Horizontal media_TA_template
Chapter 14, Figure 14-1 Scuba diver
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-2 Composition of the Atmosphere, Including Variable Components (by Volume)
Oxygen (O2) 20.95% Argon (Ar) 0.93% Neon, Helium, Krypton 0.0025% Nitrogen (N2) 78.08%
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Variable components
(amounts vary with time and location)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
0.038%
Water vapor (H2O)
0–4%
Methane (CH4)
trace
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
trace
Ozone (O3)
trace
Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2)
trace
Hydrogen (H2)
trace
Chapter 14, Figure 14-3 The Structure of the Atmosphere 110
70
Large temperature fluctuations
THERMOSPHERE
60
90 –93° C
Mesopause
Meteors
80
50 MESOSPHERE 40
Temperature
70 60
Stratopause
–3° C
30
50 40
20
STRATOSPHERE
30
Ozone layer 20 10
Tropopause
–52° C
10 TROPOSPHERE
–100 –90
–80
–70
–140 –120 –100
-60 -80
–50 –60
–40
–30
–40
–20
-20 0
Temperature
–10 20
0 32
10 40
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
20 60
30 80
40 100
50° C 120° F
Altitude (km)
Altitude (mi)
100
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg430
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-4 The Atmosphere Screens Earth from Harmful Solar Radiation
Gamma
X-ray
Visible Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwave
Shorter wavelengths
Radio Longer wavelengths
THERMOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
STRATOSPHERE
TROPOSPHERE
Optical window Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Radio window
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg432
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-5 Emission Trends
Pollutant levels (percent difference from the national standard)
+40% +20% Ozone
0% National standard
–20% –40%
CO
Particulate matter
–60% NO2
–80%
–100% 1990
SO2
1995
Year
2000
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2005
2007
Metal processing 3%
Chapter 14, Figure 14-6 Sources of SO2 Pollution in the Atmosphere
Non-road engines and vehicles 5%
All other 7%
Fuel combustion industrial & other 18%
Fuel combustion electrical utilities 67%
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-7 Carbon monoxide detector
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-8 Satellites Can Now Map Carbon Monoxide and Other Air Pollutants at Global Scales
A SI A EUROPE
N O RT H A M E RI C A
AFRICA
AU ST RA LI A
SOUTH AMERICA
A N TA RC T IC ICA
Carbon monoxide concentration (parts per billion) 50
220
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
390
Chapter 14, Figure 14-9 Two of the Reactions Involved in Forming Ozone (O3) and Smog
ultraviolet NO2 + radiation
O + O2 Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
O + NO
O3
Chapter 14, Figure 14-10 Smog Is a Significant Form of Air Pollution in Many Large Cities
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-10a
(a)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-10b
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-11 Formation of Acid Rain
Wind direction Secondary Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
pollutants Nitric acid (HNO3)
Primary
pollutants
Reacts with water in clouds
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Acid rain
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-12 Acid Rain Devastated the Vegetation and Soil of the Copper Basin in Tennessee and Georgia
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-13 Acid Rain and Power Plant Emissions
(a)
(b) 0 0
250
0 0
250
500 Miles
< 4.4 4.4–4.6 4.6–4.8 4.8–5.0 5.0–5.2 >5.2
pH of Rainwater
250 500 Kilometers
Plants
500 Miles 250 500 Kilometers
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
increasing acidity
Chapter 14, Figure 14-13a
0 0
250
250 500 Kilometers
(a) Plants
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
500 Miles
Chapter 14, Figure 14-13b
(b) 0 0
250
500 Miles
250 500 Kilometers
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
increasing acidity
pH of Rainwater < 4.4 4.4–4.6 4.6–4.8 4.8–5.0 5.0–5.2 >5.2
Chapter 14, Figure 14-14 Anything Made of Limestone or Marble Can Be Damaged by Acid Rain
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg437
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
n
Chapter 14, Figure 14-15 How Chlorine Destroys Ozone
i
o
UV
r
ad
t a i
1 Ultraviolet radiation (UV) frees chlorine atom (Cl) from a CFC molecule.
CFC
Cl O3 O2
Cl
3 The ClO molecule reacts with a free oxygen atom (O), forming an ordinary O2 molecule and releasing the Cl atom to start the process over again.
