUHVVHGFKDU RWKHUV\PEROV FKDUDFWHUV
&RPPHQWV $VFHQGLQJRUGHU $VFHQGLQJRUGHU $VFHQGLQJRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU 5DQGRPRUGHU ,QRUGHU 3RHP
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¡ 7KHDJHGLVWULEXWLRQZDVDVIROORZV EHWZHHQ \HDUV EHWZHHQ EHWZHHQ EHWZHHQDQGRYHU\HDUV ILJE
¡ ¡ ¡
RI WKH IRUPV ZHUH ILOOHG LQ VFKRROV LQ ZULWHUV¶ KRPHV LQ RIILFHV DQG LQ SXEOLF SODFHV ILJF 7KH HGXFDWLRQDO OHYHO RI WKH ZULWHUV ZDV HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO JHQHUDO KLJK VFKRRO WHFKQLFDOVFKRROVDQGXQLYHUVLW\ ILJG RIWKHZULWHUVZHUHQDWLYH*UHHNV ILJH
'DWD3URFHVVLQJ 7KHIRUPVZHUHVFDQQHGLQJUD\VFDOHDQGGSLDQG ODEHOHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHZULWHUDQGWKHVH[RIWKHZULWHUDV ZHOO DV WKH W\SH RI IRUP (DFK IRUP LV VWRUHG LQ D ILOH HQWLWOHG ;;;&EPS ZKHUH ;;; LV D XQLTXH LQWHJHU FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHZULWHUDQG&LVDFKDUDFWHUWKDWJLYHV WKHW\SHRIIRUP
PDOHZULWHUV
IHPDOHZULWHUV
D 6H[GLVWULEXWLRQ
RYHU
E $JH'LVWULEXWLRQ
VFKRROV
ZULWHUV KRPH
RIILFH
SXEOLFSODFHV
F /RFDWLRQRIGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQ
HOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO
KLJKVFKRRO
WHFKQLFDOVFKRROV
XQLYHUVLW\
G :ULWHUV HGXFDWLRQDOOHYHO
QDWLYH*UHHNV
RWKHU
H 1DWLRQDOLW\
)LJXUH :ULWHUV¶GLVWULEXWLRQ
&KDUDFWHU $ %
0HQZULWHUV
:RPHQZU
7RWDO
7DEOH $PRXQWRI*UHHNDOSKDEHWFKDUDFWHUVLQFOXGHGLQ WKHGDWDEDVH
'LJLW
0HQZULWHUV
:RPHQZU
7RWDO
7DEOH $PRXQWRIGLJLWV &KDUDFWHU
0HQZULWHUV
:RPHQZU
GDWDEDVH FDQ EH RUJDQLVHG LQ GLUHFWRU\ WUHHV IRU WKH V\PEROVRUWKHZRUGV
)LJXUH 7KH*58+'6RIWZDUH 7RWDO
$VIDUDVWKHV\PEROVDUHFRQFHUQHGZHFDQVHOHFWWKH RUJDQLVDWLRQE\$6&,,FRGHRUZULWHU,QWKHILUVWFDVHWKH RUJDQLVDWLRQ WUHH FRQVLVWV RI GLUHFWRULHV QDPHG DIWHU WKH $6&,,FRGHRIWKHV\PEROV%\FKRLFHWKHKLHUDUFK\WUHH FDQ LQFOXGH RU QRW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ RI WKH VH[ RI WKH ZULWHUV)LQDOO\WKHEPSILOHVZLWKWKHV\PEROVZLOOKDYH ILOHQDPHV RI W\SH ;;;B
