Human Development â Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Chapter 1 â A Cultural ...
Human Development – Jeffrey Jensen Arnett Chapter 1 – A Cultural Approach to Human Development Section 1 – Human Development Today and Its Origins Humanity Today: A Demographic Profile Variations Across Countries Developed Countries Economically developed and affluent countries, with the highest median levels of income and education Developing Countries Lower levels of income and education than developed countries but are experiencing rapid economic growth Cultural differences between developed and developing countries Individualistic Cultural values such as independence and self-expression Collectivistic Cultural values such as obedience and group harmony Traditional culture A rural culture that adheres more closely to cultural traditions than people in urban areas do Variations Within Countries - Most countries today have a majority culture - Also occurs in the settings and circumstances of individual lives (contexts) - Gender - Ethnicity - Socioeconomic status (SES) Human Origins and the Birth of Culture Ontogenetic Characteristic pattern of individual development in a species Phylogenetic Pertaining to the development of a species Our Evolutionary Beginnings - Natural selection: evolutionary process in which the offspring best adapted to their environment survive to produce offspring of their own - Hominid line: evolutionary line that led to modern humans
Bipedal locomotion Increase in brain size
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The larger brains of early Homo babies meant that babies were born less mature, resulting in a longer period of infant dependency, which may have made it difficult for females to accompany males on hunting expeditions This is how the hunter-gathered way of life developed
The Origins of Cultures and Civilizations Upper Paleolithic Period of human history from 40 000 to 10 000 years ago, when Period distinct human cultures first developed Neolithic Period Era of human history from 10 000 to 5000 years ago, when animals and plants were first domesticated Civilization Form of human social life, beginning about 5000 years ago, that includes cities, writing, occupational specialization and states Section 2 – Theories of Human Development Ancient Conceptions of Development Conceptions of Human Development in Three Traditions Dharmashastras (Hindu) - Four stages, each lasting 25 years Solon (Ancient Greece) - Seven year segments lasting until 70 years old Talmud (Jewish) - Goes up to 100, but in smaller segments Understanding Traditional Conceptions of Life - Preparation for life is made in youth, skills and expertise are gained in adulthood, and wisdom and peace are the fruits of old age - The difference in how the life span was divided remind us that for humans, the life span is not really divided into clear and definite biologically based stages Scientific Conceptions of Human Development Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Sexual desire is the driving force behind human development Age Period Psychosexual Stage Main Features Infancy Oral Sexual sensations centered on the mouth; pleasure derived from sucking, chewing, biting Toddlerhood Anal “” anus; high interest in feces; pleasure derived from elimination Early Childhood Phallic “” genitals; sexual desire for other-sex parent and fear of same-sex parent Middle Childhood Latency Sexual desires repressed; focus on developing social and cognitive skills Adolescence Genital Reemergence of sexual desire, now directed outside the family
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Age Period Psychosocial Stage Infancy Trust vs. mistrust Toddlerhood Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Early childhood Initiative vs. guilt Middle Industry vs. childhood inferiority Adolescence Identity vs. identity confusion Early adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation Middle Generatively vs. adulthood stagnation Late adulthood Ego integrity vs. despair
Main developmental challenge Establish bond with trusted caregiver Develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others Initiate activities in a purposeful way Begin to learn knowledge and skills of culture Develop a secure and coherent identity Establish a committed, long term love relationship Care for others and contribute to well-being of the young Evaluate lifetime, accept it as it is
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
Section 3 – How We Study Human Development The Scientific Study of Human Development The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 1) Identify a question of scientific interest
2) 3) 4) 5)
Form a hypothesis Choose a research method and a research design Collect data to test the hypothesis Draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