ClO
O
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
O2
2 The Cl atom breaks apart
an ozone molecule (O3) to form oxygen (O2) and chlorine monoxide (ClO).
Chapter 14, Figure 14-16 The Ozone Hole over Antarctica
ANTARC TIC A
SO U TH SOU AM ERIC A
Area comparison
220
330
440
550
Total ozone (Dobson units) 110
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-17 Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-18 The Greenhouse Effect
3 Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb this infrared radiation and re-emit it. Some is lost to space, but much of it is reradiated back to Earth. Solar energy trapped in this way warms the planet.
1 Some solar radiation is reflected back into space, but most is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2 Warmed by solar radiation,
Earth’s surface emits infrared (heat) radiation.
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
24.5°
22.1°
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19 How Axis Tilt Affects the Intensity of Solar Radiation
(a)
(b) Low angle of incoming sunlight
North Pole
Equator
South Sou uth Pole
Winter in the Southern Hemisphere
Summer in the Northern Hemisphere
• Less energy per unit area when sunlight strikes Earth’s surface at an angle. • Longer path of sunlight through atmosphere results in more atmospheric absorption.
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sun • More energy per directly dire ectly unit area when overhead rhead sunlight strikes perpendicular to Earth’s surface. • Shorter path of sunlight through atmosphere results in less atmospheric absorption.
(c)
(d)
Summer in the Southern Hemisphere
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19a
(a)
22.1° 24.5°
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19b
(b)
North Pole Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sun • More energy per dire ectly directly unit area when overhead rhead sunlight strikes perpendicular to Earth’s surface. • Shorter path of sunlight through atmosphere results in less atmospheric absorption.
Equator
Low angle of incoming sunlight South Sou uth Pole • Less energy per unit area when sunlight strikes Earth’s surface at an angle. • Longer path of sunlight through atmosphere results in more atmospheric absorption. Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19c
(c)
Summer in the Northern Hemisphere
Winter in the Southern Hemisphere
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19d
(d)
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere
Summer in the Southern Hemisphere
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-20 How Orbital Eccentricity Changes the Amount of Solar Radiation Earth Receives
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-20a
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-20b
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21 Precession
11,000 years
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
22,000 years
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21a
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21b
11,000 years
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21c
22,000 years
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-22 Average Global Temperature during the Phanerozoic
MIllions of years before present 542
488
416
359
299
251
202
146
65
2.6 Today
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Average global temperature
444
22° C
17° C
12° C
WARM
COOL
WARM
COOL
WARM
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
COOL
WARM
COOL
Chapter 14, Figure 14-23 Tillite Is Evidence of Ancient Glaciations
5 cm
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-23a
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-23b
5 cm
(b) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-24 Icebergs and Dropstones
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-24a
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-24b
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-25 How Oxygen-16 Becomes More Concentrated in Glacial Ice
Warm Climate
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 is unchanged
(a)
Highe r sea le vel
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Cold Climate
Ice and snow pack enriched in O-16
(b)
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 increases Lower sea le vel
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-25a
Warm Climate
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 is unchanged
(a)
Highe
r sea l
evel
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-25b
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Cold Climate
Ice and snow pack enriched in O-16
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 increases
(b) Lower sea
level
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-26 The Phanerozoic Oxygen Isotope Record of Seawater
Short term average
Change in O-18 to O-16 ratio (parts per thousand)
Long term average
W a r m e r
–3
Glacial periods
–2 –1
0
+1 +2
C o o l e r
+3 542
500
450
400
350
300 250 200 Millions of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
150
100
50
0
Methane concentration (parts per biillion)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-27 Atmospheric Gases Trapped in Ice at Vostok Station, Antarctica
W a r m e r
