Hierarchical Organization of Memory
Chapter 1: Introduction The Basics of Psychological Learning And Memory Theory From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.
Multiple Memory Systems
Definitions of Learning, Memory, and Recall
Learning: The acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental stimulus. Memory: The processes through which learned information is stored.
Recall:
Figure 1
The conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this altered behavior is manifest.
Human Memory and associated Brain Regions HUMAN MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) FACTS
NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT)
EVENTS PROCEDURAL (SKILLS AND HABITS)
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE
Figure 2
STRIATUM
PRIMING
NEOCORTEX
SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
SKELETAL MUSCULATURE
AMYGDALA
CEREBELLUM
REFLEX PATHWAYS
Hierarchical Organization of Memory Unconscious Learning
Conscious Learning
Storage (unconscious)
Storage (unconscious)
Subject to conscious Recall
• • •
• •
Trace conditioning Operant conditioning Hippocampusdependent contextual fear conditioning Taste learning Conditioned taste aversion
Figure 3
Unconscious Recall
Subject to conscious Recall
Working Memory
Conscious Storage and conscious recall
•Declarative Learning •Spatial Learning •Conscious associative conditioning
Non-associative learning •Habituation •Sensitization •Dishabituation
Associative Learning •Pavlovian Conditioning •Delay Eye-blink conditioning •Cued Fear conditioning
Motor learning
Graded acquisition of memory
Figure 4
Disruption of long-term memory consolidation by protein synthesis inhibitors
latency to step-down (s)
100
Training
Testing at 24 Hrs.
80 60
40 20
*
0 Control
Figure 5
Inhibitor
Control
Inhibitor
Multi-store Memory Model RESPONSE
RESPONSE
OUTPUT
GENERATOR
LONG-TERM REHEARSAL
S
BUFFER
STORE
E
STIMULUS INPUT
N
R
SHORT-TERM
S
E
STORE
O
G
R
I
Y
S
Self-addressable memory bank not subject to decay Memory bank subject to rapid decay
T E R
CONTROL PROCESSES •Stimulus analyzer programs •Alter biases of sensory channels •Activate rehearsal mechanism •Modify information flow from SR to STS •Code and transfer information from STS to LTS •Initiate or modify search of LTS •Heuristic operations on stored information •Set decision criteria
•Initiate response generator
Figure 6A
Baddeley’s working Memory Module
Central Executive
Visuospatial
Episodic
Phonological
Sketchpad
Buffer
Loop
Visual
Episodic
Semantics
Figure 6B
Language
LTM
Fluid
Crystallized
Systems
Systems
Anatomical subdomains of Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex Working Memory
Ventrolateral PFC
Dorsolateral PFC
Non-spatial memory (color, shape, etc)
Spatial memory
Figure 7
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory
Working Memory
Action Potential Firing Sustained Neural Circuit Activity
Figure 8
Persisting Molecular and Cellular Changes Changes in Synaptic Structure Anatomical Circuit Alterations
Response
Habituation Curve
Figure 9
Eric Kandel
Figure 10
Aplysia californica
Figure 11
Ivan Pavlov
Figure 12
Associative Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response Figure 13
Delay and Trace Conditioning
Delay Conditioning
US
CS
Time
Trace Conditioning CS
Time
Figure 14
US
TRAINING Fear Conditioning
•Animal is placed in novel context •Hears a tone •Receives foot shock
CONTEXTUAL TEST
CUED TEST
•Animal is returned to same context •Test for freezing behavior
•Animal is placed in modified context •Hears a tone •Test for freezing behavior
Figure 15
Behavioral Procedures Used to Assess Novel Taste Learning NEOPHOBIA
?
DAY 1 10’
DAY 2 10’
Measure increased consumption as index of long-term memory of novel taste Figure 16
TASTE AVERSION DAY 1 10’
LiCl DAY 2 10’
Measure decreased consumption as index of long-term memory of novel taste
Venus Flytrap
Blue Box 1
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
Blue Box 2
Blue Box 3
Hermissenda
Blue Box 4
Multiple Memory Systems
Definitions of Learning, Memory, and Recall
Learning: The acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental stimulus. Memory: The processes through which learned information is stored.