Ethics in Human Development Research 1) Protection from physical and psychological harm 2) Informed consent prior to participation 3) Confidentiality 4) Deception and debriefing Methods and Designs in Research Research Methods Methods Advantages Questionnaire Large sample, quick data collection Interview Individuality and complexity Observations Actual behavior, not self-report Ethnographic Entire span of daily life research Case studies Rich, detailed data Biological Precise data measurements Experiment Control, identification of cause and effect Natural Illuminate gene-environment experiment relations Research Designs Methods Advantages Cross-sectional Quick and inexpensive Longitudinal Monitors change over time
Limitations Preset responses, no depth Time and effort of coding Observation may affect behavior Research must live among participants; possible bias Difficult to generalize results Expensive; relation to behavior may not be clear May not reflect real life Unusual circumstances; rare
Limitations Correlations difficult to interpret Time, expense, attrition
Bipedal locomotion Increase in brain size
-
The larger brains of early Homo babies meant that babies were born less mature, resulting in a longer period of infant dependency, which may have made it difficult for females to accompany males on hunting expeditions This is how the hunter-gathered way of life developed
The Origins of Cultures and Civilizations Upper Paleolithic Period of human history from 40 000 to 10 000 years ago, when Period distinct human cultures first developed Neolithic Period Era of human history from 10 000 to 5000 years ago, when animals and plants were first domesticated Civilization Form of human social life, beginning about 5000 years ago, that includes cities, writing, occupational specialization and states Section 2 – Theories of Human Development Ancient Conceptions of Development Conceptions of Human Development in Three Traditions Dharmashastras (Hindu) - Four stages, each lasting 25 years Solon (Ancient Greece) - Seven year segments lasting until 70 years old Talmud (Jewish) - Goes up to 100, but in smaller segments Understanding Traditional Conceptions of Life - Preparation for life is made in youth, skills and expertise are gained in adulthood, and wisdom and peace are the fruits of old age - The difference in how the life span was divided remind us that for humans, the life span is not really divided into clear and definite biologically based stages Scientific Conceptions of Human Development Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Sexual desire is the driving force behind human development Age Period Psychosexual Stage Main Features Infancy Oral Sexual sensations centered on the mouth; pleasure derived from sucking, chewing, biting Toddlerhood Anal “” anus; high interest in feces; pleasure derived from elimination Early Childhood Phallic “” genitals; sexual desire for other-sex parent and fear of same-sex parent Middle Childhood Latency Sexual desires repressed; focus on developing social and cognitive skills Adolescence Genital Reemergence of sexual desire, now directed outside the family
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Age Period Psychosocial Stage Infancy Trust vs. mistrust Toddlerhood Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Early childhood Initiative vs. guilt Middle Industry vs. childhood inferiority Adolescence Identity vs. identity confusion Early adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation Middle Generatively vs. adulthood stagnation Late adulthood Ego integrity vs. despair
Main developmental challenge Establish bond with trusted caregiver Develop a healthy sense of self as distinct from others Initiate activities in a purposeful way Begin to learn knowledge and skills of culture Develop a secure and coherent identity Establish a committed, long term love relationship Care for others and contribute to well-being of the young Evaluate lifetime, accept it as it is
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
Section 3 – How We Study Human Development The Scientific Study of Human Development The Five Steps of the Scientific Method 1) Identify a question of scientific interest
2) 3) 4) 5)
Form a hypothesis Choose a research method and a research design Collect data to test the hypothesis Draw conclusions and form new questions and hypotheses
Ethics in Human Development Research 1) Protection from physical and psychological harm 2) Informed consent prior to participation 3) Confidentiality 4) Deception and debriefing Methods and Designs in Research Research Methods Methods Advantages Questionnaire Large sample, quick data collection Interview Individuality and complexity Observations Actual behavior, not self-report Ethnographic Entire span of daily life research Case studies Rich, detailed data Biological Precise data measurements Experiment Control, identification of cause and effect Natural Illuminate gene-environment experiment relations Research Designs Methods Advantages Cross-sectional Quick and inexpensive Longitudinal Monitors change over time
Limitations Preset responses, no depth Time and effort of coding Observation may affect behavior Research must live among participants; possible bias Difficult to generalize results Expensive; relation to behavior may not be clear May not reflect real life Unusual circumstances; rare
Limitations Correlations difficult to interpret Time, expense, attrition