700
600
500
400
C o o l e r 400
350
300
(a)
250 200 Thousands of years ago
150
100
50
0
50
0
CO2 concentration (parts per million)
300
W a r m e r 280 260 240 220 200
C o o l e r 180 400
(b)
350
300
250 200 Thousands of years ago
150
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
100
Chapter 14, Figure 14-28 Sea Level Change During the Last 20,000 Years
Greenland
Baffin Island
NORTH AMERICA
Maximum glacial extent Shorelines, approximately 20,000 years ago
0
Sea level change (m)
–20
(a)
–40 –60 –80
–100
Last Glacial Maximum
–120 –140 24
(b)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Thousands of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3–0 million years ago
320–270 million years ago
460–410 million years ago
730–580 million years ago
2400–2200 million years ago
Present 3
270
320 410
460 580
730
2200
2400
Millions of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-29 Major Ice Ages in Earth’s History
PHANEROZOIC PRECAMBRIAN
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg450 Early Cretaceous Climate
Early Cretaceous Climate
The Early Cretaceous was a mild "Ice House" world. There was snow and ice during the winter seasons, and Cool Temperate forests covered the polar regions. MAP LEGEND
Return to Climate History
http://www.scotese.com/ecretcli.htm
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-30 Shifts between Warm and Cold Periods during the Last 3 Million Years
Change in O-18 to O-16 ratio (parts per thousand)
2.0
Warmer
41,000-year cycles
100,000-year cycles
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Cooler
4.5 3
2.5
2
1.5 Millions of years ago
1
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
0.5
0
290
280
270
260
250
240
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
(a)
5000 Years before present
Observed CH4 trend
Natural CH4 trend
5000 Years before present
Natural CO2 trend
Observed CO2 trend
Natural CO2 peak
10,000
10,000
0
0
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b)
40 ppm 250 ppb
Chapter 14, Figure 14-31 The Last 10,000 Years of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
CO2 (parts per million) Methane (parts per billion)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-31a
290
Natural CO2 peak
270 40 ppm
CO2 (parts per million)
280
260
250
Observed CO2 trend Natural CO2 trend
240
10,000
5000 Years before present
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-31b
750
650
600 250 ppb
Methane (parts per billion)
700
550 Natural CH4 trend
500
Observed CH4 trend
450 10,000
5000 Years before present
(b) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-32 The Last 2500 Years of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
290 Taylor Dome Law Dome
CO2 (parts per million)
Long-term trend
285
280
275 2500
2000
1500 1000 Years before present
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
500
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-33 Estimated Mean Surface Temperature Variation during the Last 2000 Years
Warmer
2004
Reconstruction of mean temperature changes Historical temperatures measured by instrument
Little Ice Age Cooler
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 Year (A.D.)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1400
1600
1800
2000
Chapter 14, Figure 14-34 The Baffin Island Area of Northern Canada
Baffin Island
0 0
50 50
100 Miles 100 Kilometers
Baffin Bay N
Baffin Island
Present-day ice caps Dead lichen areas
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-35 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Increased Very Rapidly during the Last 200 Years
370
Instrument measurements
360
Ice core measurements
CO2 concentration (ppm)
350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280 1220–1560
1700
1800 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1900
2000
Chapter 14, Figure 14-36 Average Global Temperature Rise over the Past Century
+0.6
Annual average
Temperature anomaly (°C)
+0.4
Five-year average
+0.2 Average, 1961–1990
0
–0.2
–0.4
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1980
2000
Chapter 14, Figure 14-37 The Global Climate System Is Very Complex Political process/ education
Kyoto etc. Oceans
Sun
SINK CO2 uptake
SOURCE: R Respiration & Decay
Solar variation, orbital changes
SOURCE
ase
s Shortwave radiation absorption
Agricultural productivity Demand for food
Infrared radiation absorption
se
s
Land temperature
rea
es
ses
reas
Incre
ea
Inc
ases
cr
Increases In
In Dec
Cooler oceans absorb more CO2 Ocean temperature
SINK
Burning Biomass
Increases
De cre
SINK: Photosynthesis
CO 2
More humans Demand for goods & energy
SINK SOURCE
Volcanoes
Industry
Biomass
Air temperature Continental glaciers melt
Sea ice melts
More moisture Clouds
Sea rises
ses
Alpine glaciers melt
rea
Inc
Lower reflectivity
People, places, and things Actions and results
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-38 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Carbon Dioxide Emissions Predictions
Global cumulative carbon dioxide emissions (GtC)
3000
Scenario Families 2500
A1 A2 B1
2000
B2 1500
1000
500
0 1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050 Year
2060
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2070
2080
2090
2100
Chapter 14, Figure 14-39 Six Possible Futures?