Recall:
Figure 1
The conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this altered behavior is manifest.
Human Memory and associated Brain Regions HUMAN MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) FACTS
NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT)
EVENTS PROCEDURAL (SKILLS AND HABITS)
MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE
Figure 2
STRIATUM
PRIMING
NEOCORTEX
SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
SKELETAL MUSCULATURE
AMYGDALA
CEREBELLUM
REFLEX PATHWAYS
Hierarchical Organization of Memory Unconscious Learning
Conscious Learning
Storage (unconscious)
Storage (unconscious)
Subject to conscious Recall
• • •
• •
Trace conditioning Operant conditioning Hippocampusdependent contextual fear conditioning Taste learning Conditioned taste aversion
Figure 3
Unconscious Recall
Subject to conscious Recall
Working Memory
Conscious Storage and conscious recall
•Declarative Learning •Spatial Learning •Conscious associative conditioning
Non-associative learning •Habituation •Sensitization •Dishabituation
Associative Learning •Pavlovian Conditioning •Delay Eye-blink conditioning •Cued Fear conditioning
Motor learning
Graded acquisition of memory
Figure 4
Disruption of long-term memory consolidation by protein synthesis inhibitors
latency to step-down (s)
100
Training
Testing at 24 Hrs.
80 60
40 20
*
0 Control
Figure 5
Inhibitor
Control
Inhibitor
Multi-store Memory Model RESPONSE
RESPONSE
OUTPUT
GENERATOR
LONG-TERM REHEARSAL
S
BUFFER
STORE
E
STIMULUS INPUT
N
R
SHORT-TERM
S
E
STORE
O
G
R
I
Y
S
Self-addressable memory bank not subject to decay Memory bank subject to rapid decay
T E R
CONTROL PROCESSES •Stimulus analyzer programs •Alter biases of sensory channels •Activate rehearsal mechanism •Modify information flow from SR to STS •Code and transfer information from STS to LTS •Initiate or modify search of LTS •Heuristic operations on stored information •Set decision criteria
•Initiate response generator
Figure 6A
Baddeley’s working Memory Module
Central Executive
Visuospatial
Episodic
Phonological
Sketchpad
Buffer
Loop
Visual
Episodic
Semantics
Figure 6B
Language
LTM
Fluid
Crystallized
Systems
Systems
Anatomical subdomains of Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex Working Memory
Ventrolateral PFC
Dorsolateral PFC
Non-spatial memory (color, shape, etc)
Spatial memory
Figure 7
Short-term Memory
Long-term Memory
Working Memory
Action Potential Firing Sustained Neural Circuit Activity
Figure 8
Persisting Molecular and Cellular Changes Changes in Synaptic Structure Anatomical Circuit Alterations
Response
Habituation Curve
Figure 9
Eric Kandel
Figure 10
Aplysia californica
Figure 11
Ivan Pavlov
Figure 12
Associative Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response Figure 13
Delay and Trace Conditioning
Delay Conditioning
US
CS
Time
Trace Conditioning CS
Time
Figure 14
US
TRAINING Fear Conditioning
•Animal is placed in novel context •Hears a tone •Receives foot shock
CONTEXTUAL TEST
CUED TEST
•Animal is returned to same context •Test for freezing behavior
•Animal is placed in modified context •Hears a tone •Test for freezing behavior
Figure 15
Behavioral Procedures Used to Assess Novel Taste Learning NEOPHOBIA
?
DAY 1 10’
DAY 2 10’
Measure increased consumption as index of long-term memory of novel taste Figure 16
TASTE AVERSION DAY 1 10’
LiCl DAY 2 10’
Measure decreased consumption as index of long-term memory of novel taste
Venus Flytrap
Blue Box 1
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
Blue Box 2
Blue Box 3
Hermissenda
Blue Box 4