7
0.7
Global temperature change (°C)
6
Best estimate
5
IPCC Marker Scenarios B1
4
A1T B2
3
A1B A2
2
A1FI
1 0
Global average mean sea level rise (m)
Constant year 2000 concentrations
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
(a)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-40 Examples of Impacts Associated with Different Amounts of Global Average Temperature Change Global Average Annual Temperature Change Relative to 1980–1999 (°C) 0
1
2
3
4
5
Increased water availability in moist tropics and high latitudes Decreasing water availability and increasing drought in mid-latitudes and semi-arid low latitudes
WATER
Hundred of millions of people exposed to increased water stress Up to 30% of species at increasing risk of extinction Increased coral bleaching
Significant* extinctions around the globe
Widespread coral mortality
Most coral bleached
Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source as:
ECOSYSTEMS
~15%
~40% of ecosystems affected
Increased species range shifts and wildlife risk
Ecosystem changes due to weakening of the meridional overturning circulation Complex localized negative impacts on small holders, subsistence farmers and fishers FOOD
Tendencies for cereal productivity to decrease in low latitudes
Productivity of all cereals to decrease in low latitudes
Tendencies for some cereal productivity to increase at mid- to high latitudes
Cereal productivity to to decrease in some regions
Increased damage from floods and storms About 30% of global coastal wetlands lost** Millions more people could experience coastal flooding each year
COASTS
Increasing burden from malnutrition, diarrhoeal, cardio-respiratory and infectious diseases Increased morbidity and mortality from heat waves, floods and droughts HEALTH Changed distribution of some disease vectors Substantial burden on health services 0
1
2
3
* Significant is defined here as more than 40%. ** Based on average rate of sea level rise of 4.2mm/year from 2000 to 2080.
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
5
Chapter 14, Figure 14-41 One General Estimate of Longer-Term Global Temperature Changes Depending on Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
1300 1200
CO2 levels quadruple
CO2 levels quadruple
20
1100 Global temperature (°C)
Atmospheric CO2 (ppm)
1000 900 800 700 CO2 levels double
600 500 400
18
CO2 levels double
17
16 Pre-industrial baseline (280 ppm)
300 200
15 2000
(a)
19
2100
2200
2300 Year
2400
2500
2000
2100
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2200
2300 Year
2400
2500
Chapter 14, Figure 14-41a
1300 1200
CO2 levels quadruple
1100 Atmospheric CO2 (ppm)
1000 900 800 700 CO2 levels double
600 500 400
Pre-industrial baseline (280 ppm)
300 200 2000
(a)
2100
2200
2300 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2400
2500
Chapter 14, Figure 14-41b
CO2 levels quadruple
Global temperature (°C)
20
19
18
CO2 levels double
17
16
15 2000
(b)
2100
2200
2300 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2400
2500
Chapter 14, Figure 14-42 Abrupt Climate Change
–25
–30
Temperature (°C)
–35
–40
–45
–50
–55
Younger Dryas 20
15
10 Thousands of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-43 An Example of Carbon Capture Technology
CO2 GENERATION Stack gases containing carbon dioxide and water vapor
CO2 SEPARATION
CO2 SEQUESTRATION
Carbonation:
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
2 NaHCO3
Carbon-free gases
Carbonation reactor CO2 H2O Na2CO3
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
NaHCO3
Decarbonation reactor
CO2 H2O
Decarbonation:
2 NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Water
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Carbon dioxide
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg462
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-2 Composition of the Atmosphere, Including Variable Components (by Volume)
Oxygen (O2) 20.95% Argon (Ar) 0.93% Neon, Helium, Krypton 0.0025% Nitrogen (N2) 78.08%
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Variable components
(amounts vary with time and location)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
0.038%
Water vapor (H2O)
0–4%
Methane (CH4)
trace
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
trace
Ozone (O3)
trace
Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2)
trace
Hydrogen (H2)
trace
Chapter 14, Figure 14-3 The Structure of the Atmosphere 110
70
Large temperature fluctuations
THERMOSPHERE
60
90 –93° C
Mesopause
Meteors
80
50 MESOSPHERE 40
Temperature
70 60
Stratopause
–3° C
30
50 40
20
STRATOSPHERE
30
Ozone layer 20 10
Tropopause
–52° C
10 TROPOSPHERE
–100 –90
–80
–70
–140 –120 –100
-60 -80
–50 –60
–40
–30
–40
–20
-20 0
Temperature
–10 20
0 32
10 40
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
20 60
30 80
40 100
50° C 120° F
Altitude (km)
Altitude (mi)
100
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg430
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-4 The Atmosphere Screens Earth from Harmful Solar Radiation
Gamma
X-ray
Visible Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwave
Shorter wavelengths
Radio Longer wavelengths
THERMOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
STRATOSPHERE
TROPOSPHERE
Optical window Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Radio window
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg432
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-5 Emission Trends
Pollutant levels (percent difference from the national standard)
+40% +20% Ozone
0% National standard
–20% –40%
CO
Particulate matter
–60% NO2
–80%
–100% 1990
SO2
1995
Year
2000
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2005
2007
Metal processing 3%
Chapter 14, Figure 14-6 Sources of SO2 Pollution in the Atmosphere
Non-road engines and vehicles 5%
All other 7%
Fuel combustion industrial & other 18%
Fuel combustion electrical utilities 67%
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-7 Carbon monoxide detector
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-8 Satellites Can Now Map Carbon Monoxide and Other Air Pollutants at Global Scales
A SI A EUROPE
N O RT H A M E RI C A
AFRICA
AU ST RA LI A
SOUTH AMERICA
A N TA RC T IC ICA
Carbon monoxide concentration (parts per billion) 50
220
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
390
Chapter 14, Figure 14-9 Two of the Reactions Involved in Forming Ozone (O3) and Smog
ultraviolet NO2 + radiation
O + O2 Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
O + NO
O3
Chapter 14, Figure 14-10 Smog Is a Significant Form of Air Pollution in Many Large Cities
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-10a
(a)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-10b
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-11 Formation of Acid Rain
Wind direction Secondary Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
pollutants Nitric acid (HNO3)
Primary
pollutants
Reacts with water in clouds
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Acid rain
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-12 Acid Rain Devastated the Vegetation and Soil of the Copper Basin in Tennessee and Georgia
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-13 Acid Rain and Power Plant Emissions
(a)
(b) 0 0
250
0 0
250
500 Miles
< 4.4 4.4–4.6 4.6–4.8 4.8–5.0 5.0–5.2 >5.2
pH of Rainwater
250 500 Kilometers
Plants
500 Miles 250 500 Kilometers
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
increasing acidity
Chapter 14, Figure 14-13a
0 0
250
250 500 Kilometers
(a) Plants
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
500 Miles
Chapter 14, Figure 14-13b
(b) 0 0
250
500 Miles
250 500 Kilometers
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
increasing acidity
pH of Rainwater < 4.4 4.4–4.6 4.6–4.8 4.8–5.0 5.0–5.2 >5.2
Chapter 14, Figure 14-14 Anything Made of Limestone or Marble Can Be Damaged by Acid Rain
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg437
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
n
Chapter 14, Figure 14-15 How Chlorine Destroys Ozone
i
o
UV
r
ad
t a i
1 Ultraviolet radiation (UV) frees chlorine atom (Cl) from a CFC molecule.
CFC
Cl O3 O2
Cl
3 The ClO molecule reacts with a free oxygen atom (O), forming an ordinary O2 molecule and releasing the Cl atom to start the process over again.
ClO
O
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
O2
2 The Cl atom breaks apart
an ozone molecule (O3) to form oxygen (O2) and chlorine monoxide (ClO).
Chapter 14, Figure 14-16 The Ozone Hole over Antarctica
ANTARC TIC A
SO U TH SOU AM ERIC A
Area comparison
220
330
440
550
Total ozone (Dobson units) 110
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-17 Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-18 The Greenhouse Effect
3 Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb this infrared radiation and re-emit it. Some is lost to space, but much of it is reradiated back to Earth. Solar energy trapped in this way warms the planet.
1 Some solar radiation is reflected back into space, but most is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2 Warmed by solar radiation,
Earth’s surface emits infrared (heat) radiation.
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
24.5°
22.1°
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19 How Axis Tilt Affects the Intensity of Solar Radiation
(a)
(b) Low angle of incoming sunlight
North Pole
Equator
South Sou uth Pole
Winter in the Southern Hemisphere
Summer in the Northern Hemisphere
• Less energy per unit area when sunlight strikes Earth’s surface at an angle. • Longer path of sunlight through atmosphere results in more atmospheric absorption.
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sun • More energy per directly dire ectly unit area when overhead rhead sunlight strikes perpendicular to Earth’s surface. • Shorter path of sunlight through atmosphere results in less atmospheric absorption.
(c)
(d)
Summer in the Southern Hemisphere
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19a
(a)
22.1° 24.5°
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19b
(b)
North Pole Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sun • More energy per dire ectly directly unit area when overhead rhead sunlight strikes perpendicular to Earth’s surface. • Shorter path of sunlight through atmosphere results in less atmospheric absorption.
Equator
Low angle of incoming sunlight South Sou uth Pole • Less energy per unit area when sunlight strikes Earth’s surface at an angle. • Longer path of sunlight through atmosphere results in more atmospheric absorption. Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19c
(c)
Summer in the Northern Hemisphere
Winter in the Southern Hemisphere
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-19d
(d)
Winter in the Northern Hemisphere
Summer in the Southern Hemisphere
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-20 How Orbital Eccentricity Changes the Amount of Solar Radiation Earth Receives
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-20a
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-20b
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21 Precession
11,000 years
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
22,000 years
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21a
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21b
11,000 years
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-21c
22,000 years
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-22 Average Global Temperature during the Phanerozoic
MIllions of years before present 542
488
416
359
299
251
202
146
65
2.6 Today
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Average global temperature
444
22° C
17° C
12° C
WARM
COOL
WARM
COOL
WARM
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
COOL
WARM
COOL
Chapter 14, Figure 14-23 Tillite Is Evidence of Ancient Glaciations
5 cm
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-23a
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-23b
5 cm
(b) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-24 Icebergs and Dropstones
(a)
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-24a
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-24b
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-25 How Oxygen-16 Becomes More Concentrated in Glacial Ice
Warm Climate
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 is unchanged
(a)
Highe r sea le vel
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Cold Climate
Ice and snow pack enriched in O-16
(b)
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 increases Lower sea le vel
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-25a
Warm Climate
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 is unchanged
(a)
Highe
r sea l
evel
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-25b
Water vapor enriched in O-16
Cold Climate
Ice and snow pack enriched in O-16
Ratio of O-18 to O-16 increases
(b) Lower sea
level
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-26 The Phanerozoic Oxygen Isotope Record of Seawater
Short term average
Change in O-18 to O-16 ratio (parts per thousand)
Long term average
W a r m e r
–3
Glacial periods
–2 –1
0
+1 +2
C o o l e r
+3 542
500
450
400
350
300 250 200 Millions of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
150
100
50
0
Methane concentration (parts per biillion)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-27 Atmospheric Gases Trapped in Ice at Vostok Station, Antarctica
W a r m e r
700
600
500
400
C o o l e r 400
350
300
(a)
250 200 Thousands of years ago
150
100
50
0
50
0
CO2 concentration (parts per million)
300
W a r m e r 280 260 240 220 200
C o o l e r 180 400
(b)
350
300
250 200 Thousands of years ago
150
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
100
Chapter 14, Figure 14-28 Sea Level Change During the Last 20,000 Years
Greenland
Baffin Island
NORTH AMERICA
Maximum glacial extent Shorelines, approximately 20,000 years ago
0
Sea level change (m)
–20
(a)
–40 –60 –80
–100
Last Glacial Maximum
–120 –140 24
(b)
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Thousands of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3–0 million years ago
320–270 million years ago
460–410 million years ago
730–580 million years ago
2400–2200 million years ago
Present 3
270
320 410
460 580
730
2200
2400
Millions of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-29 Major Ice Ages in Earth’s History
PHANEROZOIC PRECAMBRIAN
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg450 Early Cretaceous Climate
Early Cretaceous Climate
The Early Cretaceous was a mild "Ice House" world. There was snow and ice during the winter seasons, and Cool Temperate forests covered the polar regions. MAP LEGEND
Return to Climate History
http://www.scotese.com/ecretcli.htm
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-30 Shifts between Warm and Cold Periods during the Last 3 Million Years
Change in O-18 to O-16 ratio (parts per thousand)
2.0
Warmer
41,000-year cycles
100,000-year cycles
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Cooler
4.5 3
2.5
2
1.5 Millions of years ago
1
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
0.5
0
290
280
270
260
250
240
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
(a)
5000 Years before present
Observed CH4 trend
Natural CH4 trend
5000 Years before present
Natural CO2 trend
Observed CO2 trend
Natural CO2 peak
10,000
10,000
0
0
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b)
40 ppm 250 ppb
Chapter 14, Figure 14-31 The Last 10,000 Years of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
CO2 (parts per million) Methane (parts per billion)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-31a
290
Natural CO2 peak
270 40 ppm
CO2 (parts per million)
280
260
250
Observed CO2 trend Natural CO2 trend
240
10,000
5000 Years before present
(a) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-31b
750
650
600 250 ppb
Methane (parts per billion)
700
550 Natural CH4 trend
500
Observed CH4 trend
450 10,000
5000 Years before present
(b) Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-32 The Last 2500 Years of Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
290 Taylor Dome Law Dome
CO2 (parts per million)
Long-term trend
285
280
275 2500
2000
1500 1000 Years before present
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
500
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-33 Estimated Mean Surface Temperature Variation during the Last 2000 Years
Warmer
2004
Reconstruction of mean temperature changes Historical temperatures measured by instrument
Little Ice Age Cooler
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 Year (A.D.)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1400
1600
1800
2000
Chapter 14, Figure 14-34 The Baffin Island Area of Northern Canada
Baffin Island
0 0
50 50
100 Miles 100 Kilometers
Baffin Bay N
Baffin Island
Present-day ice caps Dead lichen areas
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-35 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Increased Very Rapidly during the Last 200 Years
370
Instrument measurements
360
Ice core measurements
CO2 concentration (ppm)
350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280 1220–1560
1700
1800 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1900
2000
Chapter 14, Figure 14-36 Average Global Temperature Rise over the Past Century
+0.6
Annual average
Temperature anomaly (°C)
+0.4
Five-year average
+0.2 Average, 1961–1990
0
–0.2
–0.4
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1980
2000
Chapter 14, Figure 14-37 The Global Climate System Is Very Complex Political process/ education
Kyoto etc. Oceans
Sun
SINK CO2 uptake
SOURCE: R Respiration & Decay
Solar variation, orbital changes
SOURCE
ase
s Shortwave radiation absorption
Agricultural productivity Demand for food
Infrared radiation absorption
se
s
Land temperature
rea
es
ses
reas
Incre
ea
Inc
ases
cr
Increases In
In Dec
Cooler oceans absorb more CO2 Ocean temperature
SINK
Burning Biomass
Increases
De cre
SINK: Photosynthesis
CO 2
More humans Demand for goods & energy
SINK SOURCE
Volcanoes
Industry
Biomass
Air temperature Continental glaciers melt
Sea ice melts
More moisture Clouds
Sea rises
ses
Alpine glaciers melt
rea
Inc
Lower reflectivity
People, places, and things Actions and results
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14, Figure 14-38 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Carbon Dioxide Emissions Predictions
Global cumulative carbon dioxide emissions (GtC)
3000
Scenario Families 2500
A1 A2 B1
2000
B2 1500
1000
500
0 1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050 Year
2060
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2070
2080
2090
2100
Chapter 14, Figure 14-39 Six Possible Futures?
7
0.7
Global temperature change (°C)
6
Best estimate
5
IPCC Marker Scenarios B1
4
A1T B2
3
A1B A2
2
A1FI
1 0
Global average mean sea level rise (m)
Constant year 2000 concentrations
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
(a)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b)
Chapter 14, Figure 14-40 Examples of Impacts Associated with Different Amounts of Global Average Temperature Change Global Average Annual Temperature Change Relative to 1980–1999 (°C) 0
1
2
3
4
5
Increased water availability in moist tropics and high latitudes Decreasing water availability and increasing drought in mid-latitudes and semi-arid low latitudes
WATER
Hundred of millions of people exposed to increased water stress Up to 30% of species at increasing risk of extinction Increased coral bleaching
Significant* extinctions around the globe
Widespread coral mortality
Most coral bleached
Terrestrial biosphere tends toward a net carbon source as:
ECOSYSTEMS
~15%
~40% of ecosystems affected
Increased species range shifts and wildlife risk
Ecosystem changes due to weakening of the meridional overturning circulation Complex localized negative impacts on small holders, subsistence farmers and fishers FOOD
Tendencies for cereal productivity to decrease in low latitudes
Productivity of all cereals to decrease in low latitudes
Tendencies for some cereal productivity to increase at mid- to high latitudes
Cereal productivity to to decrease in some regions
Increased damage from floods and storms About 30% of global coastal wetlands lost** Millions more people could experience coastal flooding each year
COASTS
Increasing burden from malnutrition, diarrhoeal, cardio-respiratory and infectious diseases Increased morbidity and mortality from heat waves, floods and droughts HEALTH Changed distribution of some disease vectors Substantial burden on health services 0
1
2
3
* Significant is defined here as more than 40%. ** Based on average rate of sea level rise of 4.2mm/year from 2000 to 2080.
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
5
Chapter 14, Figure 14-41 One General Estimate of Longer-Term Global Temperature Changes Depending on Future Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
1300 1200
CO2 levels quadruple
CO2 levels quadruple
20
1100 Global temperature (°C)
Atmospheric CO2 (ppm)
1000 900 800 700 CO2 levels double
600 500 400
18
CO2 levels double
17
16 Pre-industrial baseline (280 ppm)
300 200
15 2000
(a)
19
2100
2200
2300 Year
2400
2500
2000
2100
(b)
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2200
2300 Year
2400
2500
Chapter 14, Figure 14-41a
1300 1200
CO2 levels quadruple
1100 Atmospheric CO2 (ppm)
1000 900 800 700 CO2 levels double
600 500 400
Pre-industrial baseline (280 ppm)
300 200 2000
(a)
2100
2200
2300 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2400
2500
Chapter 14, Figure 14-41b
CO2 levels quadruple
Global temperature (°C)
20
19
18
CO2 levels double
17
16
15 2000
(b)
2100
2200
2300 Year
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2400
2500
Chapter 14, Figure 14-42 Abrupt Climate Change
–25
–30
Temperature (°C)
–35
–40
–45
–50
–55
Younger Dryas 20
15
10 Thousands of years ago
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
0
Chapter 14, Figure 14-43 An Example of Carbon Capture Technology
CO2 GENERATION Stack gases containing carbon dioxide and water vapor
CO2 SEPARATION
CO2 SEQUESTRATION
Carbonation:
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
2 NaHCO3
Carbon-free gases
Carbonation reactor CO2 H2O Na2CO3
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
NaHCO3
Decarbonation reactor
CO2 H2O
Decarbonation:
2 NaHCO3
Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Water
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Carbon dioxide
Chapter 14, Unnumbered 14 Pg462
Living with Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Geology, 1e — Hudson, © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
